灌(guan)木,高1-2米;嫩枝有灰白色(se)柔毛(mao)。
葉(xie)對生,革質,葉(xie)片橢(tuo)圓形(xing)或倒(dao)卵形(xing),長(chang)3-8厘米,寬1-4厘米,先(xian)端圓或鈍,常微凹入,有(you)時(shi)稍尖,基部闊楔形(xing),上面初時(shi)有(you)毛(mao),以后變(bian)無毛(mao),發亮,下面有(you)灰色茸毛(mao),離基三出脈(mo),直達先(xian)端且相結合,邊脈(mo)離邊緣(yuan)3-4毫米,中脈(mo)有(you)側脈(mo)4-6對,網脈(mo)明顯(xian);葉(xie)柄長(chang)4-7毫米。
花(hua)有(you)長(chang)(chang)梗(geng),常單生,紫(zi)紅色(se),直徑2-4厘(li)(li)米;萼管倒卵(luan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)6毫(hao)米,有(you)灰(hui)茸毛,萼裂片5,近圓形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)4-6毫(hao)米,宿存;花(hua)瓣5,倒卵(luan),形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.3-2厘(li)(li)米;雄蕊紅色(se),長(chang)(chang)7-8毫(hao)米;子房(fang)下位,3室,花(hua)柱(zhu)長(chang)(chang)1厘(li)(li)米。漿果卵(luan)狀壺形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.5-2厘(li)(li)米,寬1-1.5厘(li)(li)米,熟(shu)時紫(zi)黑色(se);種子每室2列。花(hua)期(qi)4-5月。
產(chan)中國臺灣、福建、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西(xi)、云南、貴(gui)州及(ji)湖南最南部。生(sheng)于(yu)丘(qiu)陵坡(po)地,為(wei)酸性(xing)土指示植物。分布于(yu)中南半島(dao)、菲律賓、日本、印度、斯里(li)蘭卡(ka)、馬來(lai)西(xi)亞及(ji)印度尼(ni)西(xi)亞等地。
生于紅黃壤土(tu)丘陵上、兩廣地區極為常見。
播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前首先要對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)進(jin)行挑選(xuan),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)選(xuan)得(de)好(hao)不好(hao),直接(jie)(jie)關系到播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能否成功。最(zui)好(hao)是(shi)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)當年采收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)保存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)越長,其發芽(ya)率越低。選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)籽粒(li)飽滿、沒(mei)有殘缺(que)或(huo)(huo)畸形、沒(mei)有病蟲(chong)(chong)害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)。家(jia)庭對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)消(xiao)毒常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)60℃左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)水(shui)(shui)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一刻鐘,然(ran)后(hou)再用(yong)(yong)(yong)溫熱(re)水(shui)(shui)催芽(ya)12-24小(xiao)時。對播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基質(zhi)進(jin)行消(xiao)毒,最(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)就(jiu)是(shi)把(ba)它(ta)放到鍋里炒熱(re),什么病蟲(chong)(chong)都能燙(tang)死。用(yong)(yong)(yong)溫熱(re)水(shui)(shui)(溫度和洗臉(lian)水(shui)(shui)差不多)把(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)浸(jin)泡(pao)12-24個小(xiao)時,直到種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸水(shui)(shui)并膨(peng)脹(zhang)起來(lai)。對于很常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容易(yi)發芽(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),這(zhe)項工(gong)作可以(yi)不做。