《針(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)甲乙經(jing)》,又稱(cheng)《黃(huang)帝(di)甲乙經(jing)》《黃(huang)帝(di)三部針(zhen)(zhen)經(jing)》《黃(huang)帝(di)針(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)甲乙經(jing)》。西晉·皇甫謐撰,12卷,128篇,成書于(yu)公(gong)元282年。前(qian)六(liu)卷論述基礎(chu)理(li)論,后六(liu)卷記錄(lu)各種(zhong)疾(ji)病的(de)(de)臨(lin)床治療,包括病因、病機、癥狀(zhuang)、診斷、取穴、治法和預后等(deng)。采用分部和按經(jing)分類法,厘定了腧穴,詳述了各部穴位的(de)(de)適應(ying)證(zheng)和禁忌、針(zhen)(zhen)刺深(shen)度與(yu)灸(jiu)的(de)(de)壯數,是我國現存最早的(de)(de)一(yi)部理(li)論聯系實際的(de)(de)針(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)學專著。
《針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)甲乙經》卷(juan)(juan)一(yi)至卷(juan)(juan)六為(wei)(wei)中醫基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)理論(lun)和(he)(he)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎知(zhi)識(shi),卷(juan)(juan)七至卷(juan)(juan)十(shi)二(er)為(wei)(wei)臨(lin)(lin)床治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)部分(fen),包(bao)括(kuo)各種(zhong)疾病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)因病(bing)(bing)機、癥狀和(he)(he)腧穴(xue)(xue)主(zhu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。卷(juan)(juan)一(yi)主(zhu)要論(lun)述(shu)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)理功能以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)臟(zang)腑與(yu)肢(zhi)體(ti)五官的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系等(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)二(er)論(lun)述(shu)十(shi)二(er)經脈(mo)(mo)、奇經八(ba)脈(mo)(mo)、十(shi)二(er)經標本(ben)、經脈(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循行路線和(he)(he)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)情況以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)骨度(du)、腸度(du)等(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)三為(wei)(wei)腧穴(xue)(xue)主(zhu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部分(fen),共厘定了(le)腧穴(xue)(xue)348個(其(qi)中單穴(xue)(xue)49個,雙(shuang)穴(xue)(xue)299個),并采(cai)用分(fen)部依線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法,劃分(fen)了(le)頭(tou)面(mian)、頸、胸、腹(fu)、四(si)肢(zhi)等(deng)35條(tiao)線路。詳細敘述(shu)了(le)各穴(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部位、針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)刺深度(du)與(yu)灸(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壯(zhuang)數。卷(juan)(juan)四(si)敘述(shu)了(le)診法,包(bao)括(kuo)望聞問切四(si)診的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)內容,重點論(lun)述(shu)了(le)四(si)時平脈(mo)(mo)與(yu)臟(zang)腑病(bing)(bing)脈(mo)(mo)、死(si)脈(mo)(mo)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)三部九候的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)診斷方(fang)法。卷(juan)(juan)五為(wei)(wei)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)道,詳述(shu)了(le)九針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形狀、長(chang)度(du)和(he)(he)作用、針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)刺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手法和(he)(he)補(bu)瀉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法、針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)刺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禁穴(xue)(xue)與(yu)禁忌等(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)六以(yi)(yi)陰陽五行學說為(wei)(wei)核心(xin),論(lun)述(shu)了(le)生(sheng)理與(yu)病(bing)(bing)理方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些具體(ti)問題。