杏樹(shu)為落(luo)葉(xie)喬(qiao)木,高5-8(12)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。樹(shu)冠圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、扁(bian)(bian)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);樹(shu)皮(pi)灰褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),縱裂;多(duo)年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)枝淺(qian)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),皮(pi)孔大而橫生(sheng)(sheng),一年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)枝淺(qian)紅(hong)(hong)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),有光澤,無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),具多(duo)數(shu)小(xiao)(xiao)皮(pi)孔。小(xiao)(xiao)枝褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)紅(hong)(hong)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。葉(xie)片寬卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)圓(yuan)(yuan)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)5-9厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬4-8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先端(duan)急(ji)尖至(zhi)(zhi)短(duan)(duan)漸尖,基(ji)部(bu)(bu)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)(zhi)近(jin)心形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),葉(xie)邊有圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍(dun)鋸齒,兩面(mian)無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)下(xia)面(mian)脈(mo)腋間(jian)具柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);葉(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)2-3.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),基(ji)部(bu)(bu)常具1-6腺體。花(hua)(hua)單生(sheng)(sheng),直(zhi)徑2-3厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先于葉(xie)開(kai)放(fang);花(hua)(hua)梗(geng)短(duan)(duan),長(chang)(chang)1-3毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),被短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);花(hua)(hua)萼(e)紫綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se);萼(e)筒圓(yuan)(yuan)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),外面(mian)基(ji)部(bu)(bu)被短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);萼(e)片卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)(zhi)卵(luan)(luan)狀長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),先端(duan)急(ji)尖或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍(dun),花(hua)(hua)后反折;花(hua)(hua)瓣圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)(zhi)倒卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)帶紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),具短(duan)(duan)爪;雄(xiong)蕊約(yue)20-45,稍(shao)(shao)短(duan)(duan)于花(hua)(hua)瓣;子(zi)房(fang)被短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),花(hua)(hua)柱稍(shao)(shao)長(chang)(chang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)幾與(yu)(yu)雄(xiong)蕊等長(chang)(chang),下(xia)部(bu)(bu)具柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。果實球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),稀倒卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑約(yue)2.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)以上,白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)、黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)至(zhi)(zhi)黃(huang)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),常具紅(hong)(hong)暈,微(wei)被短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);果肉多(duo)汁,成熟時不(bu)開(kai)裂;核卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),兩側扁(bian)(bian)平,頂端(duan)圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍(dun),基(ji)部(bu)(bu)對稱,稀不(bu)對稱,表面(mian)稍(shao)(shao)粗(cu)糙或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)平滑,腹(fu)稜較圓(yuan)(yuan),常稍(shao)(shao)鈍(dun),背(bei)稜較直(zhi),腹(fu)面(mian)具龍骨狀稜;種(zhong)仁(ren)味苦或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)甜。