對于用(yong)(yong)(yong)手(shou)或(huo)(huo)其它(ta)工(gong)具(ju)難以(yi)夾起來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),可以(yi)把(ba)牙簽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一端(duan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)沾(zhan)濕(shi),把(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)一粒(li)一粒(li)地粘放在基質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面上,覆蓋基質(zhi)1公(gong)分厚,然(ran)后(hou)把(ba)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花盆(pen)放入(ru)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong),水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深度為花盆(pen)高度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/2-2/3,讓水(shui)(shui)慢(man)慢(man)地浸(jin)上來(lai)(這(zhe)個方法(fa)稱為"盆(pen)浸(jin)法(fa)");對于能用(yong)(yong)(yong)手(shou)或(huo)(huo)其它(ta)工(gong)具(ju)夾起來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粒(li)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),直接(jie)(jie)把(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)放到基質(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),按3×5公(gong)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)距點播(bo)(bo)。
播(bo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)覆蓋(gai)基質,覆蓋(gai)厚度為種(zhong)(zhong)粒的(de)(de)(de)2-3倍。播(bo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)可用噴霧器、細孔花灑(sa)把(ba)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)基質質淋(lin)濕,以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)當(dang)盆(pen)土略干(gan)時再淋(lin)水,仍要(yao)注意澆水的(de)(de)(de)力度不能太(tai)大,以(yi)免把(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)沖起(qi)來;在(zai)(zai)深秋、早春(chun)季或冬季播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),遇到寒潮低(di)溫(wen)時,可以(yi)用塑(su)料薄膜把(ba)花盆(pen)包起(qi)來,以(yi)利保(bao)溫(wen)保(bao)濕;幼(you)苗出(chu)土后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),要(yao)及(ji)時把(ba)薄膜揭開,并在(zai)(zai)每天上(shang)午的(de)(de)(de)9:30之(zhi)前,或者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)下午的(de)(de)(de)3:30之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)讓幼(you)苗接受太(tai)陽的(de)(de)(de)光照,否則幼(you)苗會生長(chang)得非常柔弱;大多(duo)數的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)出(chu)齊后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),需要(yao)適當(dang)地間苗:把(ba)有病的(de)(de)(de)、生長(chang)不健康的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)苗拔掉(diao),使留下的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)苗相互之(zhi)間有一定的(de)(de)(de)空間;當(dang)大部分的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)苗長(chang)出(chu)了3片(pian)(pian)或3片(pian)(pian)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)葉子(zi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)就可以(yi)移(yi)栽(zai)。
