工程作用
洈水水庫是在(zai)洈水流域中游建(jian)壩攔(lan)洪,以(yi)灌溉(gai)為(wei)主,具有(you)防洪、發電(dian)、養殖(zhi)等綜合效益的大(da)型水利工程。庫區跨鄂湘兩省的五峰、松滋(zi)、石(shi)門、澧縣(xian)四縣(xian)市(shi),總庫容5.93億立方米,灌溉(gai)湖(hu)北松滋(zi)、公安和湖(hu)南澧縣(xian)共52萬畝農田,發電(dian)裝機四臺,容量1.24萬千瓦。
修建歷程
一
洈(wei)水(shui)(shui)是(shi)洞庭湖(hu)(hu)四口水(shui)(shui)系松西(xi)河的支(zhi)流,位于(yu)湖(hu)(hu)北省西(xi)南部(bu)和(he)(he)湖(hu)(hu)南省西(xi)北部(bu)交界處。發源于(yu)五(wu)峰清水(shui)(shui)灣,處于(yu)暴雨(yu)區范圍內(nei),雨(yu)量(liang)充沛(pei),多年平均(jun)來水(shui)(shui)9.42億立方米。建庫前每(mei)逢暴雨(yu),山洪洶涌,沿(yan)岸平川沖漫,下游(you)近30萬(wan)畝的湖(hu)(hu)區洪澇(lao)成災(zai)(zai)。然而,洈(wei)水(shui)(shui)沿(yan)岸丘(qiu)陵、崗地,年年又缺水(shui)(shui)干旱,人(ren)(ren)(ren)畜飲水(shui)(shui)十(shi)分(fen)困難(nan)。群眾(zhong)中流傳著這樣一首民(min)謠:"一天大雨(yu)淹(yan)了田(tian),五(wu)日無(wu)(wu)雨(yu)旱冒煙,十(shi)年就(jiu)有(you)九不收(shou),拖(tuo)兒帶(dai)女逃荒年"。還因溪(xi)水(shui)(shui)的漲落頻繁,使下游(you)10萬(wan)畝的王(wang)家(jia)大湖(hu)(hu)雜草叢(cong)生,釘螺繁殖,血吸蟲病(bing)害十(shi)分(fen)嚴重。有(you)時水(shui)(shui)、旱、病(bing)三災(zai)(zai)并發,給(gei)沿(yan)流域數十(shi)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)帶(dai)來苦不堪言的災(zai)(zai)難(nan)和(he)(he)危(wei)害,故人(ren)(ren)(ren)們稱此河流為危(wei)害人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)的"危(wei)水(shui)(shui)"。無(wu)(wu)止境的災(zai)(zai)害,舊中國無(wu)(wu)法根治,人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)多少(shao)年夢(meng)寐(mei)以(yi)求(qiu)治理洈(wei)水(shui)(shui)的夙愿(yuan)無(wu)(wu)法實現。
新中(zhong)國成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)后(hou)(hou)(hou),黨和人(ren)(ren)民(min)政府(fu)十分關(guan)(guan)心洈(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)的(de)開發治理(li),由(you)于(yu)當時條件的(de)限制,僅采取(qu)局(ju)(ju)部(bu)引排措施(shi)(shi)。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)松(song)滋(zi)(zi)縣在(zai)紙廠(chang)河下游雷打坑至廖家(jia)灣進行(xing)小(xiao)改道(dao)(dao),可(ke)縮(suo)短河線8公里,翌年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)洈(wei)(wei)河改道(dao)(dao)指揮部(bu),動工(gong)(gong)后(hou)(hou)(hou)不(bu)久,因公安縣大(da)(da)(da)(da)德垸(huan)群(qun)眾(zhong)提(ti)出(chu)異(yi)議,后(hou)(hou)(hou)經荊州專(zhuan)(zhuan)署(shu)水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)局(ju)(ju)出(chu)面(mian)調解無效而停工(gong)(gong)。1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)連續兩(liang)(liang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)旱澇成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)災(zai),干部(bu)群(qun)眾(zhong)要求治理(li)洈(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)的(de)愿(yuan)望更為迫(po)切(qie),特別(bie)是1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)洪水(shui)(shui)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)下游十多個民(min)垸(huan)潰決(jue),堵復(fu)工(gong)(gong)程量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)(da)(da),經松(song)、公兩(liang)(liang)縣組(zu)織有關(guan)(guan)人(ren)(ren)員勘測(ce)(ce)提(ti)出(chu)方案,上(shang)報荊州專(zhuan)(zhuan)署(shu)批準(zhun),決(jue)定(ding)從劉家(jia)小(xiao)河改道(dao)(dao)經青羊山(shan)到重陽樹(shu)至公安縣鄭家(jia)湖(hu)入(ru)老(lao)洈(wei)(wei)河。專(zhuan)(zhuan)署(shu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)指揮部(bu),饒民(min)太副專(zhuan)(zhuan)員兼指揮長,于(yu)當年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)農歷冬(dong)月(yue)十五日(ri)組(zu)織勞力(li)(li)3萬人(ren)(ren)正(zheng)式(shi)動工(gong)(gong),不(bu)久因大(da)(da)(da)(da)雪封凍,估(gu)計春(chun)節前不(bu)能解凍,又加之災(zai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)、財力(li)(li)困難,臘月(yue)二十三(san)日(ri)饒副專(zhuan)(zhuan)員親臨工(gong)(gong)地通(tong)知停工(gong)(gong)并作(zuo)(zuo)善后(hou)(hou)(hou)處理(li)。幾(ji)次改道(dao)(dao)均未成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功,引起省(sheng)、地、縣各級領(ling)導的(de)重視(shi),決(jue)心采取(qu)根(gen)治措施(shi)(shi)。松(song)滋(zi)(zi)縣水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)局(ju)(ju)于(yu)1956年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)組(zu)織兩(liang)(liang)個測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)隊(dui),從本流(liu)域(yu)出(chu)口(kou)至上(shang)游的(de)主支(zhi)流(liu)進行(xing)全(quan)面(mian)的(de)地形測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang),搜(sou)集了(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)水(shui)(shui)文(wen)、地質(zhi),及(ji)各種災(zai)害情況的(de)資料,在(zai)吸取(qu)過去經驗(yan)教(jiao)訓的(de)基礎上(shang),提(ti)出(chu)了(le)"上(shang)蓄下排,根(gen)治洈(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)"的(de)綜合方案。1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue),專(zhuan)(zhuan)署(shu)水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)局(ju)(ju)派韓明炎工(gong)(gong)程師率隊(dui)對洈(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)流(liu)域(yu)進行(xing)復(fu)勘,選定(ding)在(zai)洈(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)游大(da)(da)(da)(da)巖咀修水(shui)(shui)庫,于(yu)5月(yue)26日(ri)編制洈(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)程設計書,上(shang)報省(sheng)水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)廳和專(zhuan)(zhuan)署(shu)水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)局(ju)(ju)。