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基本介紹

《論(lun)(lun)讀書》是文(wen)藝復興時期英國(guo)哲(zhe)學家、散文(wen)家弗朗(lang)(lang)西(xi)斯(si)·培(pei)根創(chuang)作(zuo)的(de)(de)一(yi)篇論(lun)(lun)說散文(wen)。全(quan)文(wen)雖(sui)短(duan)卻字字珠璣。這篇文(wen)章不僅(jin)在用詞方面多(duo)采用莊(zhuang)重(zhong)典(dian)雅的(de)(de)古語(yu)詞、大詞，著重(zhong)體(ti)現(xian)作(zuo)者的(de)(de)冷靜、理(li)性，語(yu)言富有卓見，蘊(yun)含哲(zhe)理(li)，而且句(ju)(ju)子(zi)富有節奏感，讀來朗(lang)(lang)朗(lang)(lang)上口。句(ju)(ju)式(shi)多(duo)采用并列(lie)式(shi)，體(ti)現(xian)語(yu)言及語(yu)義的(de)(de)平(ping)衡美。培(pei)根善(shan)用排比(bi)(bi)和比(bi)(bi)喻，深入(ru)淺(qian)出地說明道理(li)。文(wen)中格(ge)言警句(ju)(ju)層出不窮，除連結(jie)句(ju)(ju)外，幾乎句(ju)(ju)句(ju)(ju)是警句(ju)(ju)，言簡意賅，很有說服力。這些論(lun)(lun)說文(wen)的(de)(de)特色(se)在原文(wen)中體(ti)現(xian)得非(fei)常明顯，堪稱論(lun)(lun)說文(wen)的(de)(de)典(dian)范(fan)。

內容介紹

作品原文

Of Studies

Studies serve for delight, for ornament①, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition② of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling③ of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth④; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning⑤, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute⑥; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things⑦.

Reading makes a full man; conference⑧ a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend⑨. Abeunt studia in mores⑩:Studies pass into the character. Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but maybe wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen ; for they are cymini sectores?. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt?.?

注釋譯文

詞句注釋

①ornament：n.裝飾；裝飾物。

②disposition：n.處置。

③marshalling：n.處(chu)理。

④sloth：n.懶(lan)惰。

⑤pruning：n.修(xiu)剪(jian)；剪(jian)枝。

⑥confute：vt.駁斥，駁倒。

⑦flashy things：索然無味的東西(xi)。

⑧conference：n.談(tan)話，會(hui)談(tan)。

⑨contend：vt & vi. 辯(bian)論。

⑩Abeunt studia in mores：拉丁文(wen)，學問塑造氣質（Studies influence manners）。

?cymini sectores：善于(yu)區分細節(jie)的人（splitters of hairs）。

?receipt：n.處方。

中文譯文

論讀書

讀(du)(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)足以怡(yi)情，足以博才(cai)(cai)，足以長才(cai)(cai)。其怡(yi)情也，最(zui)見(jian)于獨處(chu)(chu)(chu)幽(you)居之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時；其博才(cai)(cai)也，最(zui)見(jian)于高談闊(kuo)論之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中；其長才(cai)(cai)也，最(zui)見(jian)于處(chu)(chu)(chu)世(shi)判(pan)事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際。練達之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士雖能分別(bie)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理細事或一(yi)一(yi)判(pan)別(bie)枝節，然(ran)縱觀統籌、全(quan)局策劃，則(ze)(ze)(ze)舍好學深思(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)莫屬。讀(du)(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)費時過多易惰，文采藻飾太盛則(ze)(ze)(ze)矯，全(quan)憑條(tiao)文斷事乃(nai)學究故態。讀(du)(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)補天(tian)然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)足，經驗(yan)又補讀(du)(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)足，蓋天(tian)生才(cai)(cai)干猶(you)(you)如自然(ran)花草，讀(du)(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)然(ran)后知如何修剪移(yi)接；而(er)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中所示，如不(bu)(bu)以經驗(yan)范之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，則(ze)(ze)(ze)又大而(er)無當(dang)。有(you)一(yi)技之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)鄙讀(du)(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，無知者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)羨讀(du)(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，唯(wei)明智之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士用讀(du)(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，然(ran)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)并不(bu)(bu)以用處(chu)(chu)(chu)告人，用書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智不(bu)(bu)在書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中，而(er)在書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)外，全(quan)憑觀察(cha)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。讀(du)(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)時不(bu)(bu)可存心詰難作者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)可盡信(xin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)上所言，亦不(bu)(bu)可只為尋章摘句，而(er)應(ying)推敲細思(si)。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)可淺嘗者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，有(you)可吞食者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，少數則(ze)(ze)(ze)須咀嚼(jiao)消化。換言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，有(you)只須讀(du)(du)(du)其部(bu)分者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，有(you)只須大體涉獵者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，少數則(ze)(ze)(ze)須全(quan)讀(du)(du)(du)，讀(du)(du)(du)時須全(quan)神貫注，孜(zi)孜(zi)不(bu)(bu)倦。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)亦可請人代讀(du)(du)(du)，取其所作摘要，但只限題材(cai)較(jiao)次或價值不(bu)(bu)高者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，否則(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)經提煉(lian)猶(you)(you)如水經蒸餾、淡而(er)無味矣。

