落葉灌木(mu),高達(da)2米(mi)(mi),枝條直(zhi)立(li)(li)開展,有(you)(you)(you)刺;小枝圓(yuan)(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing),微屈曲,無(wu)毛(mao),紫褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)黑(hei)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se),有(you)(you)(you)疏生(sheng)(sheng)淺褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)皮孔;冬芽三角卵形(xing)(xing)(xing),先端(duan)急尖,近于(yu)(yu)無(wu)毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)在鱗片(pian)邊緣(yuan)(yuan)具(ju)短柔毛(mao),紫褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)。葉片(pian)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),稀長(chang)(chang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3-9厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬1.5-5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),先端(duan)急尖稀圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,基(ji)部(bu)(bu)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)寬楔形(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣(yuan)(yuan)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)尖銳鋸齒(chi),齒(chi)尖開展,無(wu)毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)在萌蘗上(shang)沿下面葉脈有(you)(you)(you)短柔毛(mao);葉柄長(chang)(chang)約1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);托(tuo)葉大形(xing)(xing)(xing),草質(zhi),腎形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)半(ban)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),稀卵形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)5-10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬12-20毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),邊緣(yuan)(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)尖銳重鋸齒(chi),無(wu)毛(mao)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)先葉開放,3-5朵簇生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)二(er)年生(sheng)(sheng)老(lao)枝上(shang);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗短粗(cu),長(chang)(chang)約3毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)近于(yu)(yu)無(wu)柄;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)直(zhi)徑3-5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);萼(e)筒(tong)鐘狀,外(wai)面無(wu)毛(mao);萼(e)片(pian)直(zhi)立(li)(li),半(ban)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)稀卵形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3-4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)。寬4-5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),長(chang)(chang)約萼(e)筒(tong)之(zhi)半(ban),先端(duan)圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,全緣(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)(you)波狀齒(chi),及黃(huang)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)睫(jie)毛(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)倒卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)近圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),基(ji)部(bu)(bu)延伸成短爪,長(chang)(chang)10-15毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬8-13毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),猩紅色(se)(se)(se),稀淡紅色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)白色(se)(se)(se);雄蕊45-50,長(chang)(chang)約花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)之(zhi)半(ban);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱5,基(ji)部(bu)(bu)合(he)生(sheng)(sheng),無(wu)毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)稍(shao)有(you)(you)(you)毛(mao),柱頭(tou)頭(tou)狀,有(you)(you)(you)不顯明分裂(lie),約與雄蕊等長(chang)(chang)。