青(qing)(qing)城文(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)又名(ming)魁(kui)星樓,位于山東(dong)省淄博市高青(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian)青(qing)(qing)城鎮,原是古代(dai)一(yi)處祭(ji)祀(si)文(wen)昌(chang)帝君的場(chang)所(suo)。1991年版《高青(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian)志》記載,清乾隆(long)元(yuan)(yuan)年(公元(yuan)(yuan)1736年),由64名(ming)文(wen)、武生員集(ji)資在(zai)青(qing)(qing)城十字街修筑“文(wen)臺”;清乾隆(long)二十年(公元(yuan)(yuan)1756年)建(jian)成(cheng)文(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge);道(dao)光(guang)二十一(yi)年(公元(yuan)(yuan)1841年),青(qing)(qing)城知(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)張維垣捐資,并聯(lian)合當(dang)地鄉紳集(ji)資重修。
文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣屬于(yu)中國(guo)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)建筑(zhu)。所祀(si)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)帝(di)(di)君(jun)(jun)又名(ming)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)曲(qu)星”、“文(wen)(wen)(wen)星”,是中國(guo)古代神話中主(zhu)宰(zai)功(gong)名(ming)祿位的神靈,后(hou)來為(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)所承襲。舊(jiu)時(shi)多為(wei)(wei)知識(shi)分(fen)子所崇祀(si),以為(wei)(wei)可以保功(gong)名(ming)。元仁(ren)宗延祐三年(公(gong)元1316年),將梓(zi)橦帝(di)(di)君(jun)(jun)加封為(wei)(wei)“輔元開化文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)司祿宏仁(ren)帝(di)(di)君(jun)(jun)”以后(hou),兩者遂合而為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)。由于(yu)這些(xie)緣故,歷代封建文(wen)(wen)(wen)人對其頂(ding)禮膜拜(bai)(bai)。在中國(guo)傳(chuan)統文(wen)(wen)(wen)化中,文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)與關(guan)帝(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)被尊稱為(wei)(wei)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)武二圣”,祭祀(si)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)帝(di)(di)君(jun)(jun)的禮儀(yi)猶(you)如祭祀(si)關(guan)圣帝(di)(di)君(jun)(jun),每年春秋兩季(ji)進(jin)行隆重的祭禮。屆時(shi)縣官們(men)率領僚屬、鄉宦、生員,穿朝服、設儀(yi)仗(zhang)行九(jiu)拜(bai)(bai)之禮,供(gong)奉五案(an)祭品,有“帛一(yi)(yi)、牛一(yi)(yi)、羊一(yi)(yi)、豬一(yi)(yi)、果品五籩(bian)、豆各(ge)十”。
青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮歷(li)史(shi)悠久,唐代稱青(qing)(qing)(qing)平鎮,金天興二(er)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1233年(nian)(nian))始(shi)置青(qing)(qing)(qing)平縣(xian)(xian),后改青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)統元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1333年(nian)(nian))筑圓周(zhou)形青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi),周(zhou)長3華里,高2丈(zhang)余(yu),護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河深一(yi)丈(zhang)余(yu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有4門(men)(men),東為(wei)望(wang)海(hai)門(men)(men),西為(wei)通濟門(men)(men),南(nan)為(wei)仰岱門(men)(men),北(bei)(bei)為(wei)拱辰門(men)(men)。后在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻東北(bei)(bei)角建小北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men),稱“迎(ying)恩門(men)(men)”,在東南(nan)角建小南(nan)門(men)(men),稱“詔文門(men)(men)”。