讀(du)書(shu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人充實，討(tao)論使(shi)(shi)(shi)人機智(zhi)，筆記(ji)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人準確。因此(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)常(chang)(chang)作筆記(ji)者(zhe)須(xu)記(ji)憶特強，不(bu)(bu)(bu)常(chang)(chang)討(tao)論者(zhe)須(xu)天(tian)生聰穎，不(bu)(bu)(bu)常(chang)(chang)讀(du)書(shu)者(zhe)須(xu)欺世有(you)(you)術(shu)，始能(neng)無(wu)知(zhi)(zhi)而顯有(you)(you)知(zhi)(zhi)。讀(du)史使(shi)(shi)(shi)人明智(zhi)，讀(du)詩使(shi)(shi)(shi)人靈秀，數學(xue)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人周密，科學(xue)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人深刻，倫理(li)學(xue)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人莊重，邏輯修辭之學(xue)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人善辯：凡(fan)有(you)(you)所學(xue)，皆成性格(ge)。人之才智(zhi)但有(you)(you)滯礙，無(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可讀(du)適當之書(shu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)之順暢，一如(ru)身體百病，皆可借相宜(yi)之運動除之。滾球利睪(gao)腎，射箭利胸肺(fei)，慢步利腸胃，騎術(shu)利頭腦，諸如(ru)此(ci)類(lei)。如(ru)智(zhi)力不(bu)(bu)(bu)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)，可令(ling)讀(du)數學(xue)，蓋(gai)演題須(xu)全(quan)神貫注，稍有(you)(you)分散即須(xu)重演；如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)辨異，可令(ling)讀(du)經院(yuan)哲學(xue)，蓋(gai)是輩(bei)皆吹毛(mao)求疵(ci)之人；如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)善求同，不(bu)(bu)(bu)善以一物闡證另一物，可令(ling)讀(du)律師之案(an)卷(juan)。如(ru)此(ci)頭腦中(zhong)(zhong)凡(fan)有(you)(you)缺(que)陷，皆有(you)(you)特藥可醫(yi)。

（王佐良譯）

背景介紹

文(wen)藝(yi)復(fu)興(xing)時(shi)期，人(ren)文(wen)主義者關心(xin)人(ren)本身，把完美的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)作(zuo)為(wei)自己的(de)(de)(de)理想。為(wei)救治與(yu)教(jiao)化(hua)有弱點與(yu)弊病的(de)(de)(de)凡人(ren)，當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)章常帶(dai)有教(jiao)誨(hui)目的(de)(de)(de)。《論讀書》就是在(zai)這樣的(de)(de)(de)歷史背景下(xia)創(chuang)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)，是《培根(gen)隨筆》中的(de)(de)(de)一篇(pian)重要的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)章，發表于(yu)1653年(nian)。

