作用
水(shui)(shui)布(bu)(bu)(bu)埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)利樞(shu)紐(niu)工(gong)程由長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)利委員會長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)勘測(ce)規(gui)劃設(she)計研(yan)究院勘測(ce)、設(she)計,壩(ba)址位于巴東縣境內,上距恩施市117km,下距隔(ge)(ge)河巖(yan)水(shui)(shui)利樞(shu)紐(niu)92km,是清(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)梯級開發的(de)龍頭(tou)樞(shu)紐(niu)。水(shui)(shui)庫正常蓄水(shui)(shui)位400m,相應庫容43.12億立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),總45.8億立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)庫容,裝(zhuang)機容量1600MW,是以(yi)發電(dian)、防(fang)洪(hong)、航運為(wei)主,并兼顧其他的(de)水(shui)(shui)利樞(shu)紐(niu)工(gong)程。據初(chu)步測(ce)算,水(shui)(shui)布(bu)(bu)(bu)埡(wu)電(dian)站投產后,將顯著(zhu)增加清(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)下游已建隔(ge)(ge)河巖(yan)和高(gao)壩(ba)洲(zhou)(zhou)兩座電(dian)站的(de)調(diao)峰調(diao)頻能力,屆(jie)時(shi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)域的(de)3座電(dian)站(水(shui)(shui)布(bu)(bu)(bu)埡(wu)、隔(ge)(ge)河巖(yan)、高(gao)壩(ba)洲(zhou)(zhou))將可承擔(dan)華中(zhong)電(dian)網10%左(zuo)右(you)的(de)調(diao)峰任務,清(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)域成為(wei)華中(zhong)電(dian)網清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔、可靠的(de)調(diao)峰調(diao)頻電(dian)源基地(di)。水(shui)(shui)布(bu)(bu)(bu)埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)庫是長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)下游防(fang)洪(hong)體(ti)系的(de)重要組成部分,水(shui)(shui)布(bu)(bu)(bu)埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)庫預(yu)留(liu)的(de)5億立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)防(fang)洪(hong)庫容與隔(ge)(ge)河巖(yan)水(shui)(shui)庫已預(yu)留(liu)的(de)5億立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)防(fang)洪(hong)庫容聯合(he)調(diao)度運行(xing),可有效減(jian)輕荊江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)河段的(de)防(fang)洪(hong)壓(ya)力,提高(gao)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)下游地(di)區(qu)的(de)防(fang)洪(hong)標準。
主體建筑
簡介
水(shui)布(bu)埡水(shui)利樞(shu)紐工程為一等大型(xing)水(shui)利水(shui)電工程。主體建(jian)筑(zhu)物有(you)(you):混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)堆(dui)石壩(ba)、河(he)岸式(shi)溢洪道(dao)、右(you)岸地下(xia)式(shi)電站廠房和放空洞等。水(shui)布(bu)埡水(shui)利樞(shu)紐混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)堆(dui)石壩(ba)為目前世界上(shang)最(zui)高的(de)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)壩(ba),壩(ba)頂(ding)高程409m,壩(ba)軸線長(chang)660m,最(zui)大壩(ba)高233m,壩(ba)頂(ding)寬(kuan)(kuan)12m。大壩(ba)上(shang)游壩(ba)坡1:1.4,下(xia)游平均壩(ba)坡1:1.4。大壩(ba)填筑(zhu)量包(bao)括上(shang)游鋪蓋在(zai)(zai)內共1526萬立(li)方米。面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)厚(hou)0.3m-1.1m,受壓區面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)(kuan)16.0m,受拉區寬(kuan)(kuan)8.0m,面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)面(mian)積13.84萬平方米。趾板(ban)(ban)(ban)采用壩(ba)前設標(biao)準板(ban)(ban)(ban),下(xia)接(jie)防(fang)滲(shen)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)結構型(xing)式(shi),標(biao)準板(ban)(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)(kuan)6m-8m,厚(hou)0.6m-1.2m。防(fang)滲(shen)板(ban)(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)(kuan)4m-12m,趾板(ban)(ban)(ban)與基(ji)巖(yan)間(jian)設有(you)(you)錨筋聯接(jie)。周邊縫結構在(zai)(zai)高程275m以(yi)下(xia)采用底(di)、中、頂(ding)三道(dao)止(zhi)水(shui),高程275m以(yi)上(shang)取消中部止(zhi)水(shui),設底(di)、頂(ding)兩道(dao)止(zhi)水(shui);面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)垂(chui)直縫設有(you)(you)底(di)、頂(ding)兩道(dao)止(zhi)水(shui)。