明(ming)萬(wan)歷(li)二(er)十三年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1595年(nian)(nian))增設甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。經過元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、明(ming)、清三代多次整(zheng)(zheng)修(xiu),青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)逐步成(cheng)為(wei)一(yi)座功能完善、整(zheng)(zheng)齊劃一(yi)的古代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)。清光緒(xu)二(er)十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1896年(nian)(nian))春(chun),在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外筑起(qi)寬5米(mi)、周(zhou)長3411米(mi)的防洪大堤,堤上(shang)遍植桃樹、杏樹。每到(dao)春(chun)季,環城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數里花香濃郁,美(mei)不(bu)勝收(shou)。后因(yin)戰亂(luan)失修(xiu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣逐漸殘破。1939年(nian)(nian)3月,日本(ben)侵(qin)略軍占領青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻上(shang)修(xiu)筑炮樓,拉鐵絲網,縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遭受(shou)嚴(yan)重破壞。建國(guo)后青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾為(wei)高青(qing)(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian)委(wei)、縣(xian)(xian)政府駐(zhu)地(di),后為(wei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區、公社、鎮政府駐(zhu)地(di)。慶(云)淄(zi)(川)路縱(zong)貫南(nan)北(bei)(bei),是廣(北(bei)(bei)農場)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))路的終點。
文(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣(ge)(ge)是一座(zuo)(zuo)過街(jie)樓(lou)式建筑(zhu),就跨建在古青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)縣城(cheng)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)十(shi)字(zi)大街(jie)上(shang)。基座(zuo)(zuo)為正方形(xing),高2.1丈,邊長3.25丈,用大青(qing)(qing)磚砌成。基座(zuo)(zuo)下部開有(you)(you)寬1.2丈、高1.6丈的(de)(de)十(shi)字(zi)形(xing)券(quan)拱(gong)門(men)洞,銜接(jie)著通向東西南北城(cheng)門(men)的(de)(de)四(si)條大街(jie)。南面券(quan)拱(gong)門(men)兩側(ce)有(you)(you)臺階,轉折而上(shang)。基座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)是三層(ceng)木(mu)(mu)構(gou)樓(lou)閣(ge)(ge),第一層(ceng)以圓柱支撐飛檐,二層(ceng)為暗層(ceng),中(zhong)間以磚砌四(si)壁(bi)直(zhi)達三層(ceng)。每層(ceng)四(si)角攢頂,裝(zhuang)飾(shi)斗拱(gong),釉瓦覆(fu)頂,四(si)脊有(you)(you)栩(xu)栩(xu)如生的(de)(de)石(shi)獸。檐下掛有(you)(you)銅鈴,微風吹來(lai)(lai),發出清(qing)脆悅耳的(de)(de)鈴聲。頂端冠一木(mu)(mu)質(zhi)鉛灰色(se)大圓寶頂。整個樓(lou)閣(ge)(ge)高約4.7丈,結(jie)構(gou)嚴密精(jing)巧,造(zao)型宏(hong)偉壯觀。對于做夢也(ye)想金榜題名(ming)的(de)(de)學子們來(lai)(lai)說,閣(ge)(ge)中(zhong)的(de)(de)文(wen)昌(chang)(chang)君是他(ta)們的(de)(de)命運之(zhi)神(shen)。相傳有(you)(you)位(wei)學子蟾宮折桂后(hou)衣錦(jin)還鄉,在祭祖的(de)(de)路上(shang)經(jing)過文(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣(ge)(ge),遂將文(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣(ge)(ge)更(geng)名(ming)為魁星樓(lou),從此青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)文(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣(ge)(ge)又(you)有(you)(you)了一個好(hao)聽的(de)(de)名(ming)字(zi)。
