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基本簡介

科(ke)迦(jia)寺(si)(si)是普蘭(lan)縣大(da)(da)寺(si)(si)，歷史悠久，在當(dang)地(di)(di)享有(you)盛名，每年都有(you)阿里地(di)(di)區札(zha)達、噶爾等(deng)縣及(ji)境(jing)外尼泊爾的(de)信徒前(qian)來朝拜(bai)。“文(wen)革(ge)”期間，寺(si)(si)院文(wen)物、建筑(zhu)(zhu)遭到嚴重(zhong)破(po)壞，部(bu)分(fen)建筑(zhu)(zhu)被毀(hui)，殿(dian)(dian)內塑像、壁(bi)畫受損(sun)嚴重(zhong)。20世(shi)紀(ji)80年代(dai)以后，對古(gu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)陸續進行維修(xiu)，修(xiu)復了(le)瑪(ma)(ma)尼拉康(kang)等(deng)建筑(zhu)(zhu)。2001年6月25日，科(ke)迦(jia)寺(si)(si)作(zuo)為公元996年的(de)古(gu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)，被國務院列(lie)為全國重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物保護(hu)單(dan)位。科(ke)迦(jia)寺(si)(si)主要(yao)建筑(zhu)(zhu)為覺康(kang)和(he)百柱(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)，兩殿(dian)(dian)呈“L”形布(bu)置。覺康(kang)位于寺(si)(si)南部(bu)，面朝北；百柱(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)位于寺(si)(si)西部(bu)，面朝東。兩殿(dian)(dian)前(qian)有(you)空間不大(da)(da)的(de)廣場(chang)，廣場(chang)中部(bu)有(you)水井、高(gao)大(da)(da)的(de)塔(ta)欽和(he)香(xiang)爐，廣場(chang)四周(zhou)(zhou)的(de)墻壁(bi)上(shang)建墻廊，置瑪(ma)(ma)尼筒，是該寺(si)(si)進行宗教活動、民間慶(qing)典活動的(de)聚集地(di)(di)。寺(si)(si)廟建筑(zhu)(zhu)周(zhou)(zhou)圍還有(you)轉經(jing)道。

歷史傳說

覺康　即釋(shi)迦殿，是(shi)僧眾(zhong)聚集頌經的場(chang)所。覺康由廊(lang)院、門廊(lang)和殿身(shen)三(san)部(bu)分組成。

廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)院(yuan)、門(men)(men)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)體量較小(xiao)，殿(dian)身(shen)(shen)體量巨(ju)大(da)。覺(jue)康外(wai)墻(qiang)均(jun)飾紅(hong)色(se)，頂部裝飾邊瑪草(cao)。整(zheng)個殿(dian)堂(tang)外(wai)觀(guan)和諧，氣勢(shi)莊(zhuang)嚴。①廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)院(yuan)。位于覺(jue)康最南部，20世紀80年代末增建。廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)院(yuan)由(you)后(hou)(hou)建回廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)與(yu)大(da)殿(dian)門(men)(men)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)共同(tong)圍成(cheng)。廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)院(yuan)北(bei)側(ce)墻(qiang)壁正(zheng)中(zhong)設(she)(she)門(men)(men)，門(men)(men)兩側(ce)懸挑斗拱，在門(men)(men)上(shang)方形(xing)成(cheng)凸(tu)出的(de)(de)屋檐(yan)。這種建筑形(xing)式是(shi)(shi)衛藏地區的(de)(de)常(chang)用(yong)手法。院(yuan)內(nei)東西(xi)兩側(ce)及(ji)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)兩邊均(jun)為(wei)內(nei)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)，計6間，廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)下設(she)(she)有(you)藏床和卡(ka)墊，供人們休息。②門(men)(men)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)。由(you)門(men)(men)外(wai)敞廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)和門(men)(men)內(nei)過廳組(zu)成(cheng)。敞廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)的(de)(de)柱、托(tuo)木、梁(liang)等均(jun)有(you)彩繪，顏色(se)以藍綠色(se)為(wei)主。條形(xing)門(men)(men)廳內(nei)無陳設(she)(she)。③殿(dian)身(shen)(shen)。平(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)多(duo)邊“亞”字形(xing)，表(biao)示密宗(zong)的(de)(de)曼陀(tuo)羅。左右(you)沿南北(bei)軸(zhou)線對稱(cheng)，前后(hou)(hou)不對稱(cheng)，南北(bei)長30．5米(mi)，東西(xi)寬21． 9米(mi)。殿(dian)身(shen)(shen)大(da)門(men)(men)設(she)(she)于殿(dian)北(bei)墻(qiang)正(zheng)中(zhong)，通(tong)高3米(mi)，寬2． 3米(mi)。大(da)門(men)(men)為(wei)對開4扇板門(men)(men)，上(shang)有(you)門(men)(men)銜、門(men)(men)環、銅包葉等飾物。進入大(da)門(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)“凸(tu)”字形(xing)的(de)(de)經(jing)堂(tang)，南北(bei)長25米(mi)，東西(xi)寬8．4米(mi)。扇面(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)呈(cheng)“U”形(xing)，與(yu)三面(mian)(mian)邊墻(qiang)間形(xing)成(cheng)轉經(jing)通(tong)道。扇面(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)內(nei)側(ce)佛臺供塑(su)像3尊(zun)，均(jun)立像，戴冠(guan)，通(tong)身(shen)(shen)飾金。

