公園簡介
南旺分水樞紐(niu)是永(yong)樂九年工部尚書宋禮采用汶上老人白英建(jian)(jian)議修建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)工程。是京杭大運(yun)河(he)全線的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)工程,它體現出
我(wo)國古(gu)代勞(lao)動人民(min)驚(jing)人的智慧和(he)偉大創造力,是大運(yun)河(he)卓越工程價值和(he)高超工程技(ji)術的杰出代表。濟寧市和(he)汶上縣將對大運(yun)河(he)南(nan)旺分水樞紐工程大遺址片區實行重點保護,建設考古(gu)遺址公園(yuan),并爭(zheng)取列入國家文物(wu)保護"十二五"重點項(xiang)目。
調查發掘
2008年3月至6月,經國(guo)(guo)家文(wen)物(wu)局批準,在山東省(sheng)文(wen)化(hua)廳、文(wen)物(wu)局的(de)(de)部署和組織下,山東省(sheng)文(wen)物(wu)考古研(yan)究所(suo)、中國(guo)(guo)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)產研(yan)究院(yuan)聯(lian)合對汶上(shang)京杭大(da)運河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)旺分(fen)(fen)水(shui)樞(shu)(shu)紐(niu)及龍王(wang)廟古建(jian)筑(zhu)群進行了系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)調查和發(fa)掘(jue)。本次(ci)發(fa)掘(jue)總面(mian)積達4000余(yu)平(ping)方米,主要(yao)對南(nan)旺分(fen)(fen)水(shui)樞(shu)(shu)紐(niu)工(gong)程中的(de)(de)石(shi)石(shi)剝(bo)岸和運河(he)(he)(he)河(he)(he)(he)道進行了勘探和發(fa)掘(jue),同時對該分(fen)(fen)水(shui)樞(shu)(shu)紐(niu)工(gong)程的(de)(de)附屬建(jian)筑(zhu)——分(fen)(fen)水(shui)龍王(wang)廟古建(jian)筑(zhu)群基址進行了詳細的(de)(de)清理(li),也對該分(fen)(fen)水(shui)樞(shu)(shu)紐(niu)工(gong)程的(de)(de)南(nan)旺湖、蜀山湖、馬踏湖等水(shui)柜、閘壩(ba)設施進行了全面(mian)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)調查。
龍(long)王(wang)廟分(fen)水(shui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剝(bo)岸和運(yun)河(he)(he)(he)河(he)(he)(he)道是(shi)此(ci)次發掘工作的(de)(de)重點。共在龍(long)王(wang)廟建筑群前布正南(nan)北向探溝4條。經(jing)(jing)解剖,石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剝(bo)岸在元代(dai)運(yun)河(he)(he)(he)河(he)(he)(he)岸的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)明清(qing)兩(liang)代(dai)多次修筑而(er)(er)成(cheng),其(qi)(qi)利用(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剝(bo)岸向河(he)(he)(he)心凸(tu)(tu)出的(de)(de)弧(hu)形結構實現分(fen)水(shui)功能,分(fen)水(shui)部位較東西兩(liang)側石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剝(bo)岸向河(he)(he)(he)心凸(tu)(tu)出;其(qi)(qi)外側底部用(yong)木(mu)樁做地(di)釘,上(shang)鋪條石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),用(yong)澆鑄有“分(fen)水(shui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剝(bo)岸”字樣的(de)(de)“腰鐵”和白石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)連(lian)接黏合;內側用(yong)三合土夾雜不規則(ze)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊夯(hang)筑而(er)(er)成(cheng)。分(fen)水(shui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剝(bo)岸地(di)層堆積中(zhong)發現有大量(liang)杉木(mu)木(mu)樁殘件(jian),出土有明清(qing)瓷器殘件(jian)和鐵釘等遺物。