陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)牛(niu)背梁國家森林公(gong)園位(wei)于商洛(luo)市柞(zuo)水縣營盤鎮朱(zhu)家灣(wan)村,北(bei)以秦嶺(ling)主脊分水嶺(ling)與長安(an)(an)區(qu)為界,海(hai)拔(ba)1000-2802m,相(xiang)對高(gao)差1800m,高(gao)峰2802m,為秦嶺(ling)東段高(gao)峰,占據(ju)長安(an)(an)、柞(zuo)水、寧(ning)陜(shan)(shan)三縣,是(shi)西(xi)安(an)(an)市和(he)陜(shan)(shan)南地區(qu)的(de)重要水源涵養地,因其山(shan)脊像牛(niu)背而得名。亞洲隧道(dao)18公(gong)里長的(de)終南山(shan)隧道(dao)從其腹部穿(chuan)過,景(jing)(jing)區(qu)內(nei)群山(shan)雄峙,峰巒疊嶂,多數地方溝谷深邃(sui),峭壁懸絕;河(he)流(liu)水清流(liu)急,變化(hua)萬端,自然景(jing)(jing)色雄渾(hun)壯麗。柞(zuo)水縣將牛(niu)背梁建成(cheng)國家森林公(gong)園,將秦嶺(ling)造山(shan)帶地質內(nei)容(rong)的(de)科學(xue)內(nei)涵和(he)地表景(jing)(jing)觀風光整(zheng)合(he)在公(gong)園內(nei),使地質遺跡景(jing)(jing)觀、人文(wen)景(jing)(jing)觀、植(zhi)物資源交相(xiang)輝映。
牛背梁國(guo)家(jia)森林(lin)公園(yuan)動(dong)(dong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資源十(shi)分豐富,面積不大,但它卻(que)孕育了豐富的生態環境和珍稀(xi)瀕危動(dong)(dong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),被稱為(wei)“天然動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)園(yuan)”,是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)以保護(hu)(hu)(hu)國(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)羚牛及其棲(qi)息地為(wei)主的森林(lin)和野(ye)生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型的國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)(ji)自然保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)。已知(zhi)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)有(you)獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)60種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)124種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩棲(qi)爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)國(guo)家(jia)一級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)羚牛、豹、林(lin)麝、黑(hei)鸛4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)黑(hei)熊、紅腹角(jiao)雉、大鯢等24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),地方保護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。同時,也被稱為(wei)“天然植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)園(yuan)”,已知(zhi)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)105科,433屬(shu),950種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)有(you)屬(shu)12個,特(te)有(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)459種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),秦(qin)嶺植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)55種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)國(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)紅豆杉(shan)、Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)太白紅杉(shan)、連香(xiang)樹、水曲柳、大葉櫸,省級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
