吉(ji)林向海自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)1981年經吉(ji)林省人(ren)民政府批準建立,是以保(bao)護(hu)(hu)丹頂鶴等珍稀(xi)水(shui)(shui)禽和蒙(meng)古黃榆(yu)等稀(xi)有(you)(you)(you)植(zhi)物(wu)群落(luo)為主(zhu)要目的(de)的(de)內陸濕地與(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)域生態系統(tong)類型的(de)自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)位(wei)于(yu)吉(ji)林省通榆(yu)縣境(jing)內,總幅員105467公頃。南(nan)北(bei)長45公里,東(dong)(dong)西寬(kuan)42公里,西與(yu)(yu)內蒙(meng)古科右中(zhong)旗接壤,北(bei)與(yu)(yu)洮(tao)南(nan)市相(xiang)鄰。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)南(nan)部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)霍林河(he)貫穿(chuan)東(dong)(dong)西,中(zhong)部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)額穆泰河(he)流進濕地,北(bei)部(bu)引洮(tao)兒河(he)水(shui)(shui)注入(ru)水(shui)(shui)庫。
向(xiang)海地形(xing)復雜,生(sheng)境多(duo)(duo)樣,多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)物區(qu)(qu)系與復雜的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境互(hu)相(xiang)滲透。沙(sha)丘、草原(yuan)(yuan)、沼澤(ze)、湖泊相(xiang)間分布,縱(zong)橫交錯(cuo),星羅棋(qi)布,構成(cheng)典(dian)型的(de)濕(shi)地多(duo)(duo)樣性景觀。區(qu)(qu)內林地面積(ji)2.9萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)頃(qing)(qing),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蒙(meng)古黃榆面積(ji)1.9萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)頃(qing)(qing);湖泊水(shui)域(yu)1.25萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)頃(qing)(qing);蘆葦沼澤(ze)2.36萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)頃(qing)(qing);草原(yuan)(yuan)3.04萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。形(xing)成(cheng)四(si)大生(sheng)態(tai)景觀。即:沙(sha)丘榆林、湖泊水(shui)域(yu)、蒲草葦蕩、羊(yang)草草原(yuan)(yuan)。區(qu)(qu)內資源十分豐富。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國動(dong)物地理區(qu)(qu)劃中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)東(dong)北(bei)區(qu)(qu)松遼平原(yuan)(yuan)亞(ya)區(qu)(qu)和(he)蒙(meng)新區(qu)(qu)東(dong)部草原(yuan)(yuan)亞(ya)區(qu)(qu)的(de)動(dong)植物資源在這里均有分布。區(qu)(qu)內共(gong)有植物595種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥用(yong)植物220多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);脊椎動(dong)物300多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)293種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),獸(shou)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)37種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國家重(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)野生(sheng)動(dong)物335種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)向(xiang)海就有52種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一級(ji)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):大鴇、東(dong)方白鸛(guan)、黑鸛(guan)、丹(dan)頂鶴(he)(he)、白鶴(he)(he)、白頭(tou)鶴(he)(he)、金雕、白肩雕、白尾海雕、虎頭(tou)海雕。二級(ji)動(dong)物42種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)候鳥及其棲息(xi)環(huan)境協定》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)173種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占協定種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)76.21%,有《瀕(bin)危野生(sheng)動(dong)植物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國際貿(mao)易公(gong)約》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有國家保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)有益的(de)或者(zhe)有重(zhong)要(yao)經(jing)濟、科學研究價值的(de)陸生(sheng)野生(sheng)動(dong)物235種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
位于向海保護區(qu)管(guan)理局(ju)所在地(di)西南4公里處(chu),三(san)面環水,一面臨山(shan),植(zhi)被(bei)多樣(yang),灌木蔥(cong)蘢,環島水域內,蒲(pu)草葦蕩高可過(guo)人,茂密連片(pian),值(zhi)得一看的當然還要數人工馴化(hua)成功的半散(san)養的丹頂(ding)鶴。
是向海自然保護區的微觀縮影,體現了(le)向海濕地(di)特性,尤其各(ge)種動物栩栩如生。
1664年(nian)(nian)清朝順治初(chu)始,在向海(hai)(hai)建了一(yi)座喇嘛(ma)廟,取(qu)名“青(qing)海(hai)(hai)廟”,一(yi)九(jiu)七二年(nian)(nian)在“破四舊(jiu)”中毀掉(diao)。一(yi)九(jiu)九(jiu)四年(nian)(nian)始,對廟宇進行了重(zhong)新修復,已故國(guo)家佛教協會主席(xi)趙(zhao)樸初(chu)將其(qi)題名為(wei)“香海(hai)(hai)寺(si)”。
黃榆光觀區距(ju)縣城約60公里,那里有(you)一片亞洲較大的(de)蒙古(gu)黃榆林,面積約50平(ping)方公里。蒙古(gu)黃榆樹(shu)是(shi)亞洲稀有(you)樹(shu)種,屬(shu)于榆科、榆屬(shu),是(shi)天然(ran)次生林,是(shi)干旱地區沙丘(qiu)崗地上特有(you)的(de)樹(shu)種。
向海(hai)自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區位于吉(ji)林省西(xi)部(bu)(bu)通榆縣(xian)境內(nei),科爾(er)沁草原中部(bu)(bu),西(xi)與(yu)內(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)科右中旗接壤,北(bei)與(yu)洮南(nan)(nan)(nan)市相鄰。地(di)理坐(zuo)標為44°55′-45°09′N,122°05′-122°31′E,面(mian)積105467公頃。保(bao)護(hu)區南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)有霍林河(he)貫穿(chuan)東(dong)(dong)西(xi),中部(bu)(bu)有額穆泰河(he)流進濕(shi)地(di),北(bei)部(bu)(bu)引洮兒河(he)水注入(ru)水庫。保(bao)護(hu)區的保(bao)護(hu)范圍(wei)包括向海(hai)蒙(meng)古(gu)族鄉的全部(bu)(bu)及四井子鎮(zhen)、烏(wu)蘭花(hua)鎮(zhen)、興隆山鎮(zhen)、同發牧場的部(bu)(bu)分(fen),計為5個(ge)鄉(鎮(zhen)、場),12個(ge)村、32個(ge)自(zi)然屯。全區南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)長45公里,東(dong)(dong)西(xi)寬42公里,總面(mian)積105467公頃。