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)6月(yue)省(sheng)水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)廳組(zu)織省(sheng)水(shui)(shui)校師生30余人(ren)(ren)到洈(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang),歷時兩(liang)(liang)個月(yue)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)任務(wu)。同(tong)期松(song)滋(zi)(zi)縣委(wei)派副縣長貢(gong)福珍帶(dai)隊(dui)作(zuo)(zuo)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。8月(yue)經荊州地委(wei)批準(zhun)組(zu)建(jian)(jian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)指揮部(bu),由(you)松(song)、公兩(liang)(liang)縣組(zu)織1.5萬勞力(li)(li),于(yu)9月(yue)1日(ri)在(zai)"根(gen)治洈(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui),造(zao)(zao)福人(ren)(ren)民(min)"的(de)口(kou)號聲(sheng)中(zhong),正(zheng)式(shi)動工(gong)(gong)興(xing)建(jian)(jian)。
二
洈水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規(gui)模較大(da),任務艱巨,樞(shu)紐工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)由(you)3壩(一(yi)主(zhu)二副)、5閘、1電站組(zu)成,灌區渠道分(fen)為七級,各種(zhong)建筑(zhu)物(wu)1293座(zuo)。在(zai)1958年修建這樣大(da)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)確實困(kun)難(nan)很多,主(zhu)要(yao)表現在(zai):一(yi)是(shi)當時國家(jia)(jia)財力(li)、物(wu)力(li)有限,動(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時僅給20萬元器(qi)材(cai)包干經(jing)費(fei),完全實行"民(min)(min)辦公助(zhu)";二是(shi)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術力(li)量比較薄弱,參戰人(ren)(ren)員沒(mei)有實踐經(jing)驗;三是(shi)流域在(zai)暴雨中心,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)間如何排除(chu)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)威脅,困(kun)難(nan)重重。面臨這樣嚴峻(jun)的(de)(de)形勢,松(song)、公兩縣人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)憑著對"根(gen)治洈水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)"的(de)(de)強烈愿(yuan)望,以高(gao)度(du)的(de)(de)社會主(zhu)義建設熱情和自(zi)我犧牲精神,投入(ru)(ru)洈水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設。他們爭先恐后報名參戰,生產工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)自(zi)己(ji)帶,工(gong)(gong)(gong)棚(peng)材(cai)料自(zi)己(ji)籌,生活物(wu)資自(zi)己(ji)備,不(bu)計報酬,不(bu)辭勞苦,日以繼夜(ye)戰斗在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)。施工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)間最多上勞力(li)近(jin)5萬人(ren)(ren),干部(bu)與群(qun)眾(zhong)打成一(yi)片,同(tong)吃、同(tong)住、同(tong)勞動(dong)(dong),傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)春節(jie),民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)回家(jia)(jia)過年,指揮長查遠澄更是(shi)與民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)甘共苦,在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)度(du)過除(chu)夕之夜(ye),干群(qun)一(yi)心建洈水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),炮聲動(dong)(dong)地(di)土(tu)遮天,人(ren)(ren)山(shan)人(ren)(ren)海,氣壯(zhuang)山(shan)河。工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)深入(ru)(ru)持久地(di)開(kai)展了以三高(gao)八比為內容,以百(連)千(組(zu))萬人(ren)(ren)(紅旗(qi)人(ren)(ren))的(de)(de)勞動(dong)(dong)競賽(sai)運動(dong)(dong),一(yi)浪高(gao)過一(yi)浪。
在施工過程(cheng)中,由于多(duo)種原因,工程(cheng)歷經初(chu)建(jian)、續建(jian)、加(jia)固三個階段,但干(gan)部、群(qun)眾始(shi)終(zhong)以(yi)飽滿的(de)(de)(de)政治熱情,發揚"一不怕苦(ku),二不怕死"的(de)(de)(de)革命(ming)精神,戰天斗地,苦(ku)干(gan)加(jia)巧干(gan),涌現(xian)出了許多(duo)可歌(ge)可泣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)動人(ren)事跡和先(xian)進模范人(ren)物,有的(de)(de)(de)甚至(zhi)獻出了寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)生命(ming),夙愿終(zhong)于實現(xian),功績(ji)永垂史冊(ce)。
洈水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設以主壩施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)最(zui)為緊(jin)張艱巨(ju)。圍(wei)堰(yan)導(dao)流(liu)是(shi)保(bao)證大(da)壩順利施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)重要工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程,對(dui)地(di)(di)處(chu)暴雨中心的(de)(de)(de)樞(shu)紐工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)來說,圍(wei)堰(yan)導(dao)流(liu)更有它的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊重要性。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)黨(dang)委(wei)(wei)對(dui)此(ci)十分重視,為此(ci),在(zai)(zai)壩址上游1000米(mi)處(chu)設圍(wei)堰(yan)引排,加大(da)流(liu)量300立方米(mi)每秒(miao),組(zu)織(zhi)2000人日(ri)夜(ye)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。圍(wei)堰(yan)尚未竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi),于(yu)10月13日(ri)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)降(jiang)雨104.6毫米(mi),產生流(liu)量904立方米(mi)每秒(miao),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)連夜(ye)組(zu)織(zhi)6000人搶筑(zhu),終因洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)過猛,搶筑(zhu)不及,漫堤崩(beng)潰。