東道主,是(shi)漢(han)語的(de)一則成語,語出春(chun)秋(qiu)·左(zuo)丘明《左(zuo)傳·僖公三十年(nian)》。
春(chun)秋時鄭(zheng)大夫燭之武見秦穆公,要(yao)求秦軍(jun)停(ting)止(zhi)進攻鄭(zheng)國(guo),鄭(zheng)國(guo)今后作為(wei)(wei)東(dong)路上的居(ju)停(ting)主人招待(dai)來往的秦國(guo)使者(zhe)。因(yin)鄭(zheng)國(guo)在秦國(guo)東(dong)面,所以稱為(wei)(wei)“東(dong)道主”。這則(ze)成語(yu)泛指接待(dai)或宴客的主人。其結構為(wei)(wei)偏(pian)正(zheng)式,在句子中可作主語(yu)、賓語(yu)。
九月甲(jia)午,晉(jin)侯秦伯圍(wei)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),以(yi)其無禮於(wu)(wu)晉(jin),且(qie)貳於(wu)(wu)楚也(ye)(ye)。晉(jin)軍函(han)陵,秦軍氾(fan)南。佚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狐言(yan)於(wu)(wu)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)伯曰(yue)(yue):“國危矣(yi)!若使(shi)(shi)燭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武見秦君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),師(shi)必退。”公從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。辭(ci)曰(yue)(yue):“臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯(zhuang)也(ye)(ye),猶不如(ru)人;今老矣(yi),無能為也(ye)(ye)已。”公曰(yue)(yue):“吾不能早用(yong)子(zi),今急而(er)求子(zi),是(shi)寡人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過也(ye)(ye)。然(ran)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)亡,子(zi)亦(yi)有(you)不利(li)焉(yan)(yan)。”許(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夜縋而(er)出,見秦伯曰(yue)(yue):“秦晉(jin)圍(wei)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)既知亡矣(yi)。若鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)亡而(er)有(you)益於(wu)(wu)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),敢以(yi)煩執事。越(yue)國以(yi)鄙遠,君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)知其難也(ye)(ye);焉(yan)(yan)用(yong)亡鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)倍鄰?鄰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厚,君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)薄也(ye)(ye)。若舎(she)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)為東道(dao)主,行李之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)往(wang)來,共其乏困,君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)亦(yi)無所害。且(qie)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)嘗為晉(jin)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)賜(si)矣(yi),許(xu)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)焦、瑕,朝(chao)濟而(er)夕設版焉(yan)(yan),君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所知也(ye)(ye)。夫晉(jin)何厭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)?既東封(feng)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),又欲肆其西封(feng),若不闕(que)秦,將焉(yan)(yan)取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?闕(que)秦以(yi)利(li)晉(jin),唯君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)圖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”秦伯說,與鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人盟,使(shi)(shi)杞子(zi)、逄(pang)孫、楊孫戍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),乃還。(《左傳·僖公三(san)十年》)
后人由此典故(gu)提煉出成(cheng)語“東道主”,也作“東道主人”。
春秋時(shi)代,晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)公(gong)(gong)子重耳(er)(er)逃亡到(dao)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)曾(ceng)經阻(zu)止他(ta)(ta)進人(ren)(ren)(ren)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。后來重耳(er)(er)回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)做了(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君,一(yi)(yi)直忘不掉(diao)這件事情,時(shi)刻想要報仇(chou),就(jiu)聯合(he)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共同出兵攻(gong)打(da)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)非常害怕,佚之(zhi)狐向(xiang)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)說(shuo)(shuo):“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)危(wei)險了(le)(le),如果(guo)派(pai)燭(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)武(wu)(wu)去見秦(qin)(qin)(qin)君,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)軍隊一(yi)(yi)定退走(zou)。”鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)聽了(le)(le)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見,派(pai)燭(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)武(wu)(wu)勸說(shuo)(shuo)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)退兵。燭(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)武(wu)(wu)推辭(ci)說(shuo)(shuo):“臣壯年時(shi),尚(shang)且不如別人(ren)(ren)(ren),現在(zai)老了(le)(le),無能(neng)為(wei)力(li)了(le)(le)。”鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)說(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)沒有及早重用您,危(wei)急時(shi)才(cai)來求(qiu)您,這是我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)過錯(cuo)。然而鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)亡國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)了(le)(le),對(dui)(dui)您也(ye)不利啊(a)!”燭(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)武(wu)(wu)答應了(le)(le)。夜里,把(ba)燭(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)武(wu)(wu)用繩子從城上墜下去求(qiu)見秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)將(jiang)士禁止他(ta)(ta)進去,他(ta)(ta)便(bian)在(zai)城外放聲大哭(ku)(ku)起來。兵士們把(ba)他(ta)(ta)抓到(dao)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)面前,問他(ta)(ta)為(wei)什(shen)么哭(ku)(ku),他(ta)(ta)說(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)為(wei)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)哭(ku)(ku)同時(shi)也(ye)為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)哭(ku)(ku)。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)東邊秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)西邊,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)亡,晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)更強大,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)顯得弱(ruo)了(le)(le)。幫(bang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)家(jia)攻(gong)打(da)別國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)土地,反而削弱(ruo)自己(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)量,聰明人(ren)(ren)(ren)是不會做這種事情的(de)(de)(de)。”秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)聽了(le)(le),大吃一(yi)(yi)驚,連聲說(shuo)(shuo)道(dao):“對(dui)(dui),很對(dui)(dui)!”燭(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)武(wu)(wu)又說(shuo)(shuo):“如果(guo)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)現在(zai)肯撤兵解圍,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)脫離楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),像臣子一(yi)(yi)樣服侍秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),如果(guo)讓鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)東邊道(dao)上的(de)(de)(de)主人(ren)(ren)(ren),那么,也(ye)可以供應秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)旅行(xing)來往(wang)中缺乏的(de)(de)(de)東西,對(dui)(dui)你也(ye)有益無害呀!”秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)聽了(le)(le),非常興奮,便(bian)同鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)訂立盟約(yue),派(pai)將(jiang)軍杞(qi)子、逢孫、揚(yang)孫三人(ren)(ren)(ren)去鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)駐(zhu)防,自己(ji)帶著(zhu)大軍秘密回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)因秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)背盟,不得不撤兵,于是鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)圍被解除了(le)(le)。
這(zhe)則典故給人(ren)的(de)啟示是,“世界上(shang)(shang)沒有永(yong)(yong)遠的(de)敵人(ren),也沒有永(yong)(yong)遠的(de)朋友,只有永(yong)(yong)遠的(de)利(li)益(yi)。”對(dui)于國(guo)與(yu)國(guo)之間而言,這(zhe)句(ju)話(hua)無(wu)疑是至理名言。燭之武很懂(dong)這(zhe)一點(dian),他(ta)知道秦君出錢出力,大(da)老遠趕來,無(wu)非利(li)益(yi)使然。但問題是,滅(mie)(mie)了鄭國(guo),秦國(guo)實(shi)際(ji)上(shang)(shang)是為晉(jin)君打工幫晉(jin)國(guo)增強實(shi)力。相(xiang)反(fan),如(ru)果不滅(mie)(mie)鄭國(guo)而使它(ta)成(cheng)為東方道路上(shang)(shang)的(de)主人(ren),秦國(guo)使臣經過(guo),鄭國(guo)供應他(ta)們的(de)食宿、給養。無(wu)需(xu)動(dong)(dong)刀動(dong)(dong)槍,卻能得到莫大(da)的(de)好處(chu),亡鄭保(bao)鄭,結(jie)果大(da)相(xiang)徑(jing)庭。曉之以(yi)利(li),是燭之武成(cheng)功的(de)關鍵。
“東道主”通(tong)常用(yong)于泛稱接待或宴(yan)請賓(bin)客的主人。這則(ze)成語(yu)(yu)在句(ju)子中可作主語(yu)(yu)、賓(bin)語(yu)(yu)。
唐·李白《望九華(hua)贈青陽(yang)韋仲堪》:“君(jun)為(wei)東道主,于此(ci)臥(wo)云松。”