花(hua)(hua)期3-4月(yue),花(hua)(hua)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)桃花(hua)(hua)和梅花(hua)(hua)相仿,含苞(bao)時純(chun)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),開(kai)花(hua)(hua)后顏色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)逐漸變淡,花(hua)(hua)落(luo)時變成純(chun)白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。果期6-7月(yue),果肉暗黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),味甜 多(duo)汁,具縫合線和柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),淡黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)至(zhi)(zhi)黃(huang)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。2n=16。
杏(xing)樹(shu)壽命長,華北、西北各地常(chang)見百年(nian)以上(shang)(shang)大樹(shu),產(chan)量仍(reng)很高(gao)。經濟壽命亦很長,在(zai)(zai)(zai)40~50年(nian)間。杏(xing)對土壤、地勢的(de)適應能(neng)力強,多種植在(zai)(zai)(zai)山坡梯田和丘陵地上(shang)(shang),在(zai)(zai)(zai)800~1000米的(de)高(gao)山上(shang)(shang)也能(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)長。在(zai)(zai)(zai)壤土、粘土、微酸性土、堿性土上(shang)(shang)甚至在(zai)(zai)(zai)巖縫中都能(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)長。杏(xing)樹(shu)耐(nai)寒力較(jiao)強,可(ke)耐(nai)-30℃或更低(di)的(de)溫度;耐(nai)高(gao)溫,如(ru)新疆喀什等(deng)地,夏季最(zui)高(gao)氣溫43.4℃仍(reng)能(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)長結果(guo)且品質佳。
可(ke)能原產中國(guo),亞(ya)(ya)洲中部,日(ri)本和(he)朝(chao)鮮(xian),但(dan)是在(zai)亞(ya)(ya)美尼亞(ya)(ya)和(he)古(gu)波斯國(guo)的地域(yu)也發現有此(ci)植物(wu);中國(guo)的西(xi)北(bei)、華(hua)北(bei)和(he)東(dong)北(bei)各(ge)地分布最廣。中國(guo)在(zai)公(gong)元前3000年(nian)就開(kai)始大(da)量栽培,西(xi)方國(guo)家的主要是通過絲綢(chou)之路而傳(chuan)過去的,性耐寒、喜(xi)光、抗旱、不耐澇(lao)。
杏在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國分布范(fan)圍很廣,除南部(bu)沿(yan)海及臺灣省(sheng)外,大(da)多數省(sheng)區皆有,其中(zhong)(zhong)以河北(bei)、山東、山西、河南、陜(shan)西、甘肅、青海、新(xin)(xin)疆、遼寧、吉林、黑(hei)龍江、內蒙、江蘇、安徽(hui)等地(di)較多,其集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)栽培(pei)區為東北(bei)南部(bu)、華北(bei)、西北(bei)等黃河流(liu)域(yu)各省(sheng)。在(zai)新(xin)(xin)疆伊犁一帶野生成純(chun)林或與新(xin)(xin)疆野蘋(pin)果林混(hun)生,海拔可達3000米。
為了(le)發展(zhan)杏(xing)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),先后在(zai)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)老產區建(jian)成了(le)一(yi)(yi)批新(xin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),如(ru)河北(bei)巨鹿、廣宗(zong)的(de)(de)串(chuan)枝(zhi)紅(hong)杏(xing)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),山東(dong)招遠的(de)(de)紅(hong)金榛杏(xing)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),張家(jia)口大(da)扁杏(xing)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),北(bei)京(jing)的(de)(de)水晶杏(xing)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),山東(dong)嶗山關爺(ye)臉杏(xing)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),山西陽高京(jing)杏(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)植基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),歷(li)城紅(hong)荷(he)苞基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),河南澠池仰韶紅(hong)杏(xing)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),陜西華(hua)縣大(da)接杏(xing)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),甘肅敦煌李光(guang)杏(xing)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和新(xin)疆英吉(ji)沙杏(xing)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)等。在(zai)這(zhe)些(xie)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)過程中,選用(yong)名優品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),科學的(de)(de)栽培管理技術,使中國杏(xing)生產水平躍上了(le)一(yi)(yi)個新(xin)的(de)(de)臺階(jie)。
