作用
水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)布埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利樞紐(niu)(niu)工(gong)程由長江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利委員會長江(jiang)(jiang)勘測規劃設(she)計研究(jiu)院勘測、設(she)計,壩(ba)址位于巴東(dong)縣境內,上距(ju)恩施(shi)市117km,下(xia)(xia)距(ju)隔(ge)河巖(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利樞紐(niu)(niu)92km,是(shi)清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)梯級開發的(de)(de)龍頭樞紐(niu)(niu)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)正常蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位400m,相應庫(ku)容(rong)43.12億立方(fang)米(mi),總45.8億立方(fang)米(mi)庫(ku)容(rong),裝機(ji)容(rong)量1600MW,是(shi)以發電(dian)(dian)、防(fang)(fang)(fang)洪(hong)、航運(yun)為主(zhu),并兼顧(gu)其他的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利樞紐(niu)(niu)工(gong)程。據初步(bu)測算,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)布埡(wu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)投產后,將顯(xian)著增加清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)(xia)游已建隔(ge)河巖(yan)和高壩(ba)洲兩(liang)座電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)調(diao)峰(feng)調(diao)頻能力(li),屆時清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)3座電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)布埡(wu)、隔(ge)河巖(yan)、高壩(ba)洲)將可承擔華中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)網10%左右的(de)(de)調(diao)峰(feng)任務(wu),清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)成為華中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)網清(qing)潔、可靠的(de)(de)調(diao)峰(feng)調(diao)頻電(dian)(dian)源基地(di)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)布埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)是(shi)長江(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)下(xia)(xia)游防(fang)(fang)(fang)洪(hong)體系的(de)(de)重要組成部分,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)布埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)預留的(de)(de)5億立方(fang)米(mi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)洪(hong)庫(ku)容(rong)與隔(ge)河巖(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)已預留的(de)(de)5億立方(fang)米(mi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)洪(hong)庫(ku)容(rong)聯合調(diao)度運(yun)行,可有(you)效減(jian)輕荊江(jiang)(jiang)河段的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)洪(hong)壓力(li),提高長江(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)下(xia)(xia)游地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)洪(hong)標準(zhun)。
主體建筑
簡介
水(shui)布埡水(shui)利樞紐工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)為一等大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。主體(ti)建筑物(wu)有:混(hun)凝土(tu)面(mian)板(ban)堆石壩(ba)(ba)、河岸式溢洪道(dao)、右(you)岸地下(xia)式電(dian)站廠房和放空洞等。水(shui)布埡水(shui)利樞紐混(hun)凝土(tu)面(mian)板(ban)堆石壩(ba)(ba)為目前世界上最(zui)高(gao)(gao)的面(mian)板(ban)壩(ba)(ba),壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)409m,壩(ba)(ba)軸線長660m,最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)233m,壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)寬(kuan)12m。大(da)(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)上游(you)(you)(you)壩(ba)(ba)坡1:1.4,下(xia)游(you)(you)(you)平(ping)均壩(ba)(ba)坡1:1.4。