環境
河岸(an)式溢洪道布置在左岸(an),由(you)引水(shui)(shui)渠、控制段、泄槽段(含(han)挑流(liu)鼻(bi)坎)和下(xia)游(you)防沖段組成(cheng)。下(xia)游(you)防沖段采用防淘墻的結(jie)構型(xing)式。放(fang)空洞(dong)(dong)(dong)布置在右岸(an),其主要作用為(wei)水(shui)(shui)庫放(fang)空,中、后期(qi)導流(liu)和施工期(qi)向下(xia)游(you)供水(shui)(shui)等(deng)(deng)。由(you)引水(shui)(shui)渠、有壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(含(han)喇(la)叭口(kou))、事故(gu)檢修(xiu)閘(zha)門(men)井、工作閘(zha)門(men)室、無壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、交通(tong)(tong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、通(tong)(tong)氣洞(dong)(dong)(dong)以及出口(kou)段(含(han)挑流(liu)鼻(bi)坎)等(deng)(deng)組成(cheng)。有壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)長530.24m,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)徑(jing)11.0m-9.0m。無壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)段長532.63m,底板坡度(du)為(wei)i=0.2-0.055,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)室凈空尺寸為(wei)7.2m×12.0m,為(wei)城門(men)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)型(xing)。
引(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)式(shi)地(di)下電站,布置于壩址NE30°河段的右岸(an)山(shan)體內,電站安裝(zhuang)4臺(tai)混流式(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)輪發(fa)(fa)電機組,單機容量400MW,總裝(zhuang)機容量1600MW。保證出力(li)310MW,每年平(ping)(ping)均發(fa)(fa)電量39.2×108KW·H。電站建筑物(wu)包括:引(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠、進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)口、引(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)、主廠房、安裝(zhuang)場、母線(xian)洞(dong)、尾(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)洞(dong)、尾(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)、尾(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠、500kV變電所、交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)洞(dong)、通(tong)(tong)風洞(dong)和廠外(wai)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)洞(dong)等(deng)。引(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)采用一機一洞(dong),平(ping)(ping)均長(chang)387.9m,圓形(xing)斷面內徑為(wei)8.5m-6.9m;地(di)下廠房尺(chi)寸為(wei)168.5m×23m×67m(長(chang)×寬×高(gao)),裝(zhuang)機高(gao)程187.2m;尾(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)洞(dong)亦采用一機一洞(dong),平(ping)(ping)均長(chang)313.18m,圓形(xing)斷面內徑為(wei)11.3m。
專題研究
簡介
水布埡(wu)水利樞紐兩岸(an)地(di)(di)(di)形陡峻(jun),庫首近(jin)壩地(di)(di)(di)段及(ji)壩區環境地(di)(di)(di)質問題比較(jiao)復雜(za),壩址區環境地(di)(di)(di)質條(tiao)件較(jiao)差,有較(jiao)多(duo)的危巖體廣泛分(fen)布,在這(zhe)種(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)質條(tiao)件下,修建230多(duo)米高(gao)的大壩,長江委設計院進行了多(duo)項專題研(yan)究,主要有:
研究
砼面板堆石(shi)壩與(yu)心(xin)墻堆石(shi)壩兩(liang)種壩型的比選研究
國外(wai)已(yi)有多座200m-300m左右的心墻堆(dui)石壩建(jian)設經驗,在中國建(jian)設227m的高(gao)心墻堆(dui)石壩還屬首次,通過大(da)量(liang)的筑壩材料(liao)室內試驗,現場碾壓試驗以及壩體(ti)應力(li)應變,水力(li)劈裂和滲流(liu)控(kong)制等(deng)分析研究論證,在采取適當工程(cheng)措施后技術上是(shi)可行的。
