猩紅(hong)蜻蜓(學名(ming):Crocothemis servilia)全身幾乎為鮮(xian)紅(hong)色(se),腹部(bu)背面有(you)一微細黑色(se)線條,翅(chi)透(tou)明,基(ji)部(bu)有(you)些許橙色(se)。后翅(chi)基(ji)部(bu)比前翅(chi)基(ji)部(bu)稍(shao)大(da),翅(chi)脈(mo)也稍(shao)有(you)不同。休息時四(si)翅(chi)展(zhan)開,平放于兩側。稚蟲(chong)短粗,具直(zhi)腸鰓(sai),無尾鰓(sai)。是中國臺灣最常見的(de)(de)蜻蜓之一,生(sheng)活于1300米以(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)中低海(hai)拔地(di)區。成(cheng)蟲(chong)出現月(yue)份為4-12月(yue)。成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)雄(xiong)蟲(chong)藏在水域周(zhou)圍的(de)(de)枝條或草(cao)本植(zhi)物上停棲占(zhan)據(ju)領域。雌蟲(chong)或未成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)雄(xiong)蟲(chong)則(ze)經常在水域附近草(cao)叢間(jian)活動覓食。分(fen)布(bu)于全島(dao)中、低海(hai)拔地(di)區,常棲息于池塘(tang)、水田、沼澤等靜水域。雌蟲(chong)以(yi)(yi)連續點水的(de)(de)方式產卵。成(cheng)蟲(chong)期為3~11月(yue)。分(fen)布(bu)于整(zheng)個亞洲大(da)陸(lu)的(de)(de)熱帶(dai)和亞熱帶(dai),日(ri)本,琉球群島(dao),大(da),小巽他群島(dao),菲律(lv)賓和蘇拉(la)威西(xi)。在西(xi)方,它延伸到伊拉(la)克,伊朗,亞美尼亞和土耳其。也被(bei)意外(wai)地(di)引進美國佛羅里達州。
生活于中(zhong)(zhong)、低海拔地(di)區,常(chang)棲息沼澤池塘,湖泊(bo),水坑和流(liu)速緩(huan)慢的溪流(liu)。一般捕(bu)食(shi)蚊子、搖蚊和其他小昆蟲,例如蒼蠅、蜜蜂(feng)、蝴蝶等(deng),部(bu)分甚至(zhi)捕(bu)食(shi)魚類(lei)。常(chang)雌(ci)雄成群,在水邊飛(fei)行,交尾后,雌(ci)蟲產卵于水草中(zhong)(zhong)。
分布于(yu)阿富汗,亞(ya)美(mei)尼亞(ya),柬埔(pu)寨,中(zhong)國,印度,印尼(巴(ba)(ba)厘島,爪哇,加(jia)里(li)曼丹(dan),小(xiao)巽(xun)他群島,蘇拉威西島蘇門答(da)臘),伊朗伊斯蘭共和(he)國,伊拉克,日本,韓國,朝鮮,馬(ma)來(lai)西亞(ya)(馬(ma)來(lai)西亞(ya)半島,沙巴(ba)(ba),沙撈(lao)越(yue)),緬(mian)甸,尼泊爾,巴(ba)(ba)基斯坦(tan),菲(fei)律賓,新加(jia)坡(po),斯里(li)蘭卡,泰國,土耳其,越(yue)南。
引進:美國。
猩紅(hong)蜻蜓(ting)體長30~44毫米(mi)。顏色(se)(se)艷麗(li)。雄蟲(chong)(chong)復(fu)(fu)眼紅(hong)色(se)(se),胸部(bu)及(ji)腹(fu)部(bu)為(wei)鮮艷的(de)的(de)紅(hong)色(se)(se),此為(wei)命名的(de)由來(lai)。腹(fu)部(bu)背面具一條不(bu)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)縱向黑線,后翅翅基具褐色(se)(se)斑(ban)(ban)塊,翅痣黃(huang)褐色(se)(se)。雌蟲(chong)(chong)復(fu)(fu)眼上褐下灰(hui)藍色(se)(se),胸部(bu)及(ji)腹(fu)部(bu)黃(huang)褐色(se)(se),腹(fu)背的(de)黑線特別明(ming)顯(xian),后翅基具褐斑(ban)(ban),翅痣黃(huang)褐色(se)(se),老熟個體體色(se)(se)變為(wei)灰(hui)褐色(se)(se)。未熟雄近似雌蟲(chong)(chong),但可從腹(fu)末(mo)節的(de)攫握器(qi)或尾毛分辨。
觸角短小,剛(gang)毛狀,3~7節。復眼發達,占頭(tou)部(bu)的(de)大(da)部(bu)分,單眼3個。口器(qi)咀嚼(jiao)式。上(shang)顎發達。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)較(jiao)細如頸(jing)。中(zhong)(zhong)、后(hou)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)合(he)(he)并,稱(cheng)合(he)(he)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)。合(he)(he)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)構造(zao)特殊,側(ce)(ce)板(ban)擴大(da),中(zhong)(zhong)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)上(shang)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)側(ce)(ce)片(pian)(pian)尤(you)甚。左(zuo)右(you)兩邊的(de)上(shang)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)側(ce)(ce)片(pian)(pian)在(zai)合(he)(he)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)背前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)方的(de)背中(zhong)(zhong)線相遇。