作者介紹

弗朗西斯(si)·培(pei)(pei)根（Francis Bacon，1561年1月(yue)22日(ri)—1626年4月(yue)9日(ri)），第(di)一(yi)代圣阿爾本子(zi)爵(jue)（1st Viscount St Alban），英(ying)國文(wen)藝復(fu)興時期散文(wen)家、哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家。英(ying)國唯物主義哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家，實(shi)驗科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)創始(shi)人，是(shi)(shi)(shi)近(jin)代歸納法的(de)(de)創始(shi)人，又是(shi)(shi)(shi)給科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研究程序進行邏輯組織(zhi)化的(de)(de)先(xian)驅。培(pei)(pei)根12歲入(ru)劍(jian)橋大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，后擔任女(nv)王特別法律顧問以(yi)及朝廷(ting)的(de)(de)首席檢察官、掌璽(xi)大(da)臣等。晚年，受(shou)宮(gong)廷(ting)陰謀逐出宮(gong)廷(ting)，脫離政治(zhi)生涯，專(zhuan)心從事學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術研究和著述(shu)活(huo)動，寫成了一(yi)批在近(jin)代文(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)思想史上具有重大(da)影響(xiang)的(de)(de)著作(zuo)，其(qi)中最(zui)重要的(de)(de)一(yi)部是(shi)(shi)(shi)《偉大(da)的(de)(de)復(fu)興新(xin)工具論》。另(ling)外，他以(yi)哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家的(de)(de)眼光，思考了廣泛的(de)(de)人生問題(ti)，寫出了許多形式(shi)短小、風(feng)格活(huo)潑的(de)(de)隨筆小品(pin)，集成《培(pei)(pei)根隨筆》。1626年3月(yue)底，培(pei)(pei)根由于身體孱弱，在實(shi)驗中遭受(shou)風(feng)寒，支氣管(guan)炎復(fu)發，病情惡化。1626年4月(yue)9日(ri)清晨病逝(shi)。主要著作(zuo)有《新(xin)工具》《論科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)增(zeng)進》以(yi)及《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術的(de)(de)偉大(da)復(fu)興》等。

鑒賞評價

文學賞析

詞匯分析

《論讀書》這篇隨筆，文字干(gan)凈(jing)利落，多用古語詞（archaism）和大詞（big words），語言顯得莊重、典雅(ya)，給(gei)人以(yi)厚重、正式的(de)感覺。詞的(de)運用幾乎(hu)未選possibly, perhaps, probably, inmy opinion 等謙遜、客氣、模(mo)棱兩可的(de)詞。

文中用(yong)到的(de)文言詞(ci)有：marshalling, humour, maketh, doth, stond, discourse。這些詞(ci)的(de)使用(yong)就像古漢語中“之(zhi)”、“乎”、“者(zhe)”、“也”詞(ci)匯的(de)使用(yong)一樣，給人一種古老(lao)、厚重的(de)感覺(jue)。

文中(zhong)還(huan)用(yong)到一些現代英語(yu)(yu)詞(ci)的(de)古用(yong)法(fa)形式。其中(zhong)很多詞(ci)今天已經(jing)不再(zai)具(ju)備它原(yuan)有的(de)語(yu)(yu)法(fa)和語(yu)(yu)義功能。它們和中(zhong)國的(de)文言文一樣具(ju)有特定歷史時期的(de)語(yu)(yu)言色彩。例(li)如：proyning = pruning, subtile = subtle, stond = hindrance, stoppage, receipt = recipe, nay = no, like as = as, except = unless, else = or else, never = ever, natural philosophy= natural science, in the wit = in themind, bounded in = checked, disposition = management。

文中還有兩處使用了(le)拉丁語，這是(shi)作者的(de)偏好，認為拉丁語能流傳長久，能給文章增添古色(se)古香的(de)味道。“Abeunt studia in mores”一句，培根在(zai)Advancement of Leaning 一文中的(de)解(jie)釋為：“studieshave an influence upon the manners of those that are conversant in them”，意為：“專心(xin)學問者，性格也受陶冶(ye)。”Cymini sectores = hair-splitters，即“過分講究細節(jie)的(de)人”。

文中還(huan)用(yong)到一(yi)些大(da)詞，例如：ornament, disposition, contradict, confute, attention, extracts, conference, cunmng, impediment, demonstrations，等等。這些詞給人一(yi)種高雅、莊嚴的(de)色(se)彩感覺，適于嚴肅(su)、正式的(de)場合。

句式分析

并列句

《論讀書(shu)》這(zhe)篇文章(zhang)句式單一(yi)，19個(ge)句子就有12個(ge)句子采用了并(bing)列結(jie)構，體現(xian)了語言的(de)平衡美。這(zhe)樣的(de)文章(zhang)樸實大方，讀起來毫(hao)無矯揉造作(zuo)之感(gan)。盡(jin)管如此，作(zuo)者(zhe)還(huan)是十分注(zhu)意長、短句的(de)交替(ti)使(shi)用，以(yi)避免整齊劃一(yi)的(de)句式顯得單調(diao)乏味，從而使(shi)行文更富(fu)節奏感(gan)。例如：

Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to content.