文昌閣(ge)是古(gu)青城(cheng)縣的(de)“八景(jing)”之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),謂之(zhi)(zhi)“高(gao)(gao)閣(ge)晴霞(xia)”。它坐落(luo)于(yu)城(cheng)垣環繞的(de)城(cheng)區正中,凌(ling)駕(jia)于(yu)綠樹掩映(ying)下(xia)的(de)建筑群之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),抬眼望去,高(gao)(gao)閣(ge)在云霞(xia)燦爛的(de)蒼穹映(ying)照(zhao)下(xia),更顯得挺(ting)拔壯麗,氣勢不(bu)凡。游人(ren)登上(shang)高(gao)(gao)閣(ge),憑欄遠眺,“高(gao)(gao)閣(ge)晴霞(xia)”之(zhi)(zhi)美妙,盡在不(bu)言中。暮(mu)春(chun)時(shi)(shi)節,村舍里炊煙裊裊升起,千里沃(wo)野上(shang)男耕女種,呈(cheng)現(xian)一(yi)(yi)派勃勃生機;仲秋時(shi)(shi)分,農(nong)民們收(shou)獲著黃澄澄的(de)莊稼,豐(feng)收(shou)美景(jing)盡收(shou)眼底(di)。風清日麗之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi),南眺可見鄒(zou)平(ping)縣境的(de)黃山(shan)和青龍山(shan),北望可數浩瀚黃河中的(de)離離船帆。
青(qing)城文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)(ge)經過風雨剝蝕、地(di)震撼(han)搖和(he)戰爭造成(cheng)的(de)(de)破(po)壞,到20世紀40年(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)期,已是壁裂(lie)瓦殘、漆畫斑駁,呈(cheng)遙遙欲傾(qing)之(zhi)狀(zhuang)。抗日戰爭勝利(li)后,為褒獎(jiang)革命(ming)烈(lie)士(shi)(shi),經山(shan)東省(sheng)政(zheng)府(fu)批準,青(qing)城縣(xian)民主政(zheng)府(fu)撥款12萬元(yuan)北海幣,將文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)(ge)改建為烈(lie)士(shi)(shi)紀念(nian)祠,1946年(nian)(nian)完工。第三層(ceng)正中(zhong)懸(xuan)掛著(zhu)“烈(lie)士(shi)(shi)祠”匾(bian)額(e)(e),第一(yi)層(ceng)的(de)(de)西(xi)北東南四面(mian)分別懸(xuan)有“為國(guo)(guo)捐軀”、“氣壯(zhuang)山(shan)河”、“碧(bi)血千秋(qiu)”、“保國(guo)(guo)為民”匾(bian)額(e)(e),均為木刻(ke)。烈(lie)士(shi)(shi)祠內鑲嵌著(zhu)刻(ke)有250名烈(lie)士(shi)(shi)姓名和(he)青(qing)城縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政(zheng)府(fu)、縣(xian)大隊(dui)、各(ge)界建國(guo)(guo)聯合(he)會暨全體(ti)人(ren)民合(he)致碑文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)石(shi)碑。在“文(wen)(wen)革”中(zhong),文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)(ge)又遭(zao)受破(po)壞。中(zhong)共十一(yi)界三中(zhong)全會以(yi)來(lai),隨著(zhu)農村經濟的(de)(de)發展(zhan),文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)(ge)也獲得了新生。1979年(nian)(nian),高青(qing)縣(xian)公布了青(qing)城文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)(ge)等8處縣(xian)級重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保護單位。1981年(nian)(nian)8月,省(sheng)撥款1萬元(yuan)對青(qing)城文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)(ge)進行維修。1992年(nian)(nian)高城鎮人(ren)民政(zheng)府(fu)又組織修整。這一(yi)工程引起海外僑胞的(de)(de)關注(zhu),捐來(lai)錢物(wu)予以(yi)支持(chi)。在海外游子的(de)(de)心目中(zhong),文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)(ge)不僅是青(qing)城的(de)(de)象征(zheng),也是祖國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)象征(zheng)。不管(guan)走得有多遠,不管(guan)離家(jia)多少年(nian)(nian),他們的(de)(de)根永遠留(liu)在了這片土地(di)上。
如(ru)今,已經(jing)成為山東省重點文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單位的(de)(de)文昌閣修葺一新(xin),光(guang)彩照人,已經(jing)成為黃河(he)南岸、魯北(bei)平原上一道亮(liang)麗的(de)(de)風景。到青城文昌閣一游,仰視凌空(kong)高閣的(de)(de)壯觀(guan),俯瞰魯北(bei)平原的(de)(de)美景,定會(hui)有一番新(xin)的(de)(de)感受。