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)南(nan)旺(wang)運(yun)(yun)河(he)(he)河(he)(he)道的(de)調查(cha)和(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)掘中(zhong),清(qing)(qing)(qing)理了(le)一(yi)段(duan)(duan)長(chang)約40米的(de)運(yun)(yun)河(he)(he)北(bei)堤(di)(di)(di)(該段(duan)(duan)運(yun)(yun)河(he)(he)大(da)(da)致成東西(xi)向(xiang)),河(he)(he)堤(di)(di)(di)用(yong)(yong)青(qing)(qing)磚和(he)(he)(he)條(tiao)石(shi)構筑(zhu)。上鋪一(yi)層(ceng)條(tiao)石(shi),中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)錯縫平(ping)砌九(jiu)層(ceng)青(qing)(qing)磚,下碼筑(zhu)七層(ceng)條(tiao)石(shi)為基(ji)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)本(ben)段(duan)(duan)河(he)(he)堤(di)(di)(di)的(de)東端清(qing)(qing)(qing)理出一(yi)處(chu)石(shi)臺(tai)階(jie)登岸口,用(yong)(yong)十一(yi)層(ceng)條(tiao)石(shi)錯縫平(ping)砌。在(zai)(zai)(zai)九(jiu)層(ceng)青(qing)(qing)磚中(zhong),發(fa)(fa)現有(you)多件印有(you)“弘(hong)治(zhi)拾(shi)年(nian)造(zao)河(he)(he)道官磚”(1497年(nian))磚銘的(de)青(qing)(qing)磚,可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)此段(duan)(duan)河(he)(he)堤(di)(di)(di)建于明代弘(hong)治(zhi)年(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)調查(cha)和(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)掘中(zhong)還發(fa)(fa)現了(le)兩排(pai)大(da)(da)致與運(yun)(yun)河(he)(he)磚石(shi)堤(di)(di)(di)岸平(ping)行的(de)木(mu)(mu)(mu)樁(zhuang)。北(bei)排(pai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)樁(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)磚石(shi)堤(di)(di)(di)岸南(nan)13至14米處(chu),木(mu)(mu)(mu)樁(zhuang)間(jian)(jian)(jian)距約50至60厘米,并(bing)用(yong)(yong)方木(mu)(mu)(mu)連接(jie)。通過分(fen)(fen)析兩條(tiao)南(nan)北(bei)向(xiang)探(tan)溝(gou)的(de)地層(ceng)堆積,此排(pai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)樁(zhuang)應是在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定時期(qi)運(yun)(yun)河(he)(he)北(bei)岸向(xiang)南(nan)移動后的(de)河(he)(he)堤(di)(di)(di)遺跡,時代晚于弘(hong)治(zhi)拾(shi)年(nian)的(de)磚石(shi)堤(di)(di)(di)岸。南(nan)排(pai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)樁(zhuang)與北(bei)排(pai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)樁(zhuang)相(xiang)距約50米,木(mu)(mu)(mu)樁(zhuang)南(nan)側(ce)發(fa)(fa)現清(qing)(qing)(qing)晰的(de)一(yi)層(ceng)土一(yi)層(ceng)草相(xiang)互疊壓的(de)現象。調查(cha)發(fa)(fa)現大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)湖堤(di)(di)(di)有(you)跡可(ke)(ke)考,范(fan)圍(wei)和(he)(he)(he)走向(xiang)、與運(yun)(yun)河(he)(he)和(he)(he)(he)小(xiao)汶河(he)(he)的(de)交接(jie)關鍵點清(qing)(qing)(qing)楚,這(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)同時期(qi)的(de)影像圖(tu)(尤其(qi)是1957年(nian)的(de)影像資料)上也均有(you)不(bu)同的(de)反(fan)映。