景區面積1100公(gong)頃(qing),海拔(ba)由1400米(mi)抬升(sheng)至2500米(mi),景區不同(tong)海拔(ba)自然(ran)生長(chang)著落葉(xie)闊(kuo)(kuo)葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)帶(dai)(dai)、針(zhen)闊(kuo)(kuo)葉(xie)混(hun)交林(lin)(lin)帶(dai)(dai)、針(zhen)葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)帶(dai)(dai)。在海拔(ba)快速(su)抬升(sheng)的過程中,分布(bu)其中的石(shi)(shi)柱、石(shi)(shi)筍、石(shi)(shi)墻、石(shi)(shi)林(lin)(lin)形(xing)態各異,錯落有(you)(you)致(zhi),有(you)(you)的連成一片(pian),有(you)(you)的散落其中。地質學(xue)家考證,稱為峰林(lin)(lin)。尤(you)其是雨后(hou)的六(liu)尺嶺(ling)景區,青山、綠樹、懸崖、獨峰、云海、構成的壯麗畫卷,猶如仙境。
景區全長3.7公(gong)里,山體在這里將合(he)未(wei)合(he)、將開(kai)未(wei)開(kai)、留下一線青天,在如此奇險(xian)的峽谷(gu)夾縫中,美(mei)輪美(mei)奐(huan)的清澗飛瀉(xie)其(qi)中,增(zeng)添(tian)了無限的靈秀(xiu)之美(mei)。蒼(cang)郁的古樹掩(yan)映(ying)下,山泉婉轉流淌,三峽、六瀑、八(ba)園(yuan)、十橋、三十六潭(tan)……山光(guang)水色(se)的極致景點星(xing)羅棋布、如詩如畫……
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乘車路線:
在西安城南客運站乘坐(zuo)柞水(shui)方向的(de)班車,早班車為(wei)早6:00,每20分鐘一(yi)趟(tang),票價28元,到柞水(shui)縣(xian)汽(qi)車站后(hou),轉(zhuan)乘柞水(shui)至牛背梁(liang)國家森林公園的(de)公交車即(ji)可,票價9元。
自駕路線:
從西安上繞城高速,經包茂(西康)高速過秦嶺終南山隧道(dao)至營盤(pan)出(chu)口左行5公里即到牛背梁(liang)國(guo)家(jia)森林(lin)公園,全(quan)程約(yue)60公里。
柞(zuo)水(shui)(shui)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)獼(mi)猴桃(tao)(tao)(又名楊桃(tao)(tao))是(shi)中國資(zi)源豐富(fu)的地區,獨(du)特的自然(ran)環境使柞(zuo)水(shui)(shui)縣獼(mi)猴桃(tao)(tao)風味奇特,生(sheng)(sheng)食酸(suan)適口,梅(mei)味濃郁,味鮮汁多(duo),富(fu)含(han)人(ren)(ren)體所需的17種氨基(ji)酸(suan)和黃酮類物(wu)質及硇、諸、鋅、VC等元(yuan)素,VC含(han)量居水(shui)(shui)果(guo)之首,被人(ren)(ren)們稱為第七(qi)大營(ying)養(yang)素,是(shi)高空、海(hai)底、礦(kuang)井,高山(shan)(shan)等特種工作人(ren)(ren)員及老弱婦幼(you)的優良滋補品,其(qi)特色就在于“野(ye)”字,野(ye)得自然(ran),野(ye)得有味,是(shi)流(liu)動(dong)的山(shan)(shan)野(ye)風情!
柞(zuo)水盛產(chan)板栗(li)。柞(zuo)水板栗(li)原(yuan)名(ming)柞(zuo)水大紅栗(li),為中國(guo)栗(li)北方品種中優良品種之(zhi)一,以個大色潤(run),甜(tian)脆適口,果粒飽滿,營養豐富(fu),品質獨特著稱。
鎮(zhen)(zhen)安(an)人(ren)(ren)都會(hui)(hui)腌臘肉,鎮(zhen)(zhen)安(an)人(ren)(ren)都會(hui)(hui)釀造(zao)(zao)包谷(gu)酒(jiu)。在(zai)鎮(zhen)(zhen)安(an)民間去訪問,你(ni)如果(guo)想知道老百(bai)姓的(de)日子怎么樣,首先彎腰揭(jie)開酒(jiu)缸(gang)上(shang)的(de)大(da)石板(ban),量(liang)一(yi)(yi)量(liang)里面(mian)酒(jiu)的(de)深度,其次,抬頭向上(shang),數一(yi)(yi)數屋檁上(shang)掛(gua)的(de)臘肉塊子有(you)(you)多少(shao),就心中有(you)(you)數了(le)。鎮(zhen)(zhen)安(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土好(hao)(hao),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)乃生(sheng)命之源(yuan),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)軟硬直接影響著人(ren)(ren)的(de)生(sheng)活質量(liang),軟水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煮(zhu)飯,食不耐饑(ji),硬水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煮(zhu)飯,吃了(le)不容易消化,所(suo)以,一(yi)(yi)個(ge)胃口嬌氣的(de)人(ren)(ren)猛然到一(yi)(yi)個(ge)新的(de)地方,總(zong)是不服水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土換(huan)肚子,然而到鎮(zhen)(zhen)安(an)出(chu)差的(de)人(ren)(ren),從來(lai)沒有(you)(you)發生(sheng)過換(huan)肚子的(de)現象。