這是由分號連結起來的一個并列(lie)(lie)句(ju)(ju)。第一個分號之后各句(ju)(ju)承前省(sheng)略了(le)(le)make men。這樣的句(ju)(ju)子排(pai)列(lie)(lie)整齊，表意鮮明(ming)。并列(lie)(lie)的部分都省(sheng)略前面相同(tong)的成(cheng)分，重點突出，使讀者(zhe)一目了(le)(le)然，給人以清晰(xi)明(ming)快的感覺(jue)。而且平衡的句(ju)(ju)式(shi)形成(cheng)排(pai)比風格，猶如排(pai)山倒海之勢，頗具說服力。

“關(guan)于make的用(yong)(yong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，培根在此篇(pian)文章中采用(yong)(yong)兩種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，一(yi)(yi)是(shi)帶賓補的用(yong)(yong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，即這一(yi)(yi)句中：histories make men wise；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)帶賓語(yu)的用(yong)(yong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，如：reading maketh a full man，作者用(yong)(yong)make和maketh加(jia)以區別make所帶的不同結構(gou)。”

For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling ofaffairs, come best from those that are learned.

這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)并列句(ju)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)于上一(yi)(yi)句(ju)，這(zhe)句(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)并列關系是由連詞and，but連接起(qi)來的(de)。每一(yi)(yi)個分(fen)(fen)句(ju)不(bu)如上句(ju)那(nei)么短(duan)促(cu)、明(ming)快，而(er)是多一(yi)(yi)些(xie)推理和(he)(he)描述(shu)性(xing)的(de)語言，這(zhe)主要是因(yin)為此句(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)作者旨在分(fen)(fen)析讀書給人(ren)(ren)的(de)益處(chu)，分(fen)(fen)析那(nei)些(xie)有(you)經驗的(de)“練達之士雖然(ran)能處(chu)理細(xi)事，一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)判(pan)別枝節，然(ran)縱觀統籌，全局(ju)策(ce)劃，則非好學(xue)深思(si)多讀書之人(ren)(ren)莫屬”（王佐良譯）。這(zhe)是短(duan)句(ju)和(he)(he)長(chang)(chang)句(ju)給人(ren)(ren)的(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)感(gan)覺(jue)。短(duan)句(ju)，短(duan)小利落，給人(ren)(ren)以確信、勿庸置(zhi)疑(yi)的(de)味道，多使(shi)人(ren)(ren)受教；而(er)長(chang)(chang)句(ju)，尤其由連詞連接的(de)長(chang)(chang)句(ju)，語氣(qi)連貫、舒緩，善(shan)于推理、論(lun)述(shu)，在陳述(shu)和(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)析中(zhong)(zhong)給人(ren)(ren)以啟迪和(he)(he)思(si)考的(de)空間。

省略句

Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

這一句省略了(le)表(biao)(biao)語 is，全句結構緊(jin)湊、表(biao)(biao)意(yi)突(tu)出，具有(you)言簡意(yi)賅的強烈效果。三個否定詞(ci)not，nor，nor的使用把(ba)“讀書不是(shi)為了(le)要(yao)辯駁，不是(shi)要(yao)盲(mang)目信(xin)從，不是(shi)要(yao)尋找(zhao)談資”排列得緊(jin)湊整齊，強烈地表(biao)(biao)達(da)了(le)作(zuo)者否定的語氣(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)不贊(zan)成(cheng)的態度。最后以一個轉折詞(ci)but連接(jie)收尾，簡潔有(you)力，語氣(qi)(qi)上由(you)否定轉向(xiang)肯定，給人一種(zhong)義(yi)正詞(ci)嚴、豁然(ran)開朗的感受。由(you)“不要(yao)”、“不要(yao)”、“不要(yao)”轉為“而要(yao)權衡和(he)(he)思考”，給人留下(xia)深刻的印象，很(hen)有(you)說服力。

復合句

復合句(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)使用有并列句(ju)(ju)(ju)所不及的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)體功能，即善于表現事物間的(de)(de)(de)種種復雜(za)關系，“在復合句(ju)(ju)(ju)中，主句(ju)(ju)(ju)結構獨(du)立，從(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)依(yi)附于主句(ju)(ju)(ju)；從(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)所表達的(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念是對主句(ju)(ju)(ju)意(yi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)補充、解釋或限定”。

They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience:for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in experience.