從(cong)側(ce)(ce)面看,中(zhong)(zhong)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)側(ce)(ce)縫上(shang)端較(jiao)長的(de)一(yi)段(duan)向(xiang)后(hou)方傾斜(xie)。接連在(zai)翅(chi)突上(shang)的(de)四(si)翅(chi)向(xiang)身體后(hou)方位(wei)移到(dao)最適于飛翔(xiang)的(de)重心,側(ce)(ce)縫下端較(jiao)短的(de)一(yi)段(duan)與身體縱軸垂直。足(zu)接近頭(tou)部(bu),細長。飛行時(shi),中(zhong)(zhong)足(zu)和后(hou)足(zu)可伸向(xiang)頭(tou)部(bu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)方,便于捕捉(zhuo)空中(zhong)(zhong)飛蟲(chong)。停息時(shi),足(zu)常(chang)抱附于植物(wu)枝葉上(shang)。跗(fu)節3節。腹(fu)(fu)部(bu)圓筒(tong)形(xing)或扁形(xing),10節。雄(xiong)性(xing)在(zai)性(xing)成熟時(shi),把精(jing)液藏入交(jiao)合(he)(he)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)。交(jiao)配時(shi),雄(xiong)蟲(chong)用腹(fu)(fu)部(bu)末端的(de)肛附器(qi)“捉(zhuo)住(zhu)”雌(ci)蟲(chong)頭(tou)頂(ding)或前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)背板(ban),雄(xiong)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)雌(ci)后(hou),一(yi)起飛行。有時(shi)雌(ci)蟲(chong)把腹(fu)(fu)部(bu)彎(wan)向(xiang)下前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)方,將(jiang)腹(fu)(fu)部(bu)后(hou)方的(de)生殖孔緊貼到(dao)雄(xiong)蟲(chong)的(de)交(jiao)合(he)(he)器(qi)上(shang),進(jin)行受精(jing)。
猩(xing)(xing)紅(hong)蜻(qing)蜓一般(ban)都生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)在(zai)比較(jiao)潮濕的(de)(de)(de)地區,比如(ru)水(shui)(shui)壩或溝(gou)渠比較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)。它的(de)(de)(de)這種生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)習性主要是因為(wei)(wei)它的(de)(de)(de)繁殖方(fang)式所(suo)導致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de),它繁殖的(de)(de)(de)一個重(zhong)要媒介就(jiu)(jiu)是水(shui)(shui),它的(de)(de)(de)卵是要產在(zai)水(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)(de),而卵的(de)(de)(de)孵化(hua)、成(cheng)(cheng)長,以(yi)及成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)一只正式的(de)(de)(de)猩(xing)(xing)紅(hong)蜻(qing)蜓以(yi)前(qian),它都是在(zai)水(shui)(shui)中進行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)。還(huan)有(you)(you)另外一個原因就(jiu)(jiu)是猩(xing)(xing)紅(hong)蜻(qing)蜓的(de)(de)(de)捕(bu)(bu)食,猩(xing)(xing)紅(hong)蜻(qing)蜓的(de)(de)(de)捕(bu)(bu)食一般(ban)也都是在(zai)水(shui)(shui)面上進行(xing)的(de)(de)(de),因為(wei)(wei)那里有(you)(you)大量的(de)(de)(de)昆蟲供(gong)它們(men)食用。
蜻(qing)(qing)蜓幼蟲(chong)(chong)稱水(shui)蠆(chai),蜻(qing)(qing)蜓的(de)(de)卵在剛(gang)孵時有一特殊的(de)(de)型態,六(liu)只(zhi)腳、頭部都(dou)跟(gen)身體縮在一起,像只(zhi)沒腳小蝦米一樣,不怎麼活動,稱這(zhe)階(jie)段為“前稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)期(qi)”。這(zhe)一階(jie)段非(fei)常(chang)的(de)(de)短少則(ze)三、五(wu)秒,多則(ze)兩、三分鐘(zhong),前稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)背部就會裂(lie)開,第一齡稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)就蛻皮而出不久它會慢慢的(de)(de)將頭及(ji)六(liu)只(zhi)腳伸(shen)展開來自由活動。
蜻(qing)蜓稚(zhi)蟲(chong)隨(sui)著種(zhong)類不同(tong)而(er)(er)各有不同(tong)的齡期,從(cong)8~16個(ge)齡期都(dou)有,整個(ge)稚(zhi)蟲(chong)其所需時間依(yi)照不同(tong)種(zhong)類及季節而(er)(er)有所不同(tong),從(cong)一個(ge)月到(dao)三、四年都(dou)有,蜻(qing)蜓稚(zhi)蟲(chong)都(dou)是水棲(qi)(qi)昆蟲(chong),尚無發現(xian)陸棲(qi)(qi)性(xing)種(zhong)類。
