簡介
銀(yin)盤(pan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)215m,死水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)211.5m,保(bao)證出(chu)力161.7MW,裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量600MW,多年平均發電(dian)量27.08億kW/h,庫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)每(mei)天在正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)215m和死水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)211.5m之間變(bian)化。銀(yin)盤(pan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)輪(lun)(lun)機(ji)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)運行(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)范(fan)圍(wei)為(wei)13~35.12m,加權(quan)平均水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)為(wei)29.66m,額定(ding)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)26.5m。其(qi)運行(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)屬低水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)且(qie)(qie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)變(bian)幅(fu)較大,該水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)是(shi)軸流(liu)轉(zhuan)槳(jiang)式(shi)機(ji)型較理想的(de)運行(xing)范(fan)圍(wei)。軸流(liu)轉(zhuan)槳(jiang)式(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)輪(lun)(lun)機(ji)具有效率曲線平坦、單(dan)位(wei)(wei)轉(zhuan)速高、穩(wen)定(ding)運行(xing)區(qu)域較寬(kuan)廣(guang)等優點,適用(yong)于低水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)段(duan)且(qie)(qie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)變(bian)幅(fu)大的(de)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)。經綜(zong)合分析比較,本電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)選用(yong)軸流(liu)轉(zhuan)槳(jiang)式(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)輪(lun)(lun)發電(dian)機(ji)組方案。
烏江銀盤水(shui)電站(zhan)由重(zhong)慶(qing)大唐(tang)國際武(wu)隆水(shui)電開發有限公司負責建設和運營管理,目前,前3臺(tai)(tai)機(ji)(ji)組已投產發電,第4臺(tai)(tai)機(ji)(ji)組也將于2011年(nian)底前投產發電。4臺(tai)(tai)機(ji)(ji)組全部(bu)投產運行后,每年(nian)將有30億千瓦時電量并入重(zhong)慶(qing)電網,可(ke)緩(huan)解重(zhong)慶(qing)市電力(li)緊張局面,并增加武(wu)隆、彭水(shui)兩(liang)縣的財政收入,帶(dai)動地區經濟發展。
工程技術
按照工(gong)程(cheng)總體施工(gong)計劃(hua)安排,導流明渠混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)縱向圍堰(yan)(yan)在(zai)2007年8月底完工(gong),該圍堰(yan)(yan)需從高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)172m澆至堰(yan)(yan)頂217m,共上升45m,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)184m以下為(wei)常態(tai)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu),高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)184m以上為(wei)碾(nian)壓(ya)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu),本工(gong)程(cheng)各類混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)38.08萬(wan)立(li)方(fang)米(mi),混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)月高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)期(qi)強(qiang)度9.2萬(wan)立(li)方(fang)米(mi)/月,混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)小時高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)期(qi)強(qiang)度280立(li)方(fang)米(mi)/h,由于(yu)各種客觀(guan)原(yuan)因,工(gong)期(qi)滯后,為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)確(que)保該工(gong)程(cheng)按期(qi)完成,黃河勘測(ce)規(gui)劃(hua)設計有限公(gong)司項(xiang)(xiang)目監理部、重慶國際水電(dian)(dian)開(kai)發(fa)公(gong)司項(xiang)(xiang)目工(gong)程(cheng)部、以及中(zhong)(zhong)國水電(dian)(dian)十四局項(xiang)(xiang)目部針(zhen)對碾(nian)壓(ya)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)縱向圍堰(yan)(yan)快速施工(gong)方(fang)案作了(le)(le)(le)深入細致的研究,并(bing)組織技術人員(yuan)到外(wai)地考察學習(xi),提出了(le)(le)(le)采(cai)用大倉面斜(xie)層鋪(pu)筑(zhu)法并(bing)取得了(le)(le)(le)良好的效果(guo)。