造成(cheng)下(xia)游的(de)(de)(de)大(da)量物質器材被洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)沖走(zou),還沖走(zou)一(yi)(yi)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),下(xia)落不明。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)雖遭多次洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)襲(xi)擊,但在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)黨(dang)委(wei)(wei)領導(dao)下(xia),民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)毫不氣餒,連續作(zuo)戰,幾經堵復,終于(yu)初戰告捷,圍(wei)堰(yan)導(dao)流(liu)成(cheng)功,使大(da)壩得以順利施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。堵口合(he)(he)(he)龍(long)(long)是(shi)大(da)壩最(zui)為關鍵又最(zui)為緊(jin)張的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)刻,由于(yu)當時(shi)大(da)辦(ban)鋼鐵的(de)(de)(de)需要,勞(lao)力(li)幾上幾下(xia),施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度緩慢(man),而省、地(di)(di)委(wei)(wei)要求(qiu)1960年(nian)冬必須完成(cheng)樞(shu)紐工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程任(ren)務,爭取部分受益。在(zai)(zai)1959年(nian)冬,面對(dui)著(zhu)合(he)(he)(he)龍(long)(long)大(da)壩填(tian)筑(zhu)任(ren)務跟不上,不合(he)(he)(he)龍(long)(long)則已獲成(cheng)果保(bao)不住(zhu),會前(qian)功盡棄的(de)(de)(de)情況,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)黨(dang)委(wei)(wei)會同(tong)技術人員經過反復研究(jiu),報經上級同(tong)意(yi),采取如(ru)下(xia)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi):一(yi)(yi)是(shi)降(jiang)低高(gao)程,縮小斷面,做(zuo)至(zhi)90米(mi)高(gao)程,保(bao)百(bai)年(nian)一(yi)(yi)遇洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)渡過汛期;二是(shi)保(bao)證土(tu)方進度,采取縮短土(tu)方運(yun)距(ju),加強(qiang)勞(lao)力(li)組(zu)合(he)(he)(he),改革運(yun)輸工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具,確(que)(que)立日(ri)升尺度,并(bing)同(tong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位的(de)(de)(de)公社黨(dang)委(wei)(wei)書記簽訂任(ren)務合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)書,雙方明確(que)(que)職責(ze),請(qing)縣委(wei)(wei)、縣政(zheng)府、檢察(cha)院監督(du)實施(shi)(shi),強(qiang)化責(ze)任(ren),確(que)(que)保(bao)兌(dui)現;三是(shi)做(zuo)好(hao)合(he)(he)(he)龍(long)(long)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)切準(zhun)備,根據流(liu)域降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)特(te)點,決定1960年(nian)2月2日(ri)合(he)(he)(he)龍(long)(long)。
整(zheng)個(ge)合龍(long)是一個(ge)與(yu)天斗(dou)與(yu)地斗(dou)的(de)艱巨緊張過程,2月2日(ri)上(shang)午7時,圍堰截流,5日(ri)正式(shi)進土,7日(ri)工地召(zhao)開合龍(long)慶典動員(yuan)誓師大會,打響了馴服洈水(shui)(shui)、造福人(ren)民的(de)攻堅(jian)戰(zhan)。經(jing)13個(ge)日(ri)夜苦戰(zhan),高(gao)程筑至70米時,15至17日(ri)連降大雨(yu),庫水(shui)(shui)迅(xun)漲至68米,而且還在繼(ji)續上(shang)漲,形勢非(fei)(fei)常(chang)險(xian)惡,施工萬分(fen)緊張,指揮(hui)部及時采取(qu)非(fei)(fei)常(chang)措(cuo)施,在迎水(shui)(shui)面搶(qiang)筑子埂擋住洪水(shui)(shui),干(gan)群合力投入戰(zhan)斗(dou),不(bu)顧(gu)泥滑(hua)雨(yu)淋(lin),水(shui)(shui)漲堤高(gao),終于戰(zhan)勝洪水(shui)(shui)。經(jing)過3、4兩個(ge)月施工,大壩(ba)達到90米脫險(xian)高(gao)程,為水(shui)(shui)庫建設的(de)成功(gong)作出了貢獻(xian)。
灌(guan)區(qu)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)道工(gong)程以(yi)北干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)施(shi)工(gong)為最(zui)難,主支(zhi)(zhi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)101公(gong)里(li)(li),有90%是盤山(shan)開(kai)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),劈開(kai)山(shan)埡(wu)79處,最(zui)高達21米(mi),鑿穿隧道17處,總長(chang)達2769米(mi),架設渡(du)槽6座(zuo)(zuo),總長(chang)1544米(mi),填(tian)(tian)筑大山(shan)沖(chong)44處。特(te)別是打隧洞(dong)用土法施(shi)工(gong),還(huan)遇到流砂層、破碎帶等多(duo)處險段,依靠(kao)群(qun)眾的智慧和(he)力(li)(li)量(liang),戰(zhan)勝了(le)(le)(le)各種困(kun)難,按計(ji)劃(hua)完成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)任務。南干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)施(shi)工(gong)速(su)度(du)最(zui)快(kuai),全長(chang)94公(gong)里(li)(li),在1965年(nian)樞(shu)紐(niu)續建(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)相繼(ji)開(kai)工(gong),僅用一(yi)年(nian)半的時(shi)(shi)(shi)間完成(cheng)土石方(fang)433萬(wan)立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi),混凝(ning)土4054立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi),砌(qi)石9700立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi),還(huan)架設全灌(guan)區(qu)最(zui)長(chang)(875米(mi))、最(zui)高(31米(mi))的渡(du)槽一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo),開(kai)通各類渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)262.5公(gong)里(li)(li),1966年(nian)5月建(jian)成(cheng)通水(shui)。澧(li)(li)(li)縣(xian)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)挖(wa)填(tian)(tian)量(liang)最(zui)大.南北干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)受益后,澧(li)(li)(li)縣(xian)因連(lian)續幾年(nian)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)旱,涔北地(di)區(qu)又無其他(ta)水(shui)源,群(qun)眾迫切要(yao)求興建(jian)澧(li)(li)(li)縣(xian)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。