杏(xing)(xing)是(shi)中國著(zhu)名的觀賞(shang)樹(shu)(shu)木,其(qi)花色又(you)(you)紅又(you)(you)白,胭脂萬點,花繁姿嬌,占盡(jin)春風。杏(xing)(xing)可(ke)(ke)配植于庭(ting)前、墻隅、道(dao)路旁、水邊,也可(ke)(ke)群(qun)植、片植于山(shan)坡、水畔。同時杏(xing)(xing)還是(shi)沙漠及荒山(shan)造木樹(shu)(shu)種。果(guo)可(ke)(ke)生(sheng)食(shi)或加工果(guo)脯、果(guo)仁可(ke)(ke)供(gong)食(shi)用(yong)(yong)及藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)。杏(xing)(xing)是(shi)著(zhu)名的果(guo)木,果(guo)供(gong)生(sheng)食(shi)之外,還可(ke)(ke)制成杏(xing)(xing)干、杏(xing)(xing)脯等。杏(xing)(xing)仁可(ke)(ke)供(gong)食(shi)用(yong)(yong)、榨油和藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)。樹(shu)(shu)齡較(jiao)長,可(ke)(ke)活一百年以上,是(shi)春季主要的觀賞(shang)樹(shu)(shu)種。
“裁(cai)剪(jian)冰綃,輕疊數重,淡著燕脂(zhi)勻(yun)注。新樣靚裝,艷溢香融(rong),羞煞蕊珠宮女。”這是宋(song)徽宗描述杏(xing)花的(de)(de)(de)傳神(shen)佳作(zuo)。 杏(xing)花具有(you)補中益氣,祛(qu)風(feng)通絡(luo)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用,可(ke)營養肌(ji)膚,祛(qu)除面上的(de)(de)(de)粉滓。宋(song)代的(de)(de)(de)《太平圣惠方(fang)》中,就有(you)以杏(xing)花、桃花洗(xi)面治斑點的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)載。古籍(ji)《魯(lu)府禁方(fang)》里有(you)一(yi)個美(mei)(mei)容(rong)秘方(fang),叫(jiao)“楊太真紅(hong)玉膏”,是楊貴妃美(mei)(mei)容(rong)專用的(de)(de)(de)。制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)時,將杏(xing)仁去皮,取滑石(shi)、輕粉各(ge)等份,共研末,蒸過(guo),入(ru)龍(long)腦、麝香少許,以雞蛋清(qing)調勻(yun),早晚洗(xi)面后(hou)敷之,具有(you)“令面紅(hong)潤悅澤,旬日后(hou)色如紅(hong)玉”的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效(xiao)。 杏(xing)花的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)容(rong)作(zuo)用與(yu)其含有(you)抑制(zhi)(zhi)皮膚細胞酯酸酶活性的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)分有(you)關。將杏(xing)花熬粥服用,可(ke)以借米谷助期藥(yao)力,讓腸胃充分吸(xi)收(shou)其內含抑制(zhi)(zhi)皮膚細胞酪氨酸酶活性的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)分,以預防粉刺和黑斑的(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)。
播種或嫁(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)繁殖。嫁(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)砧木可選山桃、梅、東北杏(xing)等,于7月中下旬進(jin)行(xing)丁字形芽接(jie)(jie)(jie)。芽接(jie)(jie)(jie)不可不晚,否則離皮困難,成活率低。如當年(nian)(nian)芽接(jie)(jie)(jie)末(mo)成活,可至次年(nian)(nian)春(chun)季(ji)枝(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)。也可用分蘗繁殖。
主要病蟲(chong)害有杏瘡(chuang)痂病、黑(hei)斑病,流(liu)膠病,杏象(xiang)甲、蚜蟲(chong)、紅蜘蛛、球(qiu)堅(jian)介(jie)、舟(zhou)形毛蟲(chong)等(deng),而(er)以杳(yao)瘡(chuang)痂病、黑(hei)斑病、球(qiu)堅(jian)介(jie)等(deng)危害較(jiao)重,應采(cai)取以下綜合措施(shi)防治(zhi)。
一、從入(ru)冬到發芽前,清除(chu)(chu)果園內(nei)的(de)枯枝(zhi)、落(luo)葉,剪除(chu)(chu)病(bing)枝(zhi),集中銷毀,刮除(chu)(chu)老(lao)樹皮,清除(chu)(chu)越冬病(bing)蟲(chong)源,減少病(bing)蟲(chong)基(ji)數。
二、開花前用(yong)5波美度石硫合劑噴枝干,防治杏瘡痂病(bing)、黑斑病(bing)、球堅介(jie)和其他越冬蟲卵(luan)。
三、3月中旬至(zhi)4月上旬是杏(xing)(xing)象(xiang)甲出土上樹危害期,利用(yong)其(qi)假(jia)死(si)性(xing),清(qing)晨搖樹,人(ren)工捕殺,清(qing)除蟲(chong)果,并及時(shi)噴20%速撲殺2000倍液(ye)和(he)50%多菌(jun)靈600倍液(ye)混(hun)合液(ye)。防治杏(xing)(xing)象(xiang)甲和(he)杏(xing)(xing)瘡痂病、黑斑病、穿孔病,也(ye)可選用(yong)其(qi)他殺蟲(chong)殺菌(jun)劑混(hun)用(yong)。
四、4月(yue)中旬(xun)噴(pen)40%菊馬乳油(you)1000倍(bei)液和速克靈(ling)200倍(bei)液,可防治杏瘡痂病(bing),黑斑病(bing)、穿(chuan)孔(kong)病(bing)及桃蚜。
五(wu)、6月中旬(xun)用滅掃利2000-3000倍(bei)液、速撲殺(sha)1000倍(bei)液和多霉清1500倍(bei)液防(fang)治紅(hong)蜘蛛、介類、黑斑病、穿孔病等病蟲,并(bing)人工捕殺(sha)紅(hong)頸天牛成(cheng)蟲。
六(liu)、7月中(zhong)下旬,人工捕殺群(qun)集而(er)未分散的舟形毛蟲(chong),或及時噴速滅殺丁(ding)2000倍液進行防治。
七、發芽(ya)前即花(hua)芽(ya)膨大期噴藥,可(ke)用(yong)(yong)吡蟲(chong)(chong)啉(lin)4000-5000倍液。發芽(ya)后使用(yong)(yong)吡蟲(chong)(chong)啉(lin)4000-5000倍液并加對(dui)氯氰(qing)菊酯2000~3000倍液可(ke)殺滅(mie)蚜蟲(chong)(chong),也可(ke)兼治杏(xing)仁(ren)蜂。坐果后可(ke)用(yong)(yong)蚜滅(mie)凈1500倍液防治蚜蟲(chong)(chong)。