大(da)(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)填(tian)筑量包括上游(you)(you)(you)鋪蓋在(zai)內(nei)共1526萬(wan)立方(fang)米。面(mian)板(ban)厚0.3m-1.1m,受(shou)(shou)壓區面(mian)板(ban)寬(kuan)16.0m,受(shou)(shou)拉區寬(kuan)8.0m,面(mian)板(ban)面(mian)積13.84萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)米。趾板(ban)采(cai)用(yong)壩(ba)(ba)前設(she)(she)(she)(she)標(biao)準(zhun)板(ban),下(xia)接(jie)防滲(shen)板(ban)的結構(gou)型(xing)式,標(biao)準(zhun)板(ban)寬(kuan)6m-8m,厚0.6m-1.2m。防滲(shen)板(ban)寬(kuan)4m-12m,趾板(ban)與基巖間設(she)(she)(she)(she)有錨筋(jin)聯(lian)接(jie)。周邊縫結構(gou)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)275m以(yi)下(xia)采(cai)用(yong)底、中、頂(ding)(ding)(ding)三道(dao)止(zhi)水(shui),高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)275m以(yi)上取消中部(bu)止(zhi)水(shui),設(she)(she)(she)(she)底、頂(ding)(ding)(ding)兩道(dao)止(zhi)水(shui);面(mian)板(ban)垂直(zhi)縫設(she)(she)(she)(she)有底、頂(ding)(ding)(ding)兩道(dao)止(zhi)水(shui)。
環境
河岸(an)(an)式溢洪道布(bu)置(zhi)在(zai)左岸(an)(an),由引水渠(qu)、控(kong)制段(duan)(duan)、泄槽段(duan)(duan)(含挑流(liu)鼻坎)和(he)下(xia)(xia)游(you)防(fang)沖(chong)段(duan)(duan)組成。下(xia)(xia)游(you)防(fang)沖(chong)段(duan)(duan)采(cai)用(yong)防(fang)淘墻的結構型式。放空(kong)(kong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)布(bu)置(zhi)在(zai)右岸(an)(an),其主要作用(yong)為水庫放空(kong)(kong),中、后期導流(liu)和(he)施工期向下(xia)(xia)游(you)供水等。由引水渠(qu)、有(you)壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(含喇叭口)、事(shi)故檢修(xiu)閘(zha)門井(jing)、工作閘(zha)門室、無壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、交(jiao)通(tong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、通(tong)氣洞(dong)(dong)(dong)以及(ji)出口段(duan)(duan)(含挑流(liu)鼻坎)等組成。有(you)壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)長530.24m,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)徑11.0m-9.0m。無壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)段(duan)(duan)長532.63m,底板坡度為i=0.2-0.055,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)室凈(jing)空(kong)(kong)尺(chi)寸為7.2m×12.0m,為城門洞(dong)(dong)(dong)型。
引(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)式地下電(dian)站,布置(zhi)于壩址NE30°河(he)段的右岸山體內,電(dian)站安(an)裝4臺混流式水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu),單(dan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)容量400MW,總裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)容量1600MW。保證出力(li)310MW,每年平(ping)(ping)均發電(dian)量39.2×108KW·H。電(dian)站建筑物(wu)包(bao)括(kuo):引(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)渠(qu)、進水(shui)(shui)口、引(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、主廠房、安(an)裝場、母線(xian)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、尾水(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、尾水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)臺、尾水(shui)(shui)渠(qu)、500kV變電(dian)所、交通洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、通風洞(dong)(dong)(dong)和廠外排水(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)等。引(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)采(cai)用一機(ji)(ji)(ji)一洞(dong)(dong)(dong),平(ping)(ping)均長(chang)387.9m,圓(yuan)形(xing)斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)內徑為8.5m-6.9m;地下廠房尺(chi)寸為168.5m×23m×67m(長(chang)×寬×高(gao)),裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)高(gao)程187.2m;尾水(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)亦采(cai)用一機(ji)(ji)(ji)一洞(dong)(dong)(dong),平(ping)(ping)均長(chang)313.18m,圓(yuan)形(xing)斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)內徑為11.3m。