常德(de)地(di)委(wei)、澧(li)(li)(li)縣(xian)縣(xian)委(wei)十分重視,在財力(li)(li)、物力(li)(li)極端(duan)困(kun)難的情(qing)況下,依靠(kao)群(qun)眾的力(li)(li)量(liang),以(yi)土為主,采取"臺渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)代渡(du)槽,大挖(wa)代隧洞(dong)",劈山(shan)、填(tian)(tian)沖(chong)、筑嶺,僅用一(yi)年(nian)的時(shi)(shi)(shi)間開(kai)通了(le)(le)(le)65公(gong)里(li)(li)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)道,使灌(guan)區(qu)及早(zao)受益。該干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)能(neng)夠快(kuai)速(su)完工(gong),與松滋縣(xian)委(wei)和(he)當地(di)政府的大力(li)(li)支(zhi)(zhi)持是分不開(kai)的,在建(jian)庫(ku)時(shi)(shi)(shi)澧(li)(li)(li)縣(xian)人民(min)(min)顧全大局,承(cheng)擔(dan)了(le)(le)(le)淹沒及移民(min)(min)損(sun)失,所以(yi)在修(xiu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)時(shi)(shi)(shi),松滋人民(min)(min)積極支(zhi)(zhi)持澧(li)(li)(li)縣(xian)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),盡早(zao)受益,無論在占壓良田、挖(wa)填(tian)(tian)山(shan)地(di)、搬(ban)遷(qian)農戶(hu)和(he)民(min)(min)工(gong)住(zhu)房等方(fang)面都作了(le)(le)(le)大量(liang)的工(gong)作,使工(gong)程順利實施(shi),體現了(le)(le)(le)松澧(li)(li)(li)人民(min)(min)相互支(zhi)(zhi)持、團結治水(shui)的好風尚。
洈水工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)能在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)困難的(de)(de)條件下(xia)(xia)進行施工(gong)(gong),主要是在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)、縣委的(de)(de)領導下(xia)(xia),工(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)黨委依靠(kao)干(gan)部(bu)、技術(shu)人員(yuan)(yuan)、群眾三結合,遵循科學規律,發(fa)揚艱苦奮斗、自力(li)更生的(de)(de)精神,發(fa)揮了集(ji)體(ti)智慧和力(li)量。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)從l958年初步(bu)設(she)計(ji)到(dao)1965年續(xu)建(jian)修(xiu)改設(she)計(ji)和1974年整(zheng)險加(jia)固設(she)計(ji),經過反復多(duo)次(ci)多(duo)處修(xiu)改補充,逐步(bu)趨向完善合理。如主壩原(yuan)設(she)計(ji)為(wei)粘土(tu)(tu)均(jun)質壩,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)續(xu)建(jian)時(shi)考慮到(dao)北端土(tu)(tu)源缺乏,改為(wei)粘土(tu)(tu)代料(liao)組合壩,縮短運距,節省土(tu)(tu)方量,加(jia)快了施工(gong)(gong)速度。溢洪道原(yuan)址(zhi)定在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)野雞凹,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)續(xu)建(jian)時(shi)因孫家(jia)溪臨時(shi)泄洪沖(chong)深沖(chong)寬(kuan),巖(yan)石裸露,便因地(di)(di)制宜將(jiang)溢洪道址(zhi)改在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)孫家(jia)溪,既(ji)(ji)減(jian)少新的(de)(de)開挖量,又減(jian)少孫家(jia)溪的(de)(de)填筑量,符合客觀實際。特別是灌(guan)區續(xu)建(jian)時(shi),經指揮長涂一元(yuan)帶領技術(shu)人員(yuan)(yuan)反復勘(kan)測,決定抬高(gao)渠(qu)底1米(mi),既(ji)(ji)可(ke)將(jiang)灌(guan)溉面積增(zeng)加(jia)8萬畝,又可(ke)減(jian)少渠(qu)道的(de)(de)挖填量,這(zhe)次(ci)修(xiu)改符合長遠利益,深得灌(guan)區人民的(de)(de)贊(zan)揚。
在(zai)大(da)施工(gong)期間,工(gong)地(di)(di)黨委發動(dong)群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong),依靠群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong),開展了(le)大(da)規模(mo)的(de)工(gong)具(ju)改(gai)革(ge),利用庫內、灌區的(de)樹(shu)木作(zuo)原料(liao),曾進行過斗車(che)(che)化、軌道化、板(ban)車(che)(che)化等項改(gai)革(ge)。但(dan)因行程遠(yuan)、坡陡、卸料(liao)困難以及勞力擁擠諸多矛盾,未能廣泛使用。后來因地(di)(di)制宜,使用木制手推(tui)獨(du)輪車(che)(che),在(zai)大(da)壩推(tui)土(tu)效果良(liang)好(hao),小巧玲瓏(long),一人操作(zuo),裝卸方便,不擇(ze)道路,坡陡可繞"之"字路而行,載重250公斤,大(da)大(da)減輕了(le)勞動(dong)強度(du),提(ti)高了(le)工(gong)效。
洈水水庫(ku)的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she),黨和各級政府(fu)給(gei)(gei)予極(ji)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)支持(chi)和關(guan)懷。在(zai)初建(jian)、續建(jian)、加固三(san)個階段中(zhong),水利部(bu)(bu)(bu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)長(chang)錢正英、副(fu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)長(chang)李伯寧,湖北(bei)省(sheng)省(sheng)長(chang)張體(ti)學(xue)、副(fu)省(sheng)長(chang)夏世厚(hou)和湖南(nan)省(sheng)政府(fu)領導(dao)都曾親臨工(gong)(gong)地指導(dao),省(sheng)水利廳(ting)和地、縣(xian)(xian)委領導(dao)多(duo)(duo)次到(dao)工(gong)(gong)地檢(jian)查指導(dao)、慰問(wen)和幫助(zhu)解決具體(ti)問(wen)題。在(zai)續建(jian)時(shi)荊州地委派地區水利局(ju)局(ju)長(chang)任指揮長(chang),并組織有關(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門的(de)(de)領導(dao)和大(da)(da)(da)批技術(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)參加洈水施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。松(song)滋縣(xian)(xian)委、政府(fu)更(geng)是要(yao)人(ren)(ren)上人(ren)(ren)、要(yao)物(wu)(wu)給(gei)(gei)物(wu)(wu),保(bao)證了工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)順(shun)利施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。公安、澧縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)委同樣對水庫(ku)建(jian)設(she)(she)十分(fen)關(guan)心(xin),給(gei)(gei)予了極(ji)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)支持(chi),形成(cheng)了"湘鄂人(ren)(ren)民(min)心(xin)連心(xin),團結治水情誼深"的(de)(de)良好風范,在(zai)管理中(zhong)更(geng)好地發揚治水、用水一盤棋(qi)的(de)(de)好傳統,受到(dao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、省(sheng)多(duo)(duo)次好評(ping)。