砼面板(ban)堆(dui)石壩(ba)(ba)在(zai)國內均(jun)有較快發展,但要修建當今世界最(zui)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)233m的(de)(de)(de)砼面板(ban)堆(dui)石壩(ba)(ba)具有一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)難(nan)度,通過筑(zhu)壩(ba)(ba)材料(liao)特(te)性,堆(dui)石體變(bian)形控制,壩(ba)(ba)體應(ying)(ying)力應(ying)(ying)變(bian)分析(xi),面板(ban)砼的(de)(de)(de)防裂(lie)與耐(nai)久性,周邊(bian)縫的(de)(de)(de)止水材料(liao)和結構型(xing)式等研究表(biao)明,在(zai)采取適(shi)當的(de)(de)(de)工程措施后技術(shu)上是(shi)可行的(de)(de)(de)。
滑坡治理
庫(ku)首近壩地段(duan)大(da)(da)壩上(shang)游河段(duan)9km范圍(wei)內(nei)分布(bu)有(you)18個(ge)(ge)滑(hua)坡(po)組成的(de)滑(hua)坡(po)群體(ti),總方量(liang)(liang)8342萬立方米(mi),5個(ge)(ge)危巖體(ti)總方量(liang)(liang)357萬 立方米(mi),1個(ge)(ge)穩(wen)定性差(cha)的(de)斜坡(po),方量(liang)(liang)為(wei)385萬立方米(mi)。壩后滑(hua)坡(po),在(zai)大(da)(da)壩下游分布(bu)有(you)大(da)(da)巖淌、馬巖灣、臺子上(shang)、古樹包四(si)個(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)滑(hua)坡(po),設計(ji)研究分別采(cai)用(yong)開(kai)挖(wa)減載,地下地表排(pai)(pai)水,前緣(yuan)護坡(po)、抗滑(hua)支擋等(deng)措施。右岸(an)峽(xia)口(kou)馬崖高(gao)陡自然邊坡(po),坡(po)高(gao)達360余米(mi),巖性為(wei)上(shang)硬下軟,且上(shang)部硬巖中還夾有(you)多層軟弱夾層,處理措施為(wei)卸荷開(kai)挖(wa),邊坡(po)錨固,坡(po)面噴護,排(pai)(pai)水坡(po)腳護岸(an)等(deng)。
軟巖成洞問題
由于壩型(xing)為當地材料壩,故地下(xia)洞室相對較(jiao)多,壩址區巖(yan)(yan)體(ti)中的(de)(de)軟(ruan)層甚多,如泥盆系(xi)寫經寺(si)組,二迭系(xi)馬(ma)鞍組與棲霞(xia)組─極薄(bo)層含泥質(zhi)生(sheng)物碎屑灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)、泥巖(yan)(yan)、泥灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)及頁巖(yan)(yan)等(deng)均屬軟(ruan)巖(yan)(yan)。軟(ruan)巖(yan)(yan)大多遭受了不同(tong)程(cheng)度的(de)(de)剪(jian)切破壞,工程(cheng)性狀(zhuang)較(jiao)差,加之產狀(zhuang)平緩,軟(ruan)巖(yan)(yan)成洞問題突出。
志留系強風化頁巖作為防(fang)滲材料(liao)的問題
志留系砂頁巖(yan)具有(you)明顯的垂直風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)分(fen)帶性,風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)程度劃分(fen)為全風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)帶,強(qiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)上(shang)帶、下帶、弱風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)及(ji)微風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)帶。經(jing)研究全風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)帶可直接作為防(fang)滲材料(liao)上(shang)壩(ba),而強(qiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)下帶及(ji)弱、微風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)帶不能作為防(fang)滲材料(liao)。
消能型式研究
溢洪(hong)道(dao)下游消(xiao)能(neng)區位(wei)于(yu)壩址峽(xia)谷出口大(da)(da)崖(ya)(ya)沱深潭,左有(you)大(da)(da)巖(yan)(yan)淌滑坡(po),右有(you)馬(ma)崖(ya)(ya)高陡邊坡(po)和馬(ma)巖(yan)(yan)灣滑坡(po),河床巖(yan)(yan)層主要是泥盆(pen)系上(shang)統寫經寺組和志(zhi)留系砂頁巖(yan)(yan),抗沖能(neng)力低,而本(ben)工(gong)程(cheng)泄(xie)洪(hong)量(liang)大(da)(da),萬年一(yi)遇時最大(da)(da)下泄(xie)流(liu)量(liang)達(da)18280立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米/秒(miao),相(xiang)應單寬流(liu)量(liang)為181 立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米/秒(miao),汛(xun)期水頭在171m-180m以上(shang),經計算、試驗、分(fen)析綜合考慮,最后選擇分(fen)區陡槽接窄縫式排(pai)坎消(xiao)能(neng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案,消(xiao)能(neng)區保護(hu)采用防淘(tao)墻方(fang)(fang)(fang)案。
歷史發展
簡介