鎮(zhen)(zhen)安(an)的(de)好(hao)(hao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),養(yang)育出(chu)如花似玉的(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)安(an)女子;鎮(zhen)(zhen)安(an)的(de)好(hao)(hao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),釀造(zao)(zao)出(chu)回味無窮(qiong)的(de)包谷(gu)酒(jiu)。
柞水盛產香椿。高山、川垣、河谷處處皆有。家植的、野生的數不勝數。陽春三(san)四月,正是采椿(chun)時,家(jia)家(jia)人攀樹,戶戶刀(dao)不(bu)閑,采椿(chun)芽、制香菜,售于(yu)市,一派(pai)繁忙景象。柞水紅(hong)(hong)香椿加工廠生產的“牛(niu)背梁”牌柞水紅(hong)(hong)香椿2005年獲(huo)綠(lv)色(se)食品認證(zheng),并在(zai)第(di)11屆楊凌農業高新技(ji)術博覽(lan)會上榮獲(huo)后稷金像獎。
柞(zuo)水漁鼓(gu)又(you)稱漁鼓(gu)道(dao)情,其伴奏樂器漁鼓(gu)筒(tong)又(you)稱為道(dao)筒(tong),是(shi)終南山道(dao)教文化(hua)的產物。
漁鼓(gu)(gu)用竹(zhu)筒制作,筒長65-100厘米(mi),鼓(gu)(gu)面直徑一(yi)般在(zai)13-14厘米(mi)左(zuo)右(you),一(yi)端蒙以豬(zhu)皮、羊(yang)皮或油膜(mo)(豬(zhu)膀胱膜(mo))。演(yan)(yan)奏時,左(zuo)手豎抱(bao)漁鼓(gu)(gu),右(you)手擊拍鼓(gu)(gu)面。指法有“擊”、“滾”、“抹”、“彈”等。漁鼓(gu)(gu)的表(biao)演(yan)(yan)分站唱和(he)坐唱兩種形(xing)式(shi),演(yan)(yan)唱者(zhe)懷抱(bao)漁鼓(gu)(gu)兼(jian)操簡板和(he)銅(tong)镲,為(wei)演(yan)(yan)唱伴奏。
柞(zuo)水(shui)花(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)戲,可(ke)稱作是(shi)柞(zuo)水(shui)民(min)歌(ge)劇。其音(yin)樂有三個特點(dian)(dian)、三大部分。三個特點(dian)(dian):一(yi)是(shi)群眾性。柞(zuo)水(shui)花(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)根植于民(min)間,與(yu)柞(zuo)水(shui)人(ren)的(de)方言(yan)(yan)語(yu)言(yan)(yan)、柞(zuo)水(shui)的(de)民(min)歌(ge)小調有著極為(wei)密切(qie)的(de)聯系。二是(shi)創(chuang)作的(de)集體性。花(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)戲從湖(hu)北、安康(kang)到(dao)柞(zuo)水(shui),從上(shang)一(yi)代到(dao)下(xia)一(yi)代的(de)流傳過程中,曾有無數人(ren)參與(yu)創(chuang)作、加工(gong)、潤色,從而凝聚了世(shi)代人(ren)民(min)的(de)藝術(shu)智慧(hui)。三是(shi)可(ke)變性。歷史上(shang)的(de)花(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)音(yin)樂沒有樂譜,靠口(kou)頭傳唱(chang)。在傳唱(chang)中,由于各(ge)人(ren)條(tiao)件不同(tong),方言(yan)(yan)語(yu)音(yin)不同(tong),會發(fa)生若(ruo)干變化,使同(tong)一(yi)劇種的(de)唱(chang)腔形成(cheng)為(wei)幾個不同(tong)風格的(de)流派。
“社(she)火(huo)”源于(yu)古老(lao)的(de)(de)宗(zong)教(jiao)信仰。“因崇拜(bai)而(er)思獻媚,假(jia)歌舞以祈福佑”。社(she)火(huo)的(de)(de)特指意義,是(shi)指春(chun)節(jie)期間(jian)民(min)間(jian)帶(dai)有(you)媚神性(xing)質的(de)(de)風俗歌舞,它來源于(yu)人們對古老(lao)的(de)(de)土(tu)地與火(huo)的(de)(de)崇拜(bai)。“社(she)”為土(tu)地之神,“火(huo)”能驅(qu)難(nan)避邪。在黃河流域,“社(she)火(huo)”有(you)著幾千年(nian)的(de)(de)傳統和(he)歷史(shi),是(shi)中華民(min)族(zu)古老(lao)的(de)(de)風俗之一。