水(shui)庫建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中,曾遇(yu)到過(guo)(guo)許多(duo)矛盾和問題。1958年(nian)水(shui)庫開工(gong)(gong)后(hou)(hou)不久(jiu),正值(zhi)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)開展大(da)辦(ban)鋼鐵(tie),施工(gong)(gong)只好讓路,已(yi)經(jing)上來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)勞(lao)力(li)抽調大(da)批(pi)(pi)支援辦(ban)鋼鐵(tie),使原計劃上8萬人(ren)(ren)(ren)減(jian)到只上1.5萬人(ren)(ren)(ren),工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)不能按計劃進行。同時因勞(lao)力(li)不足,工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進展緩慢,到1959年(nian)初(chu)大(da)壩合(he)龍(long)(long)(long)還是(shi)不合(he)龍(long)(long)(long)面(mian)臨兩種(zhong)選擇。在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)關鍵(jian)時刻,工(gong)(gong)地黨(dang)委一(yi)班(ban)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以對(dui)黨(dang)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)高(gao)度(du)負責的(de)(de)精神和求實的(de)(de)態度(du),同技(ji)術(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員一(yi)起根據洈水(shui)上游降水(shui)規(gui)律,分析(xi)合(he)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)必要(yao)性。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)中采取(qu)縮窄斷面(mian)、縮短運距等多(duo)種(zhong)措施,論證(zheng)合(he)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)可行性。前(qian)后(hou)(hou)方(fang)黨(dang)委研究決定(ding)全(quan)(quan)黨(dang)動員、全(quan)(quan)民(min)(min)動員,組織一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)力(li)、物(wu)力(li)為合(he)龍(long)(long)(long)提(ti)供可靠保(bao)證(zheng),報經(jing)上級(ji)黨(dang)委批(pi)(pi)準,實施了(le)合(he)龍(long)(long)(long)保(bao)成(cheng)果的(de)(de)方(fang)案。實踐(jian)證(zheng)明這(zhe)一(yi)決策是(shi)正確的(de)(de),它充分體現了(le)尊重科學(xue)和依靠人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)群(qun)眾的(de)(de)重要(yao)性,是(shi)領(ling)導(dao)科學(xue)指導(dao)實踐(jian)成(cheng)功的(de)(de)范(fan)例。在(zai)續建(jian)(jian)中正值(zhi)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)開展設(she)(she)計革命(ming),由于(yu)認識有些(xie)不一(yi)致(zhi),在(zai)設(she)(she)計中出(chu)現了(le)片(pian)面(mian)求省,使工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)計標(biao)準偏(pian)低。1970年(nian)基本(ben)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)運用以后(hou)(hou),工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量出(chu)現不同程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)問題,被列為全(quan)(quan)國(guo)病險庫之一(yi)。后(hou)(hou)來(lai)(lai)經(jing)過(guo)(guo)五(wu)年(nian)整險加固,才(cai)使工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)完全(quan)(quan)符合(he)安全(quan)(quan)標(biao)準。
經過近15年的(de)艱苦奮(fen)斗,國(guo)家總投資2915.44萬元,地方自籌403.4萬元。群眾投工(gong)3220.11萬個,完成土(tu)石(shi)方2528.52萬立(li)(li)方米(mi)。壩(ba)體(ti)總量532萬立(li)(li)方米(mi)、長度1640米(mi)的(de)主(zhu)壩(ba)巍巍屹立(li)(li)于(yu)洈(wei)水(shui)(shui)河谷之(zhi)上,7公里(li)多的(de)副壩(ba)蜿(wan)蜒在(zai)山(shan)嶺之(zhi)中,使洈(wei)水(shui)(shui)這條(tiao)"孽(nie)龍"從此(ci)聽憑調遣(qian)。三條(tiao)總長263公里(li)的(de)干渠似(si)長龍伸(shen)延于(yu)鄂湘兩省交界的(de)山(shan)地間(jian),滋潤著(zhu)萬頃農田。發電(dian)站輸(shu)出巨(ju)大的(de)電(dian)能,似(si)閃(shan)耀(yao)明珠普(pu)照山(shan)鄉,人民(min)齊頌共產黨,載歌載舞慶豐年。
三
地(di)(di)委(wei)、縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)委(wei)對管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作十分重視。早在(zai)建(jian)(jian)庫初期,就由(you)松(song)滋縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)建(jian)(jian)立(li)了(le)松(song)滋縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)巖咀水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)處(chu)(chu)(chu),人員(yuan)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)指(zhi)揮部內工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,經費由(you)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)財政開支。1959年(nian)(nian)12月(yue)19日(ri)接(jie)收勝利(li)(li)公(gong)社(she)(she)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫所轄(xia)(xia),建(jian)(jian)立(li)畜牧場、林(lin)場。1960年(nian)(nian)大(da)壩合龍以后,庫內蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),南、北閘及(ji)(ji)發電引(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)已建(jian)(jian)成(cheng),地(di)(di)委(wei)委(wei)托(tuo)松(song)滋縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)正(zheng)式成(cheng)立(li)洈水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)處(chu)(chu)(chu),并將勝利(li)(li)、建(jian)(jian)設公(gong)社(she)(she)劃歸(gui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),1961年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)又將庫周大(da)巖咀公(gong)社(she)(she)、坪山(shan)公(gong)社(she)(she)劃歸(gui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫一并管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。