根據壩址處的(de)地形地質(zhi)條件、水文(wen)特征(zheng)和樞(shu)紐總(zong)體布(bu)置,以及面板堆石(shi)壩的(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)特點,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)導(dao)流采用(yong)圍堰一(yi)次攔斷河(he)床(chuang),隧(sui)洞導(dao)流,枯水期(qi)(qi)圍堰擋水,汛(xun)期(qi)(qi)淹沒(mei)基(ji)坑(keng)的(de)方(fang)式。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程計劃總(zong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)8.5年。2000年以前(qian)為籌建期(qi)(qi),2001年-2002年為施工(gong)(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備期(qi)(qi)。2003年-2007年為主體工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi),2007年7月-2009年6月底為工(gong)(gong)(gong)程完(wan)建期(qi)(qi)。2002年10月26日,水布(bu)埡水電站在充分準(zhun)備下完(wan)成各項施工(gong)(gong)(gong)形象進度,成功實(shi)施截(jie)流。
勘測設計概況
從流(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)到預(yu)可行(xing)性研(yan)究(jiu),再到可研(yan)階段壩(ba)址(zhi)選(xuan)擇,長江委(wei)人(ren)付(fu)出了(le)(le)(le)(le)幾代人(ren)的努力。從1954年(nian)開(kai)始長江水(shui)(shui)(shui)利委(wei)員會就對清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江流(liu)域(yu)的綜合利用與開(kai)發進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)研(yan)究(jiu),于(yu)1964年(nian)提(ti)出了(le)(le)(le)(le)《清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江流(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)報(bao)(bao)告》。1986年(nian)又(you)提(ti)出了(le)(le)(le)(le)《清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江流(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)補充報(bao)(bao)告》,推薦(jian)恩施以下(xia)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江干流(liu)最(zui)上(shang)一級以水(shui)(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡(wu)壩(ba)址(zhi)為代表的三(san)級梯級開(kai)發方(fang)案。1993年(nian)底,對流(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)補充修訂(ding),提(ti)出了(le)(le)(le)(le)《清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江流(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)報(bao)(bao)告(1993年(nian)修訂(ding))》。該報(bao)(bao)告于(yu)1994年(nian)1月通(tong)過審(shen)查,1994年(nian)2月,湖北(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)民(min)政府會同(tong)(tong)(tong)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)部審(shen)查批(pi)復(fu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)《清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江流(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)報(bao)(bao)告》(1993年(nian)修訂(ding));1994年(nian)12月,湖北(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)民(min)政府會同(tong)(tong)(tong)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)部審(shen)查批(pi)復(fu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)湖北(bei)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江水(shui)(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站預(yu)可行(xing)性研(yan)究(jiu)報(bao)(bao)告;1995年(nian)9月,湖北(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)民(min)政府會同(tong)(tong)(tong)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)部審(shen)查批(pi)復(fu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)湖北(bei)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江水(shui)(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站壩(ba)址(zhi)選(xuan)擇報(bao)(bao)告;1999年(nian)4月,湖北(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)民(min)政府會同(tong)(tong)(tong)國(guo)家(jia)經濟貿易(yi)委(wei)員會審(shen)查批(pi)復(fu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)湖北(bei)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江水(shui)(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站可行(xing)性研(yan)究(jiu)報(bao)(bao)告(等同(tong)(tong)(tong)初步設計)。