進(jin)行嫩枝扦(qian)插時(shi),在(zai)(zai)春(chun)末至(zhi)早秋植株(zhu)生(sheng)長旺盛時(shi),選(xuan)用當年生(sheng)粗壯(zhuang)枝條(tiao)作為(wei)插穗(sui)。把枝條(tiao)剪(jian)(jian)下(xia)后,選(xuan)取壯(zhuang)實的(de)(de)部位,剪(jian)(jian)成5-15公分長的(de)(de)一段(duan),每段(duan)要(yao)帶3個(ge)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)葉節(jie)(jie)。剪(jian)(jian)取插穗(sui)時(shi)需要(yao)注意的(de)(de)是,上(shang)(shang)面(mian)的(de)(de)剪(jian)(jian)口(kou)(kou)在(zai)(zai)最(zui)上(shang)(shang)一個(ge)葉節(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)方(fang)大(da)約1公分處平剪(jian)(jian),下(xia)面(mian)的(de)(de)剪(jian)(jian)口(kou)(kou)在(zai)(zai)最(zui)下(xia)面(mian)的(de)(de)葉節(jie)(jie)下(xia)方(fang)大(da)約為(wei)0.5公分處斜剪(jian)(jian),上(shang)(shang)下(xia)剪(jian)(jian)口(kou)(kou)都要(yao)平整(zheng)(刀要(yao)鋒利)。進(jin)行硬枝扦(qian)插時(shi),在(zai)(zai)早春(chun)氣溫回升后,選(xuan)取的(de)(de)健(jian)壯(zhuang)枝條(tiao)做插穗(sui)。每段(duan)插穗(sui)通常保留(liu)3-4個(ge)節(jie)(jie),剪(jian)(jian)取的(de)(de)方(fang)法同嫩枝扦(qian)插。
初秋,是桃金娘果熟(shu)時節。其果先青而黃,黃而赤,赤而紫。掛果累(lei)累(lei),像(xiang)一個個縮小版的酒(jiu)杯,果中(zhong)有芯,很象一條蟲子,芯外(wai)多籽,味(wei)道異(yi)常甜美。崗稔熟(shu)得紫色的時候最好(hao)吃,生津止渴,回味(wei)甘(gan)甜,舌頭牙(ya)齒也(ye)會被(bei)染(ran)成紫黑色。而棯子多吃了時一定(ding)要喝一碗鹽水,否則次(ci)日(ri)會大便(bian)困難。
桃金娘(niang)株形緊湊,四季常青,花先白后紅,紅白相(xiang)映,十分艷麗,花期也較長。果(guo)色(se)鮮紅轉為(wei)醬紅,均可觀賞(shang),園(yuan)林綠(lv)化(hua)中(zhong)可用其叢植(zhi)、片(pian)植(zhi)或孤(gu)植(zhi)點(dian)綴綠(lv)地,可收到較好(hao)的效果(guo)。
桃金娘生(sheng)(sheng)長迅(xun)速,耐貧瘠,抗逆性強(qiang),株形緊湊(cou),四季常青(qing)。株高1-2m,幼枝(zhi)有短絨毛。葉對生(sheng)(sheng),革質,橢圓形或(huo)倒卵形。聚傘花(hua)(hua)(hua)序腋生(sheng)(sheng),有花(hua)(hua)(hua)3-5朵,花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)5片(pian),倒卵形,花(hua)(hua)(hua)先白后(hou)紅(hong)、玫瑰紅(hong)、紫紅(hong)色,同株花(hua)(hua)(hua)色變化(hua)大,紅(hong)白相問,艷麗秀美,甚為顯目(mu),引人入勝,花(hua)(hua)(hua)陸續開放,花(hua)(hua)(hua)期可達2個多月(yue)。枝(zhi)干韌性強(qiang),可以制(zhi)作盆景或(huo)在庭(ting)園(yuan)中叢植(zhi)或(huo)片(pian)植(zhi),是(shi)具有良好的綠化(hua)美化(hua)效果的野生(sheng)(sheng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)卉(hui),已(yi)逐漸被部(bu)分(fen)城市列入園(yuan)林植(zhi)物觀賞花(hua)(hua)(hua)卉(hui)名錄。
桃金娘的根(gen)含酚類(lei)、鞣(rou)質等,有治慢性(xing)痢疾(ji)、風濕、肝炎及降(jiang)血脂等功效(xiao)。
出(chu)處:《綱目拾遺》:粵志,草花之以娘(niang)名者,有桃金(jin)娘(niang),叢生野間,似(si)梅(mei)而微(wei)銳(rui),似(si)桃而色倍(bei)赬,中莖純紫,絲綴深(shen)黃如金(jin)粟,名桃金(jin)娘(niang)。八九(jiu)月實熟青紺,若牛乳狀。產桂林,今廣州亦多有之。所述原植物與今桃金(jin)娘(niang)相同。
別(bie)名:金絲桃、山(shan)稔(ren)(ren)子(zi)(zi)、山(shan)菍(nie)、多(duo)蓮、豆(dou)稔(ren)(ren)干、稔(ren)(ren)果(guo)、多(duo)奶、山(shan)多(duo)奶、蘇園子(zi)(zi)、石(shi)榴子(zi)(zi)、白碾子(zi)(zi)、崗稔(ren)(ren)、水刀蓮、烏肚子(zi)(zi)、當(dang)梨(li)子(zi)(zi)、哆哞仔(zi)、稔(ren)(ren)子(zi)(zi);崗棯花(廣州空軍(jun)《常用(yong)中草藥手冊》)。
藥材基源:為桃金(jin)娘科植(zhi)物桃金(jin)娘的(de)果實。
采收(shou)儲藏:于秋(qiu)季(ji)果實(shi)成熟時(shi)采收(shou),曬干。
性味:味甘;澀;性平
歸經(jing):歸肝;脾經(jing), 歸肺經(jing)
功能主治:養(yang)血止血;澀腸固(gu)精。主血虛體弱;吐(tu)血;鼻衄;勞傷(shang)(shang)咳血;便血;崩(beng)漏;遺精;帶下;痢疾(ji);脫肛;燙傷(shang)(shang);外(wai)傷(shang)(shang)出血。收斂止血。
根:祛風活(huo)絡,收斂止瀉。用(yong)于(yu)急、慢性(xing)腸(chang)胃炎,胃痛,消化(hua)不良,肝(gan)炎,痢疾,風濕性(xing)關節(jie)炎,腰(yao)肌(ji)勞損,功能(neng)性(xing)子宮(gong)出血(xue)(xue),脫肛(gang);外用(yong)治(zhi)燒燙傷。根含酚類(lei)、鞣質(zhi)等(deng),有(you)治(zhi)慢性(xing)痢疾、風濕、肝(gan)炎及降血(xue)(xue)脂(zhi)等(deng)功效。
葉:收斂止瀉,止血。用(yong)于急性胃腸炎(yan),消化不良(liang),痢疾:外(wai)用(yong)治外(wai)傷出血。
果:補(bu)血,滋(zi)養(yang),安胎。用于貧血,病后體(ti)虛,神(shen)經衰弱,耳鳴,遺精。