形態描述 石子(zi)河(he)蘑菇(gu)湖形如(ru)簸(bo)箕,是利用兩河(he)洪積(ji)扇(shan)扇(shan)間洼地修筑起來的(de)人工湖泊;水(shui)庫東(dong)西寬6.5km、南北(bei)長7.4km、最(zui)大庫容1.8億(yi)立方米,蓄(xu)水(shui)面(mian)積(ji)31.2km2,庫底高(gao)(gao)(gao)程377.2m,蓄(xu)水(shui)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)程390.8m,水(shui)位最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)時最(zui)大水(shui)深13.6m,平均為(wei)4.3m,最(zui)大壩高(gao)(gao)(gao)15.6m原設(she)計水(shui)庫最(zui)大蓄(xu)水(shui)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)31.2km2、1982年實測蓄(xu)水(shui)面(mian)積(ji)只有27.84km2。
地質情況
水庫底質(zhi)(zhi)為泥(ni)狀(zhuang),底泥(ni)偏堿性,有機成(cheng)分(fen)較高,底泥(ni)為黑褐(he)色此灰(hui)(hui)褐(he)色、分(fen)散(san)性強,呈渣狀(zhuang)或粉渣狀(zhuang)淤泥(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)堆積物,硫(liu)化氫刺鼻氣味濃,質(zhi)(zhi)地以粉質(zhi)(zhi)壤土為主浸水情況下成(cheng)糊狀(zhuang)分(fen)散(san)狀(zhuang)態,濕陷性強、干(gan)燥后經形成(cheng)灰(hui)(hui)包,隨風飄泊(bo)。
水(shui)(shui)庫水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)主要有蘑引渠(qu)(qu)、電站(zhan)渠(qu)(qu)、導流(liu)渠(qu)(qu)、沙灣河(he)、總排(pai)干、新(xin)排(pai)干等來水(shui)(shui),除蘑引渠(qu)(qu)納入部分(fen)瑪納斯河(he)水(shui)(shui)、城市污水(shui)(shui)、泉水(shui)(shui)外,其他渠(qu)(qu)系全部為農田排(pai)水(shui)(shui)和泉溝排(pai)水(shui)(shui)。
生態特征
生態(tai)特征(zheng) 石子河蘑菇水(shui)庫已接(jie)近(jin)或(huo)超過富營養化狀態(tai),污(wu)染源主要是入庫污(wu)水(shui),氮已超標7~10倍、總(zong)磷10~17倍,主要污(wu)染物(wu)包括銅(tong)、鎘(ge)、鋁、六價鉻、總(zong)汞、砷、酚、硫(liu)化物(wu)、六六六和滴(di)滴(di)涕;
水溫變(bian)化與氣溫變(bian)化具(ju)一定相(xiang)關性、蘑庫最(zui)低水溫為(wei)(wei)12~3月為(wei)(wei)0℃、最(zui)高水溫月份為(wei)(wei)6~8月為(wei)(wei)24℃以上,蘑庫冰期為(wei)(wei)12月中旬(xun)至次(ci)年3月底(di)左(zuo)右為(wei)(wei)結冰期、冰層最(zui)厚可(ke)達(da)60~70cm。
水(shui)庫漁(yu)業發(fa)展(zhan)隨水(shui)質污(wu)染(ran)和(he)富營養(yang)化程度的(de)加(jia)重明顯(xian)呈現(xian)(xian)出下(xia)降(jiang)趨(qu)勢,1966年(nian)(nian)(nian)總捕(bu)撈量(liang)為650t;1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)僅(jin)4.5t;采取春(chun)放(fang)秋捕(bu)措施(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)才(cai)達到(dao)(dao)202t,水(shui)庫漁(yu)業發(fa)展(zhan)隨水(shui)質污(wu)染(ran)和(he)富營養(yang)化程度的(de)加(jia)重明顯(xian)呈現(xian)(xian)出下(xia)降(jiang)趨(qu)勢,1966年(nian)(nian)(nian)總捕(bu)撈量(liang)為650t,1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)僅(jin)4.5t,采取春(chun)放(fang)秋捕(bu)措施(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)才(cai)達到(dao)(dao)202t;蘑(mo)庫魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類的(de)種類組成變(bian)動很(hen)大,1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)各(ge)類魚(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)數量(liang)依次(ci)為,鯉(li)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)>鰱魚(yu)(yu)(yu)>鯽(ji)魚(yu)(yu)(yu),1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)是鰱魚(yu)(yu)(yu)>鯽(ji)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)>鯉(li)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)。
82~83年游植(zhi)物種(zhong)(zhong)類80余種(zhong)(zhong),常(chang)見(jian)種(zhong)(zhong)(屬(shu))有:微(wei)囊藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、顫(zhan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、魚(yu)腥藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、膠刺藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、膠鞘藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、球(qiu)囊藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、空星(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、柵列(lie)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、盤(pan)星(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、新月(yue)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、針桿(gan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、舟(zhou)形(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、菱形(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、裸(luo)(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、黃絲藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao);水(shui)庫中(zhong)優勢種(zhong)(zhong)為藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門的(de)(de)微(wei)囊藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、魚(yu)腥藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、顫(zhan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門的(de)(de)盤(pan)腥藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、柵列(lie)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、新月(yue)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門的(de)(de)針桿(gan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、舟(zhou)形(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門的(de)(de)黃綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、裸(luo)(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門的(de)(de)裸(luo)(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)。
82—83年水庫(ku)的(de)浮游動(dong)物(wu)種類(lei)共(gong)有57種,常見種(屬)有草履蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、多(duo)毛榴(liu)彈蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、萼花臂(bei)尾輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、壺(hu)狀(zhuang)臂(bei)尾輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、矩形龜甲(jia)(jia)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、前節晶囊(nang)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、蓋氏晶囊(nang)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、針族多(duo)枝輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、邁氏三枝輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、長三枝輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),87—89年調查與82—83年趨勢基本一致,以(yi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)為絕對優勢,甲(jia)(jia)殼(ke)類(lei)十分稀(xi)少(shao)。在(zai)整(zheng)個水庫(ku)生態(tai)類(lei)群中,底棲動(dong)物(wu)是(shi)最(zui)貧乏的(de)一類(lei),僅11種,包括4種寡毛類(lei)和7種搖蚊(wen)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),羽搖蚊(wen)為常見種,軟體動(dong)物(wu)的(de)空殼(ke)多(duo)見,如(ru)小(xiao)土蝸、卵蘿卜小(xiao)螺(luo)、凸旋螺(luo)等(deng)。
浮(fu)游(you)植物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的年(nian)內變化(hua)呈現出兩(liang)個高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)與兩(liang)個低(di)(di)峰(feng)(feng)(feng),第一高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)在6月,第二高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)在10月,而且種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)數兩(liang)個峰(feng)(feng)(feng)值基本相(xiang)等,第一低(di)(di)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)在8月,第二低(di)(di)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)在3月,浮(fu)游(you)動物(wu)與底棲(qi)動物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)組(zu)成的季節性(xing)變化(hua)不(bu)大。