從卷(juan)(juan)七至卷(juan)(juan)十(shi)二(er)為(wei)(wei)臨(lin)(lin)床治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)部分(fen),包(bao)括(kuo)內、外、婦、兒等(deng)科,尤以(yi)(yi)內科為(wei)(wei)重點,涉及(ji)(ji)多種(zhong)病(bing)(bing)證,在治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)方(fang)面(mian),書中介紹(shao)了(le)晉以(yi)(yi)前針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)各種(zhong)疾病(bing)(bing)豐富而寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗,全(quan)書共列腧穴(xue)(xue)主(zhu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)800多條(tiao),為(wei)(wei)后(hou)世針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展打下了(le)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎。同時《針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)甲乙經》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腧穴(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)腧穴(xue)(xue)主(zhu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部分(fen)保存(cun)了(le)已失傳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《明堂(tang)孔穴(xue)(xue)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容。
皇甫謐總結了(le)魏晉(jin)以(yi)前的(de)針灸學成就,吸收了(le)《素問》《針經》《明堂孔穴針灸治要(yao)》的(de)精華,刪(shan)其浮(fu)辭,除其重(zhong)復,做了(le)十(shi)分繁重(zhong)的(de)選材整理工作,并加(jia)入了(le)自己的(de)實踐經驗而著成本書。
皇甫謐(215~282),魏晉間學(xue)者、作家、醫(yi)學(xue)家。幼(you)名靜,字士安,號玄晏先(xian)生(sheng),安定朝那(nei)人。從席(xi)坦學(xue)儒。武帝(di)屢下(xia)詔征,皆稱(cheng)病不就,終(zhong)身不仕。左思(si)作《三都賦(fu)》成,請其作序,遂見重于世。中年患風痹,乃鉆研醫(yi)學(xue)。著有(you)《帝(di)王世紀》、《高士傳》、《烈(lie)女傳》、《玄晏春秋》、《針灸甲乙經(jing)》等。
臣聞通(tong)天(tian)地人(ren)曰(yue)(yue)儒(ru),通(tong)天(tian)地不通(tong)人(ren)曰(yue)(yue)技,斯(si)醫者雖曰(yue)(yue)方技,其實儒(ru)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事乎。班固序《藝文(wen)志(zhi)》,稱儒(ru)者助人(ren)君,順陰陽,明(ming)(ming)教化(hua),此亦(yi)(yi)通(tong)天(tian)地人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理也(ye)。又云∶方技者,論(lun)病以(yi)及(ji)國(guo),原診以(yi)知(zhi)政(zheng)。非(fei)能通(tong)三(san)才(cai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奧,安能及(ji)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)哉。晉·皇(huang)甫(fu)謐博綜典籍百家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),沉靜寡欲,有高尚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)。得風(feng)痹(bi),因而(er)(er)學(xue)醫,習覽(lan)經(jing)(jing)方,前臻至妙(miao)。取黃帝(di)《素問》、《針(zhen)經(jing)(jing)》、《明(ming)(ming)堂》三(san)部之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書,撰為(wei)《針(zhen)灸經(jing)(jing)》十(shi)二卷,歷古儒(ru)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不能及(ji)也(ye)。或曰(yue)(yue):《素問》、《針(zhen)經(jing)(jing)》、《明(ming)(ming)堂》三(san)部之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書,非(fei)黃帝(di)書,似出(chu)于戰國(guo)。曰(yue)(yue):人(ren)生天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),八尺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軀,臟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堅脆,腑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)小,谷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多少,脈(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長短(duan),血之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清濁,十(shi)二經(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血氣大(da)數,皮膚包絡其外(wai),可剖而(er)(er)視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎?非(fei)大(da)圣上(shang)(shang)智,孰能知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),戰國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)何與焉。大(da)哉!《黃帝(di)內(nei)經(jing)(jing)》十(shi)八卷,《針(zhen)經(jing)(jing)》三(san)卷,最出(chu)遠古。皇(huang)甫(fu)士(shi)安能撰而(er)(er)集(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),惜簡編脫落已多,是(shi)使文(wen)字錯亂,義理顛(dian)倒(dao),世失(shi)其傳,學(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者鮮矣。唐(tang)·甄權但修(xiu)《明(ming)(ming)堂圖》,孫思邈從(cong)而(er)(er)和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其余篇第(di)亦(yi)(yi)不能盡言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。國(guo)家詔(zhao)儒(ru)臣校正醫書,今取《素問》、《九墟》、《靈(ling)樞》、《太(tai)素經(jing)(jing)》、《千(qian)金方》及(ji)《翼》、《外(wai)臺秘要》諸家善書校對玉成,繕(shan)寫將備親(qin)覽(lan)。恭惟主上(shang)(shang)圣哲衣冠文(wen)明(ming)(ming),光輝(hui)上(shang)(shang)下,孝慈仁德,蒙(meng)被眾(zhong)庶,大(da)頒岐黃,遠及(ji)方外(wai),使皇(huang)化(hua)兆于無窮(qiong),和氣浹而(er)(er)充塞,茲亦(yi)(yi)助人(ren)靈(ling),順陰陽,明(ming)(ming)教化(hua)化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一端(duan)云。
國子(zi)博士臣(chen)高保衡(heng)尚書屯(tun)田(tian)郎(lang)中臣(chen)孫奇光祿(lu)卿直秘(mi)閣(ge)臣(chen)林億等上
夫(fu)醫道所(suo)興,其來久(jiu)矣。上(shang)古神農始(shi)嘗草木而知百(bai)藥。黃帝(di)咨訪岐(qi)伯(bo)、伯(bo)高、少俞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu),內(nei)考五臟六腑(fu),外綜經絡血氣色候(hou),參之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天地(di),驗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人物,本(ben)(ben)(ben)性(xing)命,窮神極(ji)變,而針道生焉(yan)。其論(lun)(lun)至妙,雷公(gong)受業傳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)后(hou)。伊尹以(yi)(yi)亞圣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才,撰用《神農本(ben)(ben)(ben)草》以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)湯液(ye)。中(zhong)古名醫有(you)(you)(you)(you)俞跗(fu)、醫緩、扁鵲,秦(qin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)醫和,漢有(you)(you)(you)(you)倉公(gong)。其論(lun)(lun)皆經理(li)識本(ben)(ben)(ben),非徒(tu)診病(bing)而已。漢有(you)(you)(you)(you)華(hua)佗、張仲(zhong)(zhong)景。其它奇方異治(zhi),施世者多,亦(yi)不能盡(jin)記其本(ben)(ben)(ben)末。若知直祭(ji)酒劉(liu)季琰病(bing)發(fa)于(yu)畏惡,治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而瘥,云:后(hou)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)季琰病(bing)應(ying)發(fa),發(fa)當(dang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)感,仍本(ben)(ben)(ben)于(yu)畏惡,病(bing)動必死(si),終(zhong)如(ru)其言(yan)。仲(zhong)(zhong)景見侍中(zhong)王(wang)仲(zhong)(zhong)宣(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)時(shi)年(nian)(nian)二十(shi)(shi)余,謂曰(yue):“君有(you)(you)(you)(you)病(bing),四(si)十(shi)(shi)當(dang)眉(mei)落(luo),眉(mei)落(luo)半年(nian)(nian)而死(si),令服(fu)(fu)五石湯可(ke)免。”仲(zhong)(zhong)宣(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)嫌(xian)其言(yan)忤(wu),受湯而勿服(fu)(fu)。居三日,見仲(zhong)(zhong)宣(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)謂曰(yue):“服(fu)(fu)湯否?”仲(zhong)(zhong)宣(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)曰(yue):“已服(fu)(fu)。”仲(zhong)(zhong)景曰(yue):“色候(hou)固非服(fu)(fu)湯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)診,君何輕(qing)命也(ye)。”仲(zhong)(zhong)宣(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)猶(you)不言(yan)。