水(shui)(shui)(shui)蠆靠腹部內直腸鰓呼吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中容氧,因此會藉著從尾(wei)端(duan)緩慢(man)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、排水(shui)(shui)(shui)來(lai)呼吸(xi)(xi)(xi),平常(chang)除六只腳可供爬行之外在緊急(ji)時刻(ke)則(ze)會則(ze)會將腹部所吸(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)向(xiang)后噴出,所產(chan)生的(de)(de)作用(yong)力會帶動(dong)它(ta)們向(xiang)前快速移動(dong)以(yi)(yi)達避(bi)敵(di)或捕(bu)食(shi)的(de)(de)作用(yong),通常(chang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)蠆為了(le)避(bi)天敵(di)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)捕(bu)食(shi)獵物(wu),體色跟環(huan)境都很接近,形成一種保護色。棲息於溪流蜻蜓幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)主(zhu)要以(yi)(yi)蜉蝣稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)、石蠅(ying)稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)、搖蚊等雙(shuang)翅目幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)一些(xie)小魚為食(shi),棲息於靜水(shui)(shui)(shui)域的(de)(de)種類(lei)(lei)則(ze)主(zhu)要以(yi)(yi)蝌蚪、小型蝦類(lei)(lei)、小魚、水(shui)(shui)(shui)蚤、體型較(jiao)小的(de)(de)蜻蛉稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)、仰泳樁、孑孓、搖蚊等雙(shuang)翅目幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)為主(zhu)食(shi)。稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)天敵(di)則(ze)是鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)、大型雜食(shi)性(xing)魚類(lei)(lei)、紅華(hua)娘、負子蟲(chong)(chong)、龍虱等。
水(shui)蠆經(jing)過(guo)多(duo)次(ci)蛻(tui)皮,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長到(dao)終齡稚蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),可以看(kan)到(dao)期(qi)胸部(bu)(bu)(bu)會有(you)(you)(you)明顯(xian)的翅芽,這(zhe)是與其他齡期(qi)稚蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的一(yi)個簡單的區別方法。通常蜻(qing)(qing)蜓(ting)(ting)的終齡稚蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)會在(zai)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)化前幾個小時爬(pa)出水(shui)面(mian)附近的地方,如枯枝、植物葉子、石塊(kuai)、圍墻、橋墩等物體都可供蜻(qing)(qing)蜓(ting)(ting)穩定攀(pan)爬(pa)以進行羽(yu)(yu)(yu)化,大多(duo)數蜻(qing)(qing)蜓(ting)(ting)與夜(ye)晚羽(yu)(yu)(yu)化,少部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)蜻(qing)(qing)蜓(ting)(ting)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員在(zai)清晨羽(yu)(yu)(yu)化。剛(gang)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)化的成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)通常體色很(hen)淡,翅膀很(hen)薄且有(you)(you)(you)強烈金屬反光(guang),等過(guo)一(yi)天之后,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體色就會加深,翅膀也會變(bian)硬且沒有(you)(you)(you)明顯(xian)反光(guang),未成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟的成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)要(yao)經(jing)一(yi)些日(ri)子才會變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)剛(gang)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