這(zhe)一句(ju)中的(de)(de)主句(ju)后帶有一個由(you)連(lian)(lian)詞(ci)for引(yin)導(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因狀(zhuang)語從(cong)(cong)句(ju)，從(cong)(cong)句(ju)中有主句(ju)、由(you)that引(yin)導(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)定語從(cong)(cong)句(ju)和(he)由(you)except引(yin)導(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件從(cong)(cong)句(ju)。原(yuan)因狀(zhuang)語從(cong)(cong)句(ju)用來解(jie)釋(shi)讀書(shu)和(he)經驗的(de)(de)互補關系(xi)；定語從(cong)(cong)句(ju)是(shi)(shi)補充(chong)說明“天生(sheng)的(de)(de)才(cai)干猶如天然(ran)花木，須靠讀書(shu)修剪枝葉(xie)”。條(tiao)件從(cong)(cong)句(ju)是(shi)(shi)用來限制“讀書(shu)如不(bu)以經驗范(fan)之，則又大而無當”（王佐良譯）。語義雖(sui)然(ran)冗繁(fan)復雜，但使用不(bu)同從(cong)(cong)句(ju)的(de)(de)關系(xi)連(lian)(lian)詞(ci)來引(yin)導(dao)(dao)，則又顯得條(tiao)理十分(fen)清楚(chu)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)并列句(ju)乃至(zhi)其他句(ju)式所不(bu)能(neng)比(bi)擬的(de)(de)文(wen)體功能(neng)優勢。

修辭特點

排比

排(pai)比就是把結構相同、意氣并重、語氣一致的詞組或句子(zi)排(pai)列成串，形成一個(ge)整體。《論讀書》中(zhong)這樣的結構隨處可見，而且作者運(yun)用得當，很有氣勢。

To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour ofa scholar.

三(san)個同樣的不定(ding)式結(jie)構(gou)(gou)語氣一致，分析褥淋漓盡致、準(zhun)確生動。這種排比結(jie)構(gou)(gou)用來說明和定(ding)論，不僅結(jie)構(gou)(gou)嚴謹整(zheng)齊，而且文(wen)章的節奏(zou)也勻稱(cheng)悅耳，大大提高了語言的表現(xian)力。

優(you)美(mei)(mei)的(de)散(san)(san)(san)文(wen)(wen)之所(suo)以能給人(ren)們的(de)聽覺帶(dai)來美(mei)(mei)的(de)享受，在(zai)(zai)很大程度上應歸功于其優(you)美(mei)(mei)的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)。散(san)(san)(san)文(wen)(wen)的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)雖不(bu)像詩的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)那樣有(you)固(gu)定的(de)模(mo)式和(he)規(gui)律，但作家總(zong)是注意(yi)選擇某種(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)，使(shi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)成為烘托語義的(de)一種(zhong)表(biao)達手(shou)段(duan)；而文(wen)(wen)學批評家則總(zong)是把節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)看作“文(wen)(wen)體風格的(de)組成部分（anintegral part of the style）”。S.H. Burton在(zai)(zai)《The Criticism ofProse》一書中指出：早(zao)期英(ying)語散(san)(san)(san)文(wen)(wen)的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)多是靠排比(bi)結構予(yu)以實現的(de)。在(zai)(zai)《論讀書》這篇(pian)散(san)(san)(san)文(wen)(wen)中，培根就十分注重使(shi)用排比(bi)結構來實現節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)美(mei)(mei)，還注意(yi)交替(ti)使(shi)用并列句(ju)和(he)復合(he)句(ju)來體現節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)感。例如：

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

比喻

培根善(shan)用形象(xiang)的(de)(de)比(bi)喻深入淺(qian)出(chu)地說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)一(yi)個(ge)道理，因而(er)文中充滿了諸如(ru)taste, swallow, chew, digest等(deng)比(bi)喻。“Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study”，是說(shuo)(shuo)天(tian)生的(de)(de)才干需要知識來磨練(lian)就像草木需要修枝(zhi)剪葉(xie)一(yi)樣(yang)；“some books are to be tasted, others to beswallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested”，是說(shuo)(shuo)讀(du)書猶如(ru)吃食(shi)物，“有的(de)(de)書淺(qian)嘗即可(ke)，有的(de)(de)書可(ke)以狼吞虎咽(yan)，少數則須(xu)咀嚼消化(hua)”（王楫 譯）。“else distilled books are, likecommon distilled waters, flashy things”，這一(yi)句(ju)是說(shuo)(shuo)“書經提(ti)煉猶如(ru)水經蒸(zheng)餾，淡(dan)而(er)無(wu)味矣”（王佐良譯）。這些深刻的(de)(de)讀(du)書之道，若不(bu)是用這么形象(xiang)的(de)(de)比(bi)喻，很難達到(dao)這么通俗易懂(dong)的(de)(de)效果(guo)，形象(xiang)的(de)(de)比(bi)喻用得恰到(dao)好處(chu)，令人信服(fu)。