在(zai)(zai)(zai)1975年(nian)的(de)地形圖(tu)上,蜀山湖的(de)湖堤(di)(di)(di)清(qing)(qing)(qing)晰可(ke)(ke)見。大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)湖堤(di)(di)(di)功能(neng)已失,但在(zai)(zai)(zai)鄉村道路、田間(jian)(jian)(jian)地頭、植樹高(gao)壟等處(chu)尚存大(da)(da)概,依稀(xi)可(ke)(ke)辨。其(qi)中(zhong),保存最好的(de)是從(cong)曹村東至大(da)(da)溝(gou)村西(xi)的(de)一(yi)段(duan)(duan)蜀山湖北(bei)堤(di)(di)(di),基(ji)本(ben)保存原(yuan)貌。該段(duan)(duan)湖堤(di)(di)(di)呈(cheng)倒“U”型,蜿蜒曲折,殘長(chang)約2000米,已利(li)用(yong)(yong)精(jing)密GPS對(dui)其(qi)進行了(le)詳細(xi)的(de)測繪,并(bing)制作(zuo)出三(san)維模擬圖(tu)。
根據2003年的(de)快鳥(niao)影像資料繪(hui)制了(le)開河至長溝20余(yu)公(gong)里(li)長的(de)運(yun)河河道(dao)地(di)(di)圖(tu),利用RTK技術(shu)實(shi)地(di)(di)測(ce)量十(shi)里(li)閘(zha)(zha)至柳林(lin)閘(zha)(zha)段(duan)運(yun)河河道(dao)和地(di)(di)表(biao)相關(guan)遺存(cun),并(bing)(bing)繪(hui)制了(le)大(da)比(bi)例尺(chi)的(de)地(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)圖(tu)。同(tong)時,又對(dui)柳林(lin)閘(zha)(zha)、十(shi)里(li)閘(zha)(zha)、戴村壩(ba)、堽(gang)城壩(ba)、金口壩(ba)等重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)閘(zha)(zha)壩(ba)設(she)施進行(xing)了(le)詳細(xi)的(de)測(ce)繪(hui)。通過跨部(bu)門、多學科合(he)作,不僅廓清了(le)三(san)湖(hu)原(yuan)有(you)范圍以(yi)(yi)及湖(hu)堤、閘(zha)(zha)口、斗門的(de)保存(cun)現狀和分(fen)布(bu)特(te)點,而且基(ji)本摸(mo)清了(le)此(ci)類設(she)施與(yu)運(yun)河河道(dao)的(de)銜接(jie)關(guan)系和調水(shui)功能的(de)實(shi)現方式。通過發(fa)掘(jue),基(ji)本搞清了(le)分(fen)水(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)廟古建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)(qun)的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)布(bu)局和現存(cun)狀況(kuang)。該建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)(qun)坐南朝北,正對(dui)小汶(wen)河濟運(yun)處,為明(ming)(ming)代始建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),經(jing)明(ming)(ming)清兩代多次修葺(qi)、添(tian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),形(xing)(xing)成一座(zuo)結構(gou)和功能完(wan)備的(de)大(da)型(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)(qun)落。經(jing)清理(li)和發(fa)掘(jue),該建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)(qun)總體(ti)(ti)由東(dong)、中(zhong)、西三(san)路建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)組合(he)而成,均為磚木(mu)結構(gou)。其中(zhong),東(dong)路由牌坊(fang)、山門、戲樓、鐘鼓樓、龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)大(da)殿、關(guan)帝廟組成,以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)廟、關(guan)帝廟為中(zhong)心;中(zhong)路由水(shui)明(ming)(ming)樓、過廳、東(dong)西廂房、禹(yu)王(wang)殿、觀(guan)音(yin)閣(ge)組成,以(yi)(yi)水(shui)明(ming)(ming)樓、禹(yu)王(wang)殿、觀(guan)音(yin)閣(ge)為中(zhong)心;西路由大(da)門、六角亭、過廳、潘公(gong)祠、白公(gong)祠、宋(song)公(gong)祠以(yi)(yi)及院墻組成,以(yi)(yi)宋(song)公(gong)祠中(zhong)心。