)化的蜻(qing)(qing)蜓(ting)(ting),少則(ze)十日(ri)內,多(duo)則(ze)一(yi)、兩個月以上,從未成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟到(dao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟過(guo)程外部(bu)(bu)(bu)型(xing)態上都會有(you)(you)(you)差異(yi),而且絕大都數蜻(qing)(qing)蜓(ting)(ting)的雌(ci)、雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)外觀(guan)上也不(bu)(bu)一(yi)樣,所以同(tong)(tong)一(yi)種蜻(qing)(qing)蜓(ting)(ting)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)不(bu)(bu)論(lun)雌(ci)、雄或不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的生長時期(qi)會有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)多(duo)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)外帽,這(zhe)就是所謂的“多(duo)態型(xing)”。
蜻(qing)蜓(ting)的(de)產卵(luan)(luan)方式(shi),其中(zhong)(zhong)最常見的(de)就是(shi)所謂的(de)蜻(qing)蜓(ting)點(dian)水(shui)(shui)(shui):蜻(qing)蜓(ting)將(jiang)(jiang)腹(fu)部末(mo)端貼近水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian),直接產卵(luan)(luan)于池(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong),任由卵(luan)(luan)沉入水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong);第(di)(di)二(er)種(zhong)是(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)腹(fu)部插入水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong),產卵(luan)(luan)于水(shui)(shui)(shui)草(cao)莖桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong);第(di)(di)三種(zhong)是(shi)雌(ci)雄蜻(qing)蜓(ting)潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)進入水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia),將(jiang)(jiang)卵(luan)(luan)產于水(shui)(shui)(shui)草(cao)莖桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong);第(di)(di)四種(zhong)是(shi)蜻(qing)蜓(ting)一(yi)面(mian)飛翔交配,一(yi)面(mian)將(jiang)(jiang)卵(luan)(luan)空(kong)投至(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong),最后(hou)一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)蜻(qing)蜓(ting)將(jiang)(jiang)卵(luan)(luan)產於水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)上(shang)的(de)樹(shu)干(gan)或樹(shu)枝上(shang),待卵(luan)(luan)孵(fu)化(hua)后(hou)稚蟲掉入水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)展開幼蟲階段。
單一物種,無亞種。
該物(wu)種(zhong)分(fen)布范圍廣,不(bu)接近物(wu)種(zhong)生存(cun)的(de)脆(cui)弱(ruo)瀕危臨界值標(biao)準(分(fen)布區域或波動(dong)范圍小(xiao)于20000平方公(gong)里,棲息(xi)地(di)質量(liang)(liang),種(zhong)群規(gui)模(mo),分(fen)布區域碎片(pian)化),種(zhong)群數量(liang)(liang)趨勢穩定,因此(ci)被評價為無生存(cun)危機的(de)物(wu)種(zhong)。
列(lie)入(ru)《世界自然保護聯盟(meng)》(IUCN)2012年瀕危物(wu)種紅色名錄ver 3.1——低危(LC)。
【藥名】:赤蜻蛉
【拼音】:CHIQINGLING
【來源】:為蜻(qing)科動物赤蜻(qing)蛉的全體。
【功效(xiao)】:益(yi)髓填精、清肺止咳(ke)。
【主治】:用(yong)于(yu)腎陰不足、潮熱(re)、盜汗、遺精、陽痿等癥(zheng)。亦(yi)用(yong)治腰腳酸(suan)軟、頭暈眼(yan)花、耳聾、耳鳴(ming)等癥(zheng)。用(yong)于(yu)肺虛咳(ke)嗽、咽干、咽喉腫痛(tong)。
【性味歸經】:甘、咸,平。入肺、腎(shen)二經。
【用(yong)(yong)法用(yong)(yong)量】:內服:3一10只,研粉(fen)沖服。
【藥材的采收與儲藏】:干燥全(quan)體入藥。夏、秋捕(bu)捉,曬干或烘干。
【拉丁名】:Crocothemis servillia(Dru-ry)
【考證(zheng)】:始載于《中(zhong)國藥用動物志》。