專題研究
簡介
水(shui)布(bu)埡水(shui)利樞紐兩岸(an)地(di)形陡(dou)峻,庫首近壩地(di)段及壩區環境(jing)地(di)質(zhi)問題比較復(fu)雜,壩址區環境(jing)地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件較差,有(you)較多的(de)危巖體廣泛分布(bu),在這種地(di)形地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件下,修建230多米高的(de)大壩,長(chang)江委設計院進行了多項專題研究(jiu),主要有(you):
研究
砼面板堆石壩與心墻堆石壩兩(liang)種壩型的比選研究(jiu)
國外已有多(duo)座(zuo)200m-300m左右(you)的(de)心墻堆石(shi)壩(ba)(ba)建(jian)設經驗(yan)(yan),在(zai)中國建(jian)設227m的(de)高心墻堆石(shi)壩(ba)(ba)還屬首次,通過大量的(de)筑壩(ba)(ba)材料室內試(shi)驗(yan)(yan),現場碾壓試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)以及壩(ba)(ba)體應(ying)力(li)應(ying)變(bian),水力(li)劈裂和滲流控制(zhi)等分析研究論證,在(zai)采(cai)取適當工(gong)程措施后(hou)技術(shu)上是可行的(de)。
砼面(mian)板(ban)(ban)堆(dui)石(shi)壩在(zai)國內(nei)均有較快(kuai)發展(zhan),但要修建當今世(shi)界最高的233m的砼面(mian)板(ban)(ban)堆(dui)石(shi)壩具有一定的難度,通過筑壩材料(liao)(liao)特性,堆(dui)石(shi)體變(bian)形控制,壩體應力應變(bian)分析,面(mian)板(ban)(ban)砼的防裂與耐(nai)久性,周邊縫(feng)的止(zhi)水材料(liao)(liao)和結(jie)構(gou)型式等研究表(biao)明(ming),在(zai)采取適(shi)當的工程(cheng)措(cuo)施(shi)后技術上(shang)是可行的。
滑坡治理
庫首近壩地段(duan)大壩上(shang)游河段(duan)9km范圍內分(fen)布(bu)有18個滑坡(po)(po)組成的滑坡(po)(po)群體,總方(fang)量(liang)8342萬(wan)立(li)方(fang)米,5個危巖體總方(fang)量(liang)357萬(wan) 立(li)方(fang)米,1個穩定性差的斜坡(po)(po),方(fang)量(liang)為(wei)385萬(wan)立(li)方(fang)米。壩后(hou)滑坡(po)(po),在大壩下游分(fen)布(bu)有大巖淌、馬巖灣(wan)、臺子上(shang)、古樹包(bao)四個大滑坡(po)(po),設計研究分(fen)別采(cai)用開挖減載,地下地表排水,前緣護坡(po)(po)、抗滑支擋等措施(shi)。右岸(an)峽口馬崖高(gao)陡(dou)自然邊(bian)坡(po)(po),坡(po)(po)高(gao)達360余米,巖性為(wei)上(shang)硬(ying)下軟,且上(shang)部硬(ying)巖中(zhong)還夾有多(duo)層軟弱夾層,處理措施(shi)為(wei)卸荷開挖,邊(bian)坡(po)(po)錨(mao)固,坡(po)(po)面噴護,排水坡(po)(po)腳護岸(an)等。
軟巖成洞問題
由于(yu)壩(ba)(ba)型為當地(di)材料(liao)壩(ba)(ba),故(gu)地(di)下洞(dong)室(shi)相(xiang)對較多(duo),壩(ba)(ba)址區巖(yan)(yan)體中的(de)軟(ruan)層(ceng)甚(shen)多(duo),如(ru)泥盆系寫經寺組,二迭系馬鞍(an)組與棲霞組─極薄層(ceng)含(han)泥質(zhi)生物碎屑灰巖(yan)(yan)、泥巖(yan)(yan)、泥灰巖(yan)(yan)及頁巖(yan)(yan)等均屬軟(ruan)巖(yan)(yan)。軟(ruan)巖(yan)(yan)大多(duo)遭受了不同程度的(de)剪(jian)切破(po)壞,工程性狀(zhuang)較差,加之(zhi)產(chan)狀(zhuang)平緩,軟(ruan)巖(yan)(yan)成洞(dong)問題(ti)突出。
志留系強風化(hua)頁巖作為防滲材料(liao)的問(wen)題
志留系(xi)砂頁巖具(ju)有明(ming)顯的垂直(zhi)風(feng)化(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)帶(dai)性,風(feng)化(hua)(hua)程度劃分(fen)(fen)為(wei)全風(feng)化(hua)(hua)帶(dai),強風(feng)化(hua)(hua)上帶(dai)、下(xia)帶(dai)、弱風(feng)化(hua)(hua)及微風(feng)化(hua)(hua)帶(dai)。經研究全風(feng)化(hua)(hua)帶(dai)可直(zhi)接作(zuo)為(wei)防(fang)滲材料上壩,而(er)強風(feng)化(hua)(hua)下(xia)帶(dai)及弱、微風(feng)化(hua)(hua)帶(dai)不能(neng)作(zuo)為(wei)防(fang)滲材料。
消能型式研究
溢洪道下游消能區位于壩址峽(xia)谷出口大(da)崖沱深潭,左有大(da)巖(yan)(yan)淌滑(hua)坡,右有馬崖高陡邊坡和馬巖(yan)(yan)灣滑(hua)坡,河床巖(yan)(yan)層主要是泥盆系上統寫(xie)經(jing)寺組(zu)和志留系砂頁巖(yan)(yan),抗沖(chong)能力低,而(er)本工程泄洪量大(da),萬(wan)年一遇時最(zui)大(da)下泄流量達(da)18280立(li)方(fang)米(mi)/秒(miao),相應單寬流量為181 立(li)方(fang)米(mi)/秒(miao),汛期水(shui)頭在171m-180m以上,經(jing)計算、試驗(yan)、分析綜合考慮,最(zui)后選擇分區陡槽接(jie)窄縫式排(pai)坎消能方(fang)案,消能區保護采用防淘墻方(fang)案。