該技術將碾壓(ya)層(ceng)由平(ping)(ping)層(ceng)改為(wei)1∶10~1∶20的斜(xie)(xie)層(ceng),斜(xie)(xie)層(ceng)鋪筑法的具(ju)體做(zuo)法是:開(kai)倉(cang)(cang)段先平(ping)(ping)層(ceng)鋪筑,且鋪筑層(ceng)自下而上依(yi)次(ci)遞(di)加,使新澆筑的混凝土(tu)表面形(xing)成(cheng)一個(ge)斜(xie)(xie)面,至(zhi)收(shou)倉(cang)(cang)端(duan)大部(bu)分混凝土(tu)按此斜(xie)(xie)面鋪筑,收(shou)倉(cang)(cang)段通過幾個(ge)依(yi)次(ci)加長(chang)的平(ping)(ping)層(ceng)收(shou)倉(cang)(cang),即平(ping)(ping)層(ceng)段、斜(xie)(xie)層(ceng)段、平(ping)(ping)層(ceng)段三部(bu)分組(zu)成(cheng)(見(jian)圖1)。
避免在坡(po)腳(jiao)(jiao)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)形成(cheng)薄層尖(jian)(jian)腳(jiao)(jiao)和嚴格(ge)處理二次(ci)污染是(shi)保證斜層鋪(pu)筑法施工質(zhi)量的(de)兩個主要(yao)問題(ti),因(yin)薄層尖(jian)(jian)腳(jiao)(jiao)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)骨(gu)料(liao)易被壓碎,在坡(po)腳(jiao)(jiao)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)應由(you)人工清(qing)理骨(gu)料(liao),清(qing)除坡(po)腳(jiao)(jiao)處厚度(du)小于10~20cm尖(jian)(jian)腳(jiao)(jiao)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)。其施工工藝流程同(tong)平層鋪(pu)筑法一致,在此(ci)不再贅述。
特殊氣象條件下施工
高溫條件(jian)下的碾壓混凝土施工
高溫天(tian)氣施(shi)工(gong)(gong),保證施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質量最根本的(de)(de)途(tu)徑是大(da)幅(fu)度(du)(du)削減層(ceng)間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隔(ge)時(shi)間(jian)(jian),同(tong)時(shi)采用控(kong)制和補償表(biao)面(mian)水分蒸發散失的(de)(de)措施(shi)。斜(xie)層(ceng)鋪筑法,人為縮小澆筑面(mian)積,大(da)幅(fu)度(du)(du)削減層(ceng)間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隔(ge)時(shi)間(jian)(jian),對混凝土的(de)(de)層(ceng)面(mian)結合質量和抗(kang)剪能力都有可(ke)靠保證。
(1)施工倉面覆蓋
高溫條件下,采用保(bao)溫被對(dui)倉(cang)面及時進行覆蓋,不(bu)僅可(ke)以起到保(bao)溫保(bao)濕(shi)的作(zuo)用,還可(ke)以延緩碾壓混(hun)凝土的初凝時間(jian),減小VC值(zhi)的增加,同時對(dui)運輸車(che)輛設(she)置(zhi)遮陽(yang)遮雨棚,以降低(di)暴雨對(dui)混(hun)凝土拌和物含水量(liang)的影(ying)響(xiang)。
(2)施工倉面(mian)噴霧
噴(pen)霧降(jiang)溫是夏季高溫施(shi)工(gong)的(de)重要質量保證措施(shi)之一。本工(gong)程(cheng)倉(cang)面安設4臺噴(pen)霧機,同時(shi)配有沖毛槍,對攤(tan)鋪的(de)混凝土表面不(bu)斷噴(pen)霧,效(xiao)果較好(hao),未發現(xian)失(shi)(shi)水變白,結硬(ying)現(xian)象。若噴(pen)霧效(xiao)果良好(hao),可降(jiang)低倉(cang)面溫度(du)3℃左右,減(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)了(le)(le)溫度(du)倒灌,營(ying)造了(le)(le)適宜(yi)澆(jiao)筑的(de)倉(cang)面小(xiao)(xiao)氣候。國(guo)內外資料證明:VC值的(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)與壓(ya)實度(du)及強(qiang)度(du)有密切(qie)關系。VC值損(sun)失(shi)(shi)在(zai)1~2h內影響不(bu)大(da),大(da)于2h后VC值損(sun)失(shi)(shi)成倍增長(chang)。通(tong)過氣溫在(zai)29℃時(shi),對倉(cang)面噴(pen)霧和未噴(pen)霧兩(liang)種工(gong)況下VC值觀測結果(見表1)可知(zhi),做好(hao)倉(cang)面噴(pen)霧降(jiang)溫工(gong)作,減(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)VC值損(sun)失(shi)(shi),必(bi)須引起高度(du)重視。
雨天施工
在(zai)降雨(yu)(yu)強(qiang)度小于3mm/h的條(tiao)件下,可覆蓋防雨(yu)(yu)布繼續施(shi)工(gong),當降雨(yu)(yu)強(qiang)度達到或超過3mm/h時,應停止拌和(he),迅速完(wan)成尚未進行(xing)的卸料、平倉(cang)和(he)碾壓(ya)作業(ye),并采(cai)取防雨(yu)(yu)和(he)排水(shui)措施(shi)。當雨(yu)(yu)停時,適當調(diao)大VC值(zhi),這樣有利于提高碾壓(ya)層面結合質量。