1962年(nian)(nian)因受自然災害影(ying)響,無法(fa)繼續(xu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)下(xia)馬,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人員(yuan)縮減(jian),所轄(xia)(xia)公(gong)社(she)(she)交給西齋區(qu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),保留一個林(lin)場。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)處(chu)(chu)(chu)行(xing)使(shi)建(jian)(jian)設施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)留守和已建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)任(ren)務。1965年(nian)(nian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)續(xu)建(jian)(jian),管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)處(chu)(chu)(chu)歸(gui)并指(zhi)揮部,施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)一齊抓。1970年(nian)(nian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫基(ji)本(ben)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng),管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)處(chu)(chu)(chu)才充實(shi)人員(yuan),獨立(li)行(xing)使(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)職(zhi)責和承擔遺留工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設。1972年(nian)(nian),根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規模及(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)任(ren)務的(de)(de)需要,管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)處(chu)(chu)(chu)改屬地(di)(di)區(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)局直(zhi)接(jie)領導,為(wei)地(di)(di)區(qu)二級單位。1992年(nian)(nian),管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)處(chu)(chu)(chu)改為(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)局,定為(wei)正(zheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)級單位,荊(jing)沙市合并后更名(ming)為(wei)"洈水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)局"。在(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)制上,本(ben)著誰(shui)(shui)受益誰(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),統(tong)(tong)一領導,分級負責的(de)(de)原則(ze),逐步趨向完(wan)善。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)局對樞紐灌區(qu)以及(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、電、漁等實(shi)行(xing)統(tong)(tong)一領導和經營管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。但對灌區(qu)干渠屬于(yu)一個縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)受益的(de)(de)部分劃歸(gui)該縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)直(zhi)接(jie)主管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)局在(zai)業務上進(jin)行(xing)指(zhi)導,這樣有利(li)(li)于(yu)調動(dong)地(di)(di)方修渠、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)渠、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)積極性。 -
水庫從初(chu)建(jian)、續(xu)建(jian)到(dao)1970年(nian)基本(ben)竣工,遺留下的尾巴(ba)工程(cheng)(cheng)很大,"北(bei)干"尚未(wei)通水,"南干"配(pei)套(tao)不(bu)全,"澧干"沒有(you)開工,大壩觀測設(she)施未(wei)建(jian),因此二十多年(nian)的運(yun)用過程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)個邊(bian)管理、邊(bian)配(pei)套(tao)、邊(bian)建(jian)設(she)、邊(bian)發揮(hui)工程(cheng)(cheng)效益(yi)的過程(cheng)(cheng)。為(wei)提高(gao)防(fang)洪標(biao)準和工程(cheng)(cheng)質量,更(geng)好(hao)地發揮(hui)工程(cheng)(cheng)效益(yi).在管理期(qi)間(jian)進(jin)行(xing)了整險加固設(she)計與施工。對工程(cheng)(cheng)禁腳和保護范圍(wei),地方政府也十分關心和支(zhi)持,分別(bie)以松會(hui)水字(zi)[1966]144號(hao)和松革水字(zi)[1971]113號(hao)文作了明確規(gui)定,為(wei)管好(hao)工程(cheng)(cheng)創造了有(you)利條件。
管理(li)局對工程(cheng)的(de)(de)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)十分重視(shi),在接受管理(li)任務后及(ji)時建起了大壩的(de)(de)沉(chen)陷、位(wei)移、滲漏等觀測(ce)(ce)設施,并建立專班(ban)進行觀測(ce)(ce),編寫了大量(liang)資料,為(wei)整險加(jia)(jia)固(gu)設計提供了可靠(kao)的(de)(de)依據。在加(jia)(jia)固(gu)中又(you)建起了浸潤(run)線和(he)壩基滲漏等觀測(ce)(ce)設施,這些監(jian)測(ce)(ce)設施的(de)(de)建立與操作,對工程(cheng)管理(li)發揮了極為(wei)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)作用。同時,為(wei)清(qing)除壩身(shen)隱患,組(zu)織專班(ban)開展了防治白蟻的(de)(de)工作。
洈(wei)水(shui)水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)汛(xun)期(qi)調(diao)度(du)權限由地(di)區防汛(xun)指揮部統一掌握,為(wei)加強(qiang)防汛(xun)工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)導,地(di)委(wei)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)委(wei)托松滋縣委(wei)的(de)(de)(de)主要負(fu)責人(ren)擔(dan)任指揮長。在運(yun)用初期(qi),由于多種原因,規定(ding)汛(xun)限水(shui)位為(wei)90米(mi)(mi)(設計92米(mi)(mi)),1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)加固竣工后,提(ti)高(gao)(gao)到93米(mi)(mi),經1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)大(da)(da)洪(hong)水(shui)和(he)(he)93米(mi)(mi)以上水(shui)位43天的(de)(de)(de)考驗,工程是安(an)全的(de)(de)(de),但對下游防洪(hong)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)度(du)余(yu)地(di)小,因此正式確(que)定(ding)按92米(mi)(mi)運(yun)行(xing)。