上述諸(zhu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)基(ji)址分(fen)別以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)軸線對(dui)稱布(bu)局,組成三(san)進院落,并(bing)(bing)由甬道(dao)和過門連(lian)通形(xing)(xing)成一有(you)機整體(ti)(ti)。在分(fen)水(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)廟發(fa)掘(jue)區內發(fa)現有(you)磚雕佛像1尊(zun)、明(ming)(ming)清銅(tong)錢9枚、陶瓷器殘件50余(yu)件,琉璃和磚雕建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)構(gou)件300余(yu)件,如垂獸、走獸、仙(xian)人(ren)騎鳳、套獸、基(ji)座(zuo)、瓦(wa)當、滴(di)水(shui)等,同(tong)時清理(li)出了(le)祠堂(tang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)彩繪(hui)殘片、灶(zao)坑等遺跡,還(huan)清理(li)出了(le)“宋(song)尚(shang)書(shu)祠堂(tang)記”、明(ming)(ming)萬歷十(shi)六年“圣旨碑(bei)”、“汶(wen)邑(yi)南旺鎮分(fen)水(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)廟記”等20余(yu)通明(ming)(ming)清重(zhong)要(yao)碑(bei)刻(ke)。
建設設想
考慮恢復(fu)分水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)周邊部(bu)分運(yun)(yun)河故道、石(shi)剝(bo)岸(an)、分水(shui)(shui)(shui)嘴、碼頭等,逐步實現(xian)上(shang)游(you)從(cong)戴村壩引水(shui)(shui)(shui)、疏(shu)浚小汶河、重建馬(ma)踏湖水(shui)(shui)(shui)柜,修(xiu)復(fu)部(bu)分斗閘等水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)設施。通過考古遺(yi)(yi)址公園,展(zhan)示運(yun)(yun)河分水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng),再(zai)現(xian)分水(shui)(shui)(shui)樞(shu)紐工(gong)程(cheng)昔日輝煌。分水(shui)(shui)(shui)龍王(wang)廟建筑群(qun)是運(yun)(yun)河沿(yan)岸(an)具有特別紀念意(yi)義(yi)的綜(zong)合性(xing)廟宇(yu)。要繼續對禹王(wang)殿、禪堂、螞蚱神廟等建筑進行搶救性(xing)維修(xiu);對龍王(wang)廟大殿、戲(xi)樓(lou)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)明樓(lou)、過廳、白(bai)公祠(ci)、潘(pan)公祠(ci)、白(bai)大王(wang)廟等建筑,可以采用洛陽“定(ding)鼎門(men)方(fang)式”實施遺(yi)(yi)址保護(hu)。結合南旺(wang)分水(shui)(shui)(shui)樞(shu)紐工(gong)程(cheng)大遺(yi)(yi)址實際,建設南旺(wang)分水(shui)(shui)(shui)樞(shu)紐博物(wu)館。
該館(guan)以運(yun)河(he)(he)分水(shui)為(wei)主(zhu)題,集(ji)收(shou)藏、研究、展(zhan)(zhan)覽、展(zhan)(zhan)示于一體。除展(zhan)(zhan)出一些重(zhong)要(yao)文(wen)物和圖片(pian)外,還可以通過(guo)多媒(mei)體、三維動(dong)畫等(deng)多種高科(ke)技手段,充分運(yun)用聲、光(guang)、電等(deng)現代(dai)科(ke)技,融合運(yun)河(he)(he)歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua),將南(nan)旺運(yun)河(he)(he)歷(li)史和運(yun)河(he)(he)文(wen)化(hua)生(sheng)動(dong)地展(zhan)(zhan)現在(zai)世人(ren)面(mian)前(qian)。南(nan)旺樞(shu)(shu)(shu)紐(niu)考(kao)古遺址公園將建設(she)以“運(yun)河(he)(he)文(wen)化(hua)”為(wei)主(zhu)題的(de)南(nan)旺樞(shu)(shu)(shu)紐(niu)水(shui)工科(ke)技展(zhan)(zhan)覽館(guan),再現古運(yun)河(he)(he)繁榮(rong)景象。南(nan)旺分水(shui)樞(shu)(shu)(shu)紐(niu)工程是京杭大運(yun)河(he)(he)全線海拔最(zui)高點,被稱為(wei)“水(shui)脊”,也是京杭大運(yun)河(he)(he)全線科(ke)技含量最(zui)高的(de)水(shui)利工程。