歷史發展
簡介
根據壩址處的地(di)形地(di)質條件、水(shui)文特征和(he)樞(shu)紐總體布置(zhi),以及面板堆(dui)石壩的施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)特點(dian),施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)導流采用圍堰(yan)一(yi)次(ci)攔斷河(he)床,隧洞導流,枯水(shui)期(qi)圍堰(yan)擋水(shui),汛期(qi)淹沒基坑的方式。工(gong)程計劃總工(gong)期(qi)8.5年。2000年以前為籌建期(qi),2001年-2002年為施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)準備(bei)期(qi)。2003年-2007年為主體工(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)期(qi),2007年7月(yue)(yue)-2009年6月(yue)(yue)底為工(gong)程完(wan)建期(qi)。2002年10月(yue)(yue)26日,水(shui)布埡水(shui)電(dian)站在(zai)充分準備(bei)下(xia)完(wan)成各項施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)形象進度,成功(gong)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)截(jie)流。
勘測設計概況
從流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)到(dao)預可(ke)行(xing)性研(yan)究,再到(dao)可(ke)研(yan)階段壩址選擇(ze),長江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)委(wei)人(ren)(ren)付(fu)出了(le)幾代(dai)(dai)人(ren)(ren)的努力(li)(li)。從1954年(nian)(nian)開(kai)始長江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)利委(wei)員會(hui)(hui)就對清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的綜合利用與開(kai)發(fa)進行(xing)了(le)研(yan)究,于(yu)1964年(nian)(nian)提(ti)出了(le)《清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)》。1986年(nian)(nian)又(you)提(ti)出了(le)《清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)補充報(bao)告(gao)(gao)》,推(tui)薦(jian)恩施以(yi)(yi)下(xia)清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)干(gan)流(liu)(liu)最上一級以(yi)(yi)水(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡(wu)壩址為代(dai)(dai)表的三級梯級開(kai)發(fa)方(fang)案。1993年(nian)(nian)底,對流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)進行(xing)了(le)補充修訂(ding),提(ti)出了(le)《清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)(1993年(nian)(nian)修訂(ding))》。該報(bao)告(gao)(gao)于(yu)1994年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)通過審(shen)查(cha),1994年(nian)(nian)2月(yue)(yue),湖(hu)(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)民(min)政府(fu)會(hui)(hui)同(tong)原電(dian)力(li)(li)工業部審(shen)查(cha)批(pi)復了(le)《清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)》(1993年(nian)(nian)修訂(ding));1994年(nian)(nian)12月(yue)(yue),湖(hu)(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)民(min)政府(fu)會(hui)(hui)同(tong)原電(dian)力(li)(li)工業部審(shen)查(cha)批(pi)復了(le)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)站預可(ke)行(xing)性研(yan)究報(bao)告(gao)(gao);1995年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue),湖(hu)(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)民(min)政府(fu)會(hui)(hui)同(tong)原電(dian)力(li)(li)工業部審(shen)查(cha)批(pi)復了(le)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)站壩址選擇(ze)報(bao)告(gao)(gao);1999年(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue),湖(hu)(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)民(min)政府(fu)會(hui)(hui)同(tong)國(guo)家經濟貿(mao)易委(wei)員會(hui)(hui)審(shen)查(cha)批(pi)復了(le)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)站可(ke)行(xing)性研(yan)究報(bao)告(gao)(gao)(等同(tong)初步設計)。