后(hou)二十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)果眉(mei)落(luo),后(hou)一百(bai)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)七日而死(si),終(zhong)如(ru)其言(yan)。此(ci)(ci)二事(shi)(shi)雖(sui)(sui)扁鵲、倉公(gong)無以(yi)(yi)加也(ye)。華(hua)佗性(xing)惡矜技,終(zhong)以(yi)(yi)戮死(si)。仲(zhong)(zhong)景論(lun)(lun)廣(guang)伊尹湯液(ye)為(wei)(wei)數(shu)十(shi)(shi)卷(juan)(juan),用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多驗。近(jin)代太醫令王(wang)叔(shu)和撰次(ci)(ci)仲(zhong)(zhong)景,選論(lun)(lun)甚精(jing)(jing),指(zhi)事(shi)(shi)可(ke)施用。按∶《七略(lve)·藝文志》,《黃帝(di)內(nei)經》十(shi)(shi)八(ba)卷(juan)(juan)。今(jin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《針經》九(jiu)(jiu)卷(juan)(juan),《素問》九(jiu)(jiu)卷(juan)(juan),二九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)卷(juan)(juan),即《內(nei)經》也(ye)。亦(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)亡(wang)失,其論(lun)(lun)遐(xia)遠,然稱(cheng)述多而切事(shi)(shi)少,有(you)(you)(you)(you)不編次(ci)(ci)。比(bi)按倉公(gong)傳,其學皆出(chu)于(yu)《素問》,論(lun)(lun)病(bing)精(jing)(jing)微。《九(jiu)(jiu)卷(juan)(juan)》是原本(ben)(ben)(ben)經脈,其義(yi)深奧(ao),不易(yi)覺也(ye)。又(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《明(ming)堂孔穴針灸治(zhi)要》,皆黃帝(di)岐(qi)伯(bo)選事(shi)(shi)也(ye)。三部同歸,文多重復(fu),錯互非一。甘露中(zhong),吾病(bing)風加苦聾,百(bai)日方治(zhi),要皆淺近(jin),乃撰集三部,使事(shi)(shi)類相(xiang)從(cong),刪其浮(fu)辭,除其重復(fu),論(lun)(lun)其精(jing)(jing)要,至為(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)二卷(juan)(juan)。《易(yi)》曰(yue):觀(guan)其所(suo)聚,而天地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情事(shi)(shi)見矣。況物理(li)乎?事(shi)(shi)類相(xiang)從(cong),聚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)也(ye)。夫(fu)受先人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體,有(you)(you)(you)(you)八(ba)尺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軀,而不知醫事(shi)(shi),此(ci)(ci)所(suo)謂游魂耳。若不精(jing)(jing)通于(yu)醫道,雖(sui)(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)忠孝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,仁慈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing),君父(fu)危困(kun),赤子涂地(di),無以(yi)(yi)濟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),此(ci)(ci)固圣賢所(suo)以(yi)(yi)精(jing)(jing)思極(ji)論(lun)(lun)盡(jin)其理(li)也(ye)。由此(ci)(ci)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),焉(yan)可(ke)忽乎?其本(ben)(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)其文有(you)(you)(you)(you)理(li),雖(sui)(sui)不切于(yu)近(jin)事(shi)(shi),不甚刪也(ye)。若必精(jing)(jing)要,后(hou)其閑暇,當(dang)撰核以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)教經云爾。
有北宋熙寧(ning)二年(nian)初刊本(ben)、南(nan)宋及元刊本(ben)、明正統二年(nian)(1437)重刊本(ben)、嘉靖刊本(ben)及《醫統正脈》刊本(ben)等(deng)。
北(bei)宋熙寧二年(1069),林億(yi)等曾對《針灸甲(jia)乙經》作(zuo)校(xiao)(xiao)對繕寫(xie)(xie),即所稱“新校(xiao)(xiao)正”。1980年山東中醫學院主持編寫(xie)(xie)了《針灸甲(jia)乙經》校(xiao)(xiao)釋,人(ren)民衛生出(chu)(chu)版社出(chu)(chu)版。
《針(zhen)灸(jiu)甲(jia)乙經》對(dui)針(zhen)灸(jiu)的(de)發(fa)展起了(le)承前啟后(hou)的(de)巨大作用(yong),由晉到宋(song)的(de)針(zhen)灸(jiu)著作,如《銅(tong)人腧(shu)穴針(zhen)灸(jiu)圖(tu)經》,其穴位(wei)和適應證基本上沒(mei)有超出本書(shu)的(de)范圍(wei)。如《針(zhen)灸(jiu)資(zi)生(sheng)經》等(deng)專著,無不遵循本書(shu)編輯而成。明清兩代(dai)的(de)針(zhen)灸(jiu)著作,如《針(zhen)灸(jiu)聚(ju)英》《針(zhen)灸(jiu)大成》等(deng)都是(shi)在本書(shu)基礎上發(fa)展起來。《針(zhen)灸(jiu)甲(jia)乙經》還流傳至日本、朝(chao)鮮,對(dui)兩國的(de)針(zhen)灸(jiu)學術(shu)與教育產生(sheng)深遠影(ying)響。