兩(liang)側面(mian)的扇(shan)面(mian)墻上均繪有(you)(you)(you)壁畫，殿(dian)身兩(liang)側墻壁布(bu)滿直通(tong)屋頂的經(jing)書柜。自覺康東側的露(lu)天(tian)臺階可達二(er)(er)層(ceng)。二(er)(er)層(ceng)房屋大(da)致(zhi)呈天(tian)井式布(bu)局，中(zhong)央(yang)是(shi)露(lu)天(tian)庭院，四周(zhou)環以裙房。底層(ceng)天(tian)窗的上方建(jian)有(you)(you)(you)進深2間(jian)、面(mian)闊3間(jian)的小(xiao)(xiao)室。二(er)(er)層(ceng)北側、東西兩(liang)側各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)狹長形的小(xiao)(xiao)室與中(zhong)部6間(jian)大(da)房相通(tong)，南端有(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)(xiao)室3間(jian)與敞廊(lang)相通(tong)。從布(bu)局看，二(er)(er)層(ceng)是(shi)聽經(jing)、辯(bian)經(jing)的場所。

百(bai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)　藏(zang)文名(ming)“嘎(ga)加拉康(kang)”。百(bai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體量較(jiao)大(da)(da)，系由多(duo)座殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)和生活用(yong)(yong)房(fang)組合(he)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復合(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。據記載(zai)，百(bai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是科迦(jia)(jia)寺(si)最早建(jian)(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)遺存構件、壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)等尚能看出早期建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡，但(dan)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)后期改建(jian)(jian)(jian)較(jiao)多(duo)。該(gai)(gai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已(yi)較(jiao)少使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)，僅二層(ceng)僧(seng)舍、伙房(fang)仍(reng)在使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)，主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)聚會(hui)、頌(song)經場(chang)所已(yi)移至(zhi)覺(jue)康(kang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)。百(bai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是科迦(jia)(jia)寺(si)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑，為(wei)該(gai)(gai)寺(si)主(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。百(bai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外墻(qiang)(qiang)為(wei)磚(zhuan)紅色(se)，上(shang)部以厚重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邊瑪草(cao)裝飾檐口。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)面(mian)呈多(duo)邊“亞”字形(xing)，沿東(dong)(dong)西(xi)軸線基(ji)本對稱。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬33．5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)長41．9米(mi)(mi)(mi)。首層(ceng)平(ping)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)布局(ju)為(wei)早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)中央(yang)(yang)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環以小(xiao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)。①主(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)。大(da)(da)門(men)(men)洞口高3．6米(mi)(mi)(mi)寬3．48米(mi)(mi)(mi)；門(men)(men)框(kuang)(kuang)、門(men)(men)檻圍成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)口高2．23米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬1．59米(mi)(mi)(mi)。門(men)(men)框(kuang)(kuang)、門(men)(men)楣(mei)(mei)雕刻精美，構造復雜，是價值極高的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑藝術品。大(da)(da)門(men)(men)門(men)(men)框(kuang)(kuang)、門(men)(men)楣(mei)(mei)均設多(duo)層(ceng)裝飾，層(ceng)層(ceng)遞收，上(shang)部雕刻有(you)(you)花(hua)草(cao)、獸鳥、佛像、人(ren)物故事、佛龕建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑等。門(men)(men)框(kuang)(kuang)、門(men)(men)楣(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑形(xing)式(shi)，特別是獅面(mian)及(ji)各種神龕表現的(de)(de)(de)(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)式(shi)、花(hua)紋(wen)圖案，反映出佛龕或(huo)窟的(de)(de)(de)(de)外觀，模仿了印(yin)度或(huo)尼泊爾的(de)(de)(de)(de)佛教(jiao)(jiao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。