建設沿革
于1959年(nian)曾一度開(kai)工建(jian)設(she),1961年(nian)因國家經濟困難(nan)下馬。1998年(nian)大(da)水后,再(zai)度被國務院及(ji)水利部(bu)、湖(hu)南(nan)省領導提(ti)上議題, 2000年(nian)正(zheng)式立項(xiang), 2004年(nian)2月8日正(zheng)式開(kai)工,2008年(nian)12月電站機(ji)組并網投入(ru)商業化運營(ying)。
地理環境
庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)內山光水(shui)色秀麗宜人,湖水(shui)清沏(qi),湖面微波蕩(dang)漾,野(ye)鴨(ya)戲水(shui),白鷺飛掠,溢(yi)滿勃(bo)勃(bo)生(sheng)機;兩岸怪(guai)石嶙(lin)峋,草茂(mao)樹豐。湖中有大小(xiao)幾(ji)十個半島(dao)(dao)或島(dao)(dao)嶼,庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)形成水(shui)庫(ku)四周群(qun)山環抱,森(sen)林茂(mao)密,是一個山水(shui)相映、島(dao)(dao)嶼棋布(bu)、峽谷幽長、環境優美的“千島(dao)(dao)湖”。據統計,庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)內有1075種(zhong)(zhong)木本植物,171種(zhong)(zhong)陸生(sheng)脊(ji)椎動物,89種(zhong)(zhong)魚類。
工程特點
皂(zao)(zao)市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利樞紐位于(yu)澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)的(de)支流(liu)(liu)渫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下游(you)河段,距三江口約(yue)18Km(洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)傳播(bo)時間僅2小(xiao)時)。澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)上(shang)游(you)及(ji)其(qi)支流(liu)(liu)溇水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、渫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)上(shang)游(you)均處于(yu)長江流(liu)(liu)域(yu)最大的(de)五峰(feng)(feng)、鶴峰(feng)(feng)暴雨(yu)區,洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)匯集迅速,峰(feng)(feng)高勢猛,致使澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)特別(bie)是中下游(you)地(di)(di)區洪(hong)(hong)澇(lao)災(zai)害頻繁,對(dui)該(gai)地(di)(di)區人民(min)群眾的(de)生(sheng)命財產安全造(zao)成(cheng)極(ji)大的(de)威脅,制約(yue)了當地(di)(di)社(she)會經濟(ji)的(de)發展,防洪(hong)(hong)問題十分突出。澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)規劃確定(ding)由(you)溇水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)江埡、渫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)皂(zao)(zao)市(shi)及(ji)澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)干(gan)流(liu)(liu)宜沖橋等干(gan)支流(liu)(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)共(gong)同承(cheng)(cheng)擔澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)17.7億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)米防洪(hong)(hong)庫(ku)容,其(qi)中皂(zao)(zao)市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)承(cheng)(cheng)擔7.83億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)米,占44%,通過(guo)三庫(ku)聯合調度,可提高下游(you)松澧(li)地(di)(di)區防洪(hong)(hong)標準(zhun),減輕澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)尾閭地(di)(di)區的(de)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)災(zai)害和西洞(dong)庭湖的(de)防洪(hong)(hong)壓力。皂(zao)(zao)市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)防洪(hong)(hong)庫(ku)容大,調度靈(ling)活、及(ji)時、可靠,地(di)(di)理(li)位置(zhi)優越,是澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)規劃確定(ding)的(de)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)防洪(hong)(hong)體系中的(de)重要骨干(gan)工程。
根據皂市水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫需(xu)承擔的防洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)任(ren)務,考慮澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)域(yu)梯(ti)級開發(fa)和盡量減少移(yi)民等因素,選定(ding)其特征(zheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)為:正常蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)140.0m,相(xiang)應(ying)庫容(rong)(rong)12億立方(fang)(fang)米;防洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)高(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)和設計洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)為143.56m,相(xiang)應(ying)庫容(rong)(rong)13.94億立方(fang)(fang)米;校核(he)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)144.5m,相(xiang)應(ying)庫容(rong)(rong)14.4億立方(fang)(fang)米;防洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)限(xian)制(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)125.0m;死水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)112.0m。