近(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)由于通訊監測(ce)手段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)(gao),視天氣情況(kuang),允許浮動0.5米(mi)(mi)。為(wei)做好調(diao)度(du)運(yun)用工作(zuo)(zuo),管(guan)理局從擔(dan)負(fu)管(guan)理職責開始,即著手開展洪(hong)水(shui)預報,編制調(diao)度(du)方案(an),先(xian)后在庫(ku)(ku)區上游建立了(le)觀(guan)測(ce)站(zhan)網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)通訊聯系(xi)網(wang)(wang)絡,近(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)又(you)將無線(xian)電傳(chuan)遞改(gai)為(wei)自動遙(yao)測(ce)系(xi)統,大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了(le)監控功能。并根據多年(nian)(nian)(nian)探索本流域的(de)(de)(de)降水(shui)規律,總結出(chu)了(le)"低水(shui)迎汛(xun),中水(shui)保灌,高(gao)(gao)水(shui)越(yue)冬"的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)度(du)原則,極大(da)(da)地(di)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了(le)灌溉(gai)和(he)(he)發電的(de)(de)(de)保證率,以及防洪(hong)錯峰(feng)的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合效益。
農田(tian)灌溉是洈水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)任務,受益初期(qi),因工程配(pei)套不全,加之(zhi)"吃大鍋飯,喝大鍋水(shui)(shui)(shui)",從育秧開始到(dao)晚(wan)稻收割,年放(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)在135天以上,年均耗水(shui)(shui)(shui)2.5億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米左右(you),最高(gao)達3.36億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米。這(zhe)樣無節制地(di)放(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui),不僅(jin)浪費大量水(shui)(shui)(shui)源,也使部分農田(tian)冷浸受害,還出現1972年、1974年在庫(ku)內(nei)抽水(shui)(shui)(shui),耗資40萬元的(de)情況。為此,管(guan)(guan)理單位在灌區進(jin)行了(le)大量工程配(pei)套,并借鑒外地(di)計(ji)量收費經驗(yan),結合洈水(shui)(shui)(shui)實際,制訂了(le)各項管(guan)(guan)理規(gui)章,從1982年開始全灌區實行"按田(tian)配(pei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、計(ji)量收費"。隨著用水(shui)(shui)(shui)收費制度改革和渠(qu)道配(pei)套不斷完善提(ti)高(gao),使用水(shui)(shui)(shui)量大大減少(shao),年均在1.5億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米以下,這(zhe)樣每年可(ke)增加發(fa)電量1000千瓦時以上,既提(ti)高(gao)了(le)灌溉保證(zheng)率(lv),又增加了(le)管(guan)(guan)理單位的(de)經濟收入。
為保證工(gong)(gong)程的(de)完(wan)整與常新,本(ben)著"功在(zai)平(ping)日,貴在(zai)堅(jian)持"的(de)原則,管理(li)(li)局對工(gong)(gong)程進(jin)行(xing)了精心管理(li)(li),采取年歲修、季小(xiao)修、月維修以及隨(sui)壞隨(sui)修的(de)方式,不斷進(jin)行(xing)整治(zhi)保養提(ti)(ti)高(gao)。并規定達(da)到壩(ba)面無坑洼,背坡無雜(za)草,護坡無散石(shi),溝道無阻塞,設備(bei)完(wan)好,運用靈活,面貌(mao)常新等多種目(mu)標(biao)要求,進(jin)而(er)完(wan)善(shan)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)為全面目(mu)標(biao)管理(li)(li)責(ze)任制,有效(xiao)地提(ti)(ti)高(gao)了管理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作水平(ping)。
水力發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是水庫功能的(de)(de)重要組成部分,施工(gong)期間僅裝(zhuang)機3臺,容(rong)量9200千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa),于1970年4月(yue)相繼投入運行,1976年自籌資(zi)金(jin)110萬(wan)元(yuan),安裝(zhuang)了第4臺機組,容(rong)量3200千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。水庫管理(li)局依據保安全、保農灌、兼顧防洪,爭取多(duo)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和效益服從安全的(de)(de)原(yuan)則,精心調度。現年均發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量已(yi)近(jin)4000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時。為照顧地(di)(di)方用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),早在(zai)1971年電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站運行不(bu)久,經(jing)省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力廳趙墨(mo)軒副廳長同意(yi),為解決(jue)西齋、大巖(yan)咀(ju)兩鄉鎮的(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題,開始架(jia)臨時線路,并(bing)用200千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)變壓(ya)器,解決(jue)照明,逐(zhu)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)為西齋供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所,現有35千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站一(yi)座,容(rong)量8000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)安,還有大巖(yan)咀(ju)、豹(bao)子嶺兩處開關站,年供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量3000萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時以(yi)上,占發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)80%,形成了發(fa)(fa)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)條龍,有力地(di)(di)支持(chi)了地(di)(di)方經(jing)濟的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan),也增強了自身經(jing)濟活力。
在(zai)搞好工(gong)程管理,確保(bao)工(gong)程安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)下,充分利用水、土(tu)、電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)源(yuan)優勢,堅持以發(fa)展經濟為中心,本(ben)著鞏固發(fa)供(gong)電(dian)支柱,增強種(zhong)養業(ye)基礎(chu),加快第三產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)指導思想(xiang),開(kai)發(fa)了農供(gong)水、發(fa)供(gong)電(dian)、工(gong)加建(jian)、種(zhong)養飲(yin)、商貿游等多門路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)經營生(sheng)產(chan),使自身(shen)效益不(bu)斷提(ti)高,由(you)1980年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)產(chan)值344萬元逐(zhu)步(bu)增加到1995年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)2380萬元。