據歷史(shi)記載(zai)，藏(zang)傳佛教(jiao)(jiao)后弘(hong)期，阿里(li)許(xu)多(duo)僧(seng)眾(zhong)赴印(yin)度、尼泊爾留學(xue)時(shi)，帶回許(xu)多(duo)當地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)匠進阿里(li)營建(jian)(jian)(jian)寺(si)廟，該(gai)(gai)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)即是當時(shi)交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)產物。②底(di)層(ceng)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。百(bai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中心，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)7柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)4柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，共28柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)長19．8米(mi)(mi)(mi)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬13．2米(mi)(mi)(mi)。室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)為(wei)片石地(di)面(mian)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)原供佛像無存。天(tian)窗后墻(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)繪有(you)(you)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)，題材為(wei)釋迦(jia)(jia)牟尼及(ji)兩弟子、羅漢及(ji)兩高僧(seng)。中央(yang)(yang)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他(ta)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)20世紀80年代重(zhong)繪。③南(nan)(nan)(nan)側殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)。藏(zang)文名(ming)“橋居拉康(kang)”，位(wei)于中央(yang)(yang)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后腰(yao)部，北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)開(kai)門(men)(men)。室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)面(mian)闊9．5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，進深(shen)7．6米(mi)(mi)(mi)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)3根，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)4根，共用(yong)(yong)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)12根。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)東(dong)(dong)墻(qiang)(qiang)及(ji)南(nan)(nan)(nan)墻(qiang)(qiang)下(xia)有(you)(you)供臺。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)殘留有(you)(you)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)，主(zhu)繪結禪定印(yin)、跏趺坐(zuo)佛及(ji)二侍衛菩薩(sa)和多(duo)位(wei)佛母，周(zhou)圍環以小(xiao)像。在殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)角(jiao)殘墻(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)有(you)(you)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)，壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)風格與(yu)古格王國都(dou)城遺址、托林寺(si)十(shi)分相(xiang)似。④北(bei)(bei)側殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)。藏(zang)文名(ming)“桑吉拉康(kang)”。與(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)側殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)對稱布置于中央(yang)(yang)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)(bei)側后腰(yao)，空(kong)間尺度與(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)側殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)基(ji)本一致，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)下(xia)有(you)(you)供臺，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)無壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)。

寺廟文物

科迦寺依地(di)勢建(jian)造(zao)(zao)，依山傍水，坐(zuo)南朝(chao)北(bei)，南北(bei)高山環抱。整個寺廟(miao)殿宇巍峨，各種大(da)(da)小經堂(tang)僧舍(she)、舍(she)利塔等相互(hu)映襯。寺廟(miao)建(jian)筑藝(yi)術風格獨特，建(jian)造(zao)(zao)工藝(yi)精(jing)良(liang)，可(ke)惜(xi)已有(you)部分損(sun)毀；寺內原(yuan)收藏大(da)(da)藏經100余卷(juan)，只(zhi)剩下6卷(juan)真品(pin)；殿內壁畫保存完好，風格鮮明獨特，均(jun)為百(bai)年珍品(pin)。

2009年11月 總投資1500萬元的西(xi)藏阿里科迦(jia)寺維修(xiu)保護工程一期(qi)工程近日全(quan)部(bu)完(wan)工。西(xi)藏阿里地區文化局(ju)局(ju)長次(ci)仁扎西(xi)表示，即將開始的二期(qi)工程將側重科迦(jia)寺周(zhou)邊僧(seng)舍和民居的保護，力爭使科迦(jia)寺及(ji)科迦(jia)村作為一個文化整(zheng)體呈現在世人面前。