考慮到澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)與長江干流(liu)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)遭遇的機(ji)率較多,洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)地(di)區組成(cheng)復雜(za),在澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)域(yu)規劃確定(ding)皂市承擔7.83億m3防洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)任(ren)務的基礎(chu)上,將(jiang)壩(ba)高(gao)(gao)增加(jia)2m(壩(ba)頂高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)由(you)146m改(gai)為148m)以獲得1億立方(fang)(fang)米庫容(rong)(rong),作為稀遇超標(biao)準洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的防汛(xun)緊急(ji)備用庫容(rong)(rong)。
泄(xie)水建筑物采用(yong)5個表(biao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)、4個底(di)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)相(xiang)間布置聯合(he)泄(xie)洪,表(biao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)堰(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)分縫,中(zhong)(zhong)墩(dun)厚(hou)(hou)度9.5m。表(biao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)堰(yan)頂高程(cheng)124m,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)口(kou)尺寸11X19.5m。底(di)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)進口(kou)底(di)高程(cheng)103m,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)口(kou)尺寸4.5X7.2m。消(xiao)能建筑物采用(yong)表(biao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)寬(kuan)尾(wei)墩(dun)、底(di)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)射流低流消(xiao)力池型式(shi),消(xiao)力池底(di)高程(cheng)58m,底(di)板厚(hou)(hou)3m,池長(chang)(chang)117m,底(di)部凈寬(kuan)89m,廠(chang)(chang)壩導墻長(chang)(chang)149m。電站(zhan)廠(chang)(chang)房位于右岸采用(yong)壩后式(shi)方案,進水口(kou)底(di)高程(cheng)96m,采用(yong)單(dan)管單(dan)機(ji),裝機(ji)容量2X60MW。
壩(ba)下游右(you)岸水(shui)陽坪--鄧家嘴一(yi)帶(dai)(dai),存在水(shui)陽坪基巖古滑坡體(ti),其(qi)前緣進一(yi)步解體(ti)形成鄧家嘴滑坡體(ti)。現狀(zhuang)(zhuang)情(qing)況下,水(shui)陽坪古滑體(ti)基本處于(yu)穩(wen)定(ding)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態,鄧家嘴處于(yu)臨界(jie)穩(wen)定(ding)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態。考慮到上壩(ba)公路(lu)開挖和今后泄流霧化等工況,且(qie)在導流洞(dong)出口(kou)一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)分(fen)布(bu)有金(jin)家溝崩坡積體(ti),對此(ci)均采取了(le)相應的(de)工程處理(li)措(cuo)施(shi),并設置了(le)必要的(de)觀(guan)測設施(shi)。
皂市(shi)水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)淹沒(mei)(mei)石門縣(xian)、慈利縣(xian)幅員面積約(yue)(yue)54km,影(ying)響區(qu)為(wei)滑坡、孤(gu)島(dao)、失去生產生活(huo)條件的庫(ku)(ku)周(zhou)地段(duan)、浸沒(mei)(mei)等。淹沒(mei)(mei)人(ren)口34570人(ren);房(fang)屋(wu)總面積180.4萬(wan)平方(fang)米(mi);耕園地36991畝。水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)淹沒(mei)(mei)處理及移民安置補(bu)償靜態總投(tou)資共計約(yue)(yue)14億元(yuan),約(yue)(yue)占設計概算總投(tou)資的43%。
旅游開發
除了以皂(zao)市水利樞紐(niu)工程為(wei)依托的自然風(feng)光,皂(zao)市水利風(feng)景區的人文旅游資源也相當豐富。
皂市(shi)水庫(ku)庫(ku)區(qu)歷史悠久,文化(hua)燦爛。聞名(ming)全(quan)國(guo)的(de)古文化(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)有兩處(chu),一(yi)(yi)是燕(yan)爾洞猿人洞穴遺(yi)址(zhi),出土(tu)了大量的(de)中國(guo)犀、劍(jian)齒象牙化(hua)石等(deng)人類(lei)伴生的(de)動物化(hua)石標本,屬新(xin)石器晚期的(de)文化(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi);一(yi)(yi)處(chu)是皂市(shi)新(xin)石器時(shi)代(dai)遺(yi)址(zhi),出土(tu)文物以石器居多,這些文物距今已有7000余年歷史,早于(yu)西安半坡(po)文化(hua)、河姆渡文化(hua),是全(quan)國(guo)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)新(xin)石器時(shi)代(dai)最(zui)早的(de)文化(hua)之一(yi)(yi)。近年,在庫(ku)區(qu)上游維(wei)新(xin)鎮附(fu)近還發(fa)現(xian)(xian)了戰國(guo)古城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi),是當時(shi)一(yi)(yi)座具有軍事性質的(de)邊城(cheng)。
目前(qian),皂市水(shui)庫(ku)淹沒(mei)線以下分布了各類型(xing)的(de)(de)文物古跡共(gong)30處(chu),其中(zhong)(zhong)古遺(yi)址24處(chu),古墓群(葬)4處(chu),古城(cheng)址2處(chu),約占有(you)全縣文物單位的(de)(de)28%。在年代上自3─4萬年前(qian)后舊石器時代下至漢晉,延續時間長(chang),特別(bie)是自新石器時代(距今4000年)往下中(zhong)(zhong)間沒(mei)有(you)缺環,對研究(jiu)長(chang)江流域的(de)(de)文化歷史有(you)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)價值。