在抓物(wu)質文(wen)明建(jian)設(she)的同時,始終堅(jian)持抓精(jing)神文(wen)明建(jian)設(she),加強和(he)完善黨的領(ling)導(dao),注(zhu)重領(ling)導(dao)班子自身建(jian)設(she),注(zhu)意加強思(si)想(xiang)政(zheng)治(zhi)工作。不斷深化(hua)內(nei)部經營(ying)機制(zhi)改革,建(jian)立健全(quan)各項行為(wei)規范,增強凝聚力(li)和(he)責任感(gan),促進(jin)全(quan)面進(jin)步(bu)。由于出色(se)的管(guan)(guan)理工作,《中國(guo)水(shui)(shui)利(li)報(bao)》曾以(yi)"凝聚力(li)、責任制(zhi)、好氛圍"為(wei)題報(bao)道了洈水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)庫。管(guan)(guan)理局先(xian)后被水(shui)(shui)利(li)部評(ping)為(wei)先(xian)進(jin)管(guan)(guan)理單(dan)位(wei)、部一級管(guan)(guan)理單(dan)位(wei)和(he)全(quan)國(guo)先(xian)進(jin)灌(guan)區(qu)、先(xian)進(jin)集體(ti)、省(sheng)農業先(xian)進(jin)單(dan)位(wei)、省(sheng)綠(lv)化(hua)先(xian)進(jin)單(dan)位(wei)、省(sheng)農口系統先(xian)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)站和(he)地區(qu)綜(zong)合經營(ying)先(xian)進(jin)單(dan)位(wei)、文(wen)明單(dan)位(wei)等,1986~1995年(nian)全(quan)省(sheng)大型水(shui)(shui)庫千(qian)分制(zhi)四屆(jie)考評(ping)中連續四次評(ping)為(wei)第一名(ming)。
四
洈水水庫(ku)的經營在經費(fei)由補差、自給到逐步走向良性(xing)循環的過(guo)程中,特(te)別注重發揮水庫(ku)的工程效益和社會綜合效益。
水(shui)庫自1966年開(kai)灌(guan)近10萬(wan)畝農田(tian)(tian)受益以來(lai),隨著工程的完善(shan)以及山荒(huang)面積的墾殖擴大,現灌(guan)溉農田(tian)(tian)已(yi)達50萬(wan)畝,截至1994年底,共為(wei)灌(guan)區(qu)供水(shui)45.6億(yi)立方米,以起灌(guan)為(wei)基(ji)數,累計因水(shui)利作(zuo)用增產(chan)糧食23億(yi)公斤(jin)。
水(shui)庫在汛期發(fa)揮(hui)了(le)應(ying)有防洪(hong)作用,自1970年至今(jin)共為下(xia)游(you)調蓄流(liu)量在1000立(li)方(fang)米每秒(miao)以上的洪(hong)峰18次(ci),其中超過2000立(li)方(fang)米每秒(miao)流(liu)量5次(ci),保護了(le)下(xia)游(you)松滋、公(gong)安(an)兩(liang)縣25萬人(ren)口和近30萬畝(mu)農(nong)田(tian)的安(an)全,特別是在1983年、1991~1995年三次(ci)大的洪(hong)水(shui)中,為下(xia)游(you)減少(shao)直接經濟損失在2億(yi)元(yuan)以上,并減輕了(le)對(dui)松西河的洪(hong)水(shui)威(wei)脅。
水庫電(dian)站自1970年投(tou)入(ru)運行以來,累(lei)計發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)量8.8億千(qian)瓦時,年均發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)量在3500萬千(qian)瓦時左右(you),為工(gong)農業生產(chan)提供了有效的電(dian)能,創造了良好(hao)的社會(hui)效益。同(tong)時,還利用發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)尾水在七里廟、芭芒灘建了兩座總裝機(ji)6臺、容量3900千(qian)瓦的發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)站。
水庫的(de)水面(mian)(mian)和荒山禿嶺,自建庫以(yi)(yi)來也(ye)在逐漸被開發(fa)利(li)用,庫區已(yi)栽(zai)植用材林4萬多畝(mu),其(qi)中柑桔(jie)面(mian)(mian)積9000畝(mu)。90%以(yi)(yi)上面(mian)(mian)積已(yi)披上綠裝(zhuang),水庫管理(li)面(mian)(mian)積造林已(yi)達l00%。年產柑桔(jie)可達200萬公斤(jin)以(yi)(yi)上(水庫40萬公斤(jin)),其(qi)他水果50萬公斤(jin)左右,捕撈成魚30萬公斤(jin)以(yi)(yi)上。不(bu)僅創造了良好的(de)經濟效益(yi),也(ye)改善了生(sheng)態環(huan)境。
庫區山青水(shui)秀,氣(qi)候宜人(ren),優(you)越的(de)(de)小氣(qi)候,恬靜的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)和遼(liao)闊的(de)(de)水(shui)面、奇(qi)特的(de)(de)溶洞(dong)群(qun),以及(ji)其他人(ren)文景觀,融為一體,吸(xi)引了不少(shao)的(de)(de)中外游(you)客前來(lai)洈水(shui)水(shui)庫考(kao)察、參觀旅(lv)游(you)。水(shui)庫的(de)(de)自然(ran)景色只要(yao)進行必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)妝點(dian)(dian),將更添風采。目前,一個洈水(shui)旅(lv)游(you)熱點(dian)(dian)正在(zai)逐步(bu)形成。灌區人(ren)民(min)在(zai)各級(ji)黨(dang)委和政府的(de)(de)領導和關懷下,經過自己的(de)(de)努力(li),使過去的(de)(de)"水(shui)袋子(zi)(zi)、旱包子(zi)(zi)、蟲(chong)窩子(zi)(zi)(血吸(xi)蟲(chong))"貧困落(luo)后(hou)的(de)(de)面貌發生了根本變化,正在(zai)奔(ben)向小康之路。廣(guang)大(da)群(qun)眾說:我們現(xian)在(zai)是喝的(de)(de)洈水(shui)水(shui),吃的(de)(de)洈水(shui)糧(liang),過的(de)(de)好日子(zi)(zi),享的(de)(de)共(gong)產黨(dang)的(de)(de)福。
洈水(shui)水(shui)庫還(huan)存在若干需要解決的(de)(de)問題:一(yi)是(shi)樞紐上(shang)游的(de)(de)植被雖然(ran)有所改善,但淤積仍(reng)很嚴重(zhong),影響了(le)有效(xiao)水(shui)量,需要進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)做好上(shang)游的(de)(de)水(shui)土(tu)保持工(gong)作(zuo);二是(shi)上(shang)下游防(fang)洪標準(zhun)的(de)(de)差距(ju)很大,下游河(he)道堤防(fang)很不適應水(shui)庫防(fang)洪要求,需要加做工(gong)程(cheng)提高標準(zhun);三(san)是(shi)灌(guan)區配(pei)套還(huan)不十分完善,已配(pei)套工(gong)程(cheng)標準(zhun)偏低,老化程(cheng)度日趨嚴重(zhong),勢必(bi)影響農灌(guan)效(xiao)益,還(huan)有大量的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)要做;四(si)是(shi)隨(sui)著工(gong)農業生產發展(zhan),上(shang)游各個地方的(de)(de)開(kai)發與防(fang)止水(shui)資源污染的(de)(de)矛盾將有發展(zhan),保護(hu)水(shui)資源的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)會(hui)更加艱巨。
縱觀洈(wei)水(shui)水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)發(fa)展,潛(qian)力很大,前(qian)景廣(guang)闊(kuo).只要繼續發(fa)揚"團結奮(fen)進(jin)、改革創新(xin)、科學管理、實干興庫(ku)(ku)"的(de)(de)洈(wei)水(shui)精神(shen),沿著水(shui)、農(nong)、工、商(shang)、游的(de)(de)格局奮(fen)力拼搏,闊(kuo)步前(qian)進(jin),水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)必將發(fa)揮更(geng)好的(de)(de)綜合(he)效益,為社會主義現代化(hua)建設作(zuo)出更(geng)大的(de)(de)貢獻。