果實球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)卵球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑4-6厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)帶(dai)黃(huang)綠色(se)(se)(se),有(you)(you)(you)稀疏不顯明斑(ban)點,味芳(fang)香;萼(e)片(pian)脫落,果梗短或(huo)(huo)(huo)近于(yu)(yu)無(wu)梗。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)3-5月(yue),果期(qi)9-10月(yue)。
溫帶(dai)樹種。適應(ying)性強(qiang),喜(xi)光,也耐半陰,耐寒,耐旱。對土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)要(yao)求不(bu)嚴,在肥沃、排水良好的黏土(tu)(tu)、壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)中均可正常(chang)生長(chang),忌低洼(wa)和鹽堿地。
產陜西、甘肅、四川(chuan)、貴(gui)州、云(yun)南、廣東。緬甸亦(yi)有分布。
木瓜樹需要(yao)防治的主要(yao)病(bing)害(hai)(hai)是(shi)葉(xie)(xie)枯病(bing),對葉(xie)(xie)子(zi)的危害(hai)(hai)為主,有多(duo)角形黑(hei)褐色病(bing)斑出現在(zai)受害(hai)(hai)葉(xie)(xie)片上。凡是(shi)在(zai)綠(lv)葉(xie)(xie)期間都可發生這(zhe)一(yi)病(bing)害(hai)(hai),而尤其嚴(yan)重的在(zai)7~8月。防治措施包括把枯枝落葉(xie)(xie)清除(chu)并集中燒掉;以1:1:100倍(bei)(bei)的波爾多(duo)液噴霧于(yu)葉(xie)(xie)子(zi)上。另一(yi)病(bing)害(hai)(hai)就是(shi)蟲害(hai)(hai)。這(zhe)些害(hai)(hai)蟲主要(yao)是(shi)天牛、蚜蟲,蛀(zhu)食樹干、葉(xie)(xie)等等,防治可用樂果劑1500倍(bei)(bei)液施行。
早春先花后葉,很美麗。枝密多刺可(ke)作綠蘺(li)。
公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)、庭院、校園(yuan)(yuan)、廣(guang)場等道(dao)路兩(liang)側可(ke)栽(zai)植(zhi)皺皮(pi)木(mu)瓜樹,亭亭玉立,花果(guo)(guo)繁茂,燦若云錦,清香四溢,效果(guo)(guo)甚佳(jia)。皺皮(pi)木(mu)瓜作為獨特孤植(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)賞樹或三五成叢的點(dian)綴于園(yuan)(yuan)林小品(pin)或園(yuan)(yuan)林綠地中,也可(ke)培(pei)育(yu)成獨干或多干的喬灌木(mu)作片林或庭院點(dian)綴;春季觀(guan)(guan)花夏(xia)秋賞果(guo)(guo),淡(dan)雅俏秀,多姿多彩(cai),使人百看(kan)不厭,取悅其中。皺皮(pi)木(mu)瓜可(ke)制(zhi)作多種造型(xing)的盆景(jing)(jing),被稱為盆景(jing)(jing)中的十八學士之一(yi)。皺皮(pi)木(mu)瓜盆景(jing)(jing)可(ke)置于廳堂(tang)、花臺、門廊角(jiao)隅、休(xiu)閑場地,可(ke)與建筑合理搭配,使庭園(yuan)(yuan)勝景(jing)(jing)倍添風采,被點(dian)綴得更加幽(you)雅清秀。
據化驗(yan)分析,皺(zhou)皮木瓜優良品種含(han)蛋白質0.45%、脂肪0.57%、粗纖維(wei)2.11%、可溶性固形物(wu)8.8%、果膠9.5%、有機(ji)酸(suan)3.22%,每100g鮮果中含(han)鈣24.79mg、磷(lin)6.04mg、鐵4.53mg、維(wei)生素C 96.8mg、維(wei)生素A 6.35μg。此外,還含(han)有17種氨(an)基酸(suan),氨(an)基酸(suan)總含(han)量達(da)529m/100g。皺(zhou)皮木瓜最突出的特點是(shi)含(han)有豐富的齊墩(dun)果酸(suan)等有機(ji)酸(suan),加(jia)工產品不(bu)需(xu)添加(jia)防腐劑、檸(ning)檬酸(suan)、香(xiang)精、色素,是(shi)風(feng)味獨特的純天然綠色食品。
果(guo)實(shi)含(han)蘋果(guo)酸(suan)(suan)、酒石酸(suan)(suan)、構椽酸(suan)(suan)及(ji)丙種維生素等(deng),干制(zhi)后入藥(yao),有驅(qu)鳳、舒(shu)筋、活絡、鎮(zhen)痛、消腫、順(shun)氣之效。
據(ju)上海藥物研(yan)究所(suo)等單(dan)位聯合測定(ding),皺皮(pi)木瓜(gua)中含有(you)增強(qiang)人體免(mian)疫功(gong)能、具廣譜殺菌(jun)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)齊墩(dun)果酸,對(dui)傷(shang)寒、痢疾桿菌(jun)和金色葡萄球菌(jun)等都有(you)較強(qiang)的(de)(de)抑制作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。此外,民間還(huan)流傳著很多用(yong)(yong)(yong)皺皮(pi)木瓜(gua)健身(shen)治病(bing)的(de)(de)土(tu)方、驗方,如加蜜糖煮(zhu)食用(yong)(yong)(yong),可(ke)順氣、活(huo)血(xue)、壯(zhuang)筋骨;皺皮(pi)木瓜(gua)煎湯服,用(yong)(yong)(yong)于產婦催奶;老年人用(yong)(yong)(yong)皺皮(pi)木瓜(gua)枝(zhi)干作手杖,可(ke)舒筋活(huo)絡,延年益壽。另外,皺皮(pi)木瓜(gua)對(dui)腰腿酸痛(tong)麻木,腓(fei)腸(chang)肌痙攣,四肢抽搐,風濕性關(guan)節炎等病(bing)癥(zheng)具良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)功(gong)效。