向(xiang)(xiang)海(hai)地(di)(di)處內蒙古(gu)高原(yuan)(yuan)和(he)東(dong)(dong)北平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡地(di)(di)帶,在(zai)大地(di)(di)構造上屬(shu)松遼凹陷的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)沉降帶,自中(zhong)生(sheng)代(dai)以(yi)來大幅度下(xia)沉,有深(shen)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)生(sheng)代(dai)和(he)新生(sheng)代(dai)沉積(ji),地(di)(di)貌以(yi)沙化和(he)鹽漬化的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)為特征。發(fa)源于(yu)大興安嶺東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三條河(he)流(liu),到這(zhe)里失去(qu)了河(he)道(dao),水流(liu)漫散排泄不(bu)暢,形成大面積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆葦(wei)沼(zhao)澤。地(di)(di)勢(shi)由西(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)(dong)微微傾(qing)斜,海(hai)拔在(zai)156-192米之(zhi)間,壟狀沙丘(qiu)與(yu)壟間洼地(di)(di)交錯(cuo)相間排列(lie),呈西(xi)北--東(dong)(dong)南方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)延伸(shen),表現為沙丘(qiu)榆林--茫(mang)茫(mang)草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)--蒲草(cao)葦(wei)蕩--湖泊水域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然景色,地(di)(di)貌為沙丘(qiu)覆蓋的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan),屬(shu)科(ke)爾(er)沁沙地(di)(di)(草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan))的(de)(de)(de)(de)延伸(shen)部(bu)(bu)分。
向海區內(nei)土(tu)壤(rang)主要(yao)為(wei)栗鈣土(tu)、草(cao)甸土(tu)、鹽堿土(tu)和風積沙土(tu),土(tu)壤(rang)厚度一般(ban)在(zai)0.5-1.0米(mi)之(zhi)間,土(tu)壤(rang)中腐殖質含(han)量較少,含(han)鹽堿量偏高,PH值在(zai)7.5-8.5之(zhi)間。
向海屬北溫(wen)帶大(da)陸(lu)性(xing)季(ji)(ji)(ji)風氣候,處于吉(ji)林省半干旱(han)草(cao)原氣候地(di)帶。春季(ji)(ji)(ji)多風干旱(han),夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)溫(wen)暖,冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)嚴寒少雪,風沙(sha)較(jiao)多。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)5.1℃,高37℃,低-32℃;年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)降水量400毫(hao)米,多集中在7、8月份;年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)蒸發量為1945毫(hao)米;年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)日照(zhao)時數2876小時,無霜期(qi)150天左右;全年(nian)(nian)(nian)盛行西南風,風速一般5-6級,大(da)風速可達11級,7級以上大(da)風年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)35天。
向(xiang)(xiang)海(hai)(hai)總(zong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)12441公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing),沼(zhao)澤(ze)面(mian)(mian)積23654公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)。區內(nei)南(nan)部(bu)有霍林(lin)河(he)貫(guan)穿東西,中(zhong)部(bu)有額穆泰河(he)形(xing)成的(de)(de)草原沼(zhao)澤(ze),北部(bu)有洮兒(er)(er)河(he)引(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌溉系(xi)統,三大(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)在(zai)向(xiang)(xiang)海(hai)(hai)區域內(nei)形(xing)成大(da)肚泡(pao)(pao)(pao)、付老文泡(pao)(pao)(pao)等22個大(da)型泡(pao)(pao)(pao)沼(zhao)。由于蒸發、滲透,在(zai)區內(nei)無明顯河(he)床,只有在(zai)雨季(ji)(ji)時,形(xing)成季(ji)(ji)節性濕地或沼(zhao)澤(ze)地。居中(zhong)的(de)(de)大(da)香海(hai)(hai)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)與二場泡(pao)(pao)(pao)于1971年建壩,并引(yin)入洮(洮兒(er)(er)河(he))灌溉工(gong)程(cheng)系(xi)統,稱為(wei)向(xiang)(xiang)海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)。向(xiang)(xiang)海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)無污染,酸(suan)堿度7.6,淺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)湖域水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)草肥美,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫高,正常蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)湖面(mian)(mian)6650公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing),湖水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)7100公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)。向(xiang)(xiang)海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)與相(xiang)鄰各(ge)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)及興隆(long)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)相(xiang)通,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深一(yi)般在(zai)0.5-1.5米,深處10米以上。
1981年,經吉(ji)林省人民政府批準建立(li)保護區。
1986年,被國務(wu)院(yuan)批準晉(jin)升為國家級自然保(bao)護區。
1992年,被國(guo)務院指定(ding)列入《國(guo)際重要(yao)濕地名錄》,同年被世(shi)界野生(sheng)生(sheng)物(wu)基金會評定(ding)為具有國(guo)際意義的A級自然保護區。
1993年,被中(zhong)國人與生物圈(quan)委員會批準納入“生物圈(quan)保護區網絡”。