語言特色

《論讀書》全文沒有分段，一(yi)氣(qi)呵成。文中短句多，并列(lie)句多，標點多。像培根(gen)這樣的(de)文風(feng)在(zai)當時被稱為“松散(san)、自(zi)由的(de)風(feng)格(ge)（loose and free style）”（1987: 340）。文中不大使用復合結構(gou)，并列(lie)句中各個意思(si)都(dou)處于平等(deng)(deng)的(de)地位，一(yi)個接一(yi)個說(shuo)下(xia)去，逐(zhu)步深入。因此，并列(lie)連詞（and, but, for, nor 等(deng)(deng)）遠遠多于主(zhu)從連詞（as, smce, because等(deng)(deng)）。“這類文章(zhang)，雖(sui)則是松散(san)自(zi)由的(de)，它還是很講究修(xiu)辭”，排比(bi)和(he)比(bi)喻隨(sui)處可見。

全篇文(wen)章旨在強(qiang)調(diao)讀書的功效(xiao)，作(zuo)者相信(xin)(xin)人(ren)們頭腦中一切病端都有辦法救治，而讀書就是(shi)一劑萬能的良(liang)藥。這種(zhong)對人(ren)的自我完善(shan)的渴求及(ji)確信(xin)(xin)必達目的之(zhi)抱負，反映(ying)了文(wen)藝復興(xing)時(shi)代崇尚理性、相信(xin)(xin)人(ren)的力量和人(ren)具(ju)有無(wu)限潛力的“人(ren)文(wen)主義精神”。

為反映作(zuo)者的(de)(de)冷靜、理(li)性和自信的(de)(de)態度，文(wen)章也采用簡(jian)潔這一風格。“簡(jian)潔就是言簡(jian)意賅。文(wen)章沒(mei)有多余的(de)(de)詞，沒(mei)有多余的(de)(de)句，但(dan)內容又很豐(feng)富，含義也很深(shen)刻。”例如：

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament,is in discourse, and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition ofbusiness...

這個句子寫得干凈利落，讓人聽來仿佛覺得作者在(zai)述說一條千真(zhen)萬確的(de)真(zhen)理，語(yu)氣肯定，絲毫未表現(xian)謙(qian)遜(xun)、遲疑和含(han)混的(de)語(yu)氣。

外界評價

天文(wen)學家、科普作家卞(bian)(bian)毓麟(lin)《恬(tian)淡悠閱——卞(bian)(bian)毓麟(lin)書(shu)事選(xuan)錄(lu)》：“英(ying)國思(si)想家、哲學家、實驗科學的(de)先驅(qu)者弗(fu)朗(lang)西斯·培根的(de)一(yi)篇Of Studies，400年來引(yin)得(de)世上多(duo)少讀(du)者競(jing)折腰。數十年前讀(du)王佐良先生(sheng)的(de)譯(yi)文(wen)（篇名譯(yi)為《談讀(du)書(shu)》），唯覺詞(ci)清句麗(li)，妙不可言。……”

上海(hai)師范大學(xue)人文(wen)(wen)(wen)與傳播學(xue)院(yuan)教授劉文(wen)(wen)(wen)榮《經(jing)典作家談書與讀書》：“全文(wen)(wen)(wen)不足兩千字，卻將讀書之(zhi)功用(yong)、讀書之(zhi)方法及讀書與性格之(zhi)關(guan)系一一道來，且句句有理，實為言簡意賅之(zhi)典范。”

天津(jin)外國語大學教授馬鐘元《每天讀(du)(du)點英(ying)文(wen)英(ying)美文(wen)化常(chang)識全集(ji) 超值白金版》：“《論讀(du)(du)書》是弗(fu)朗西斯·培根(gen)的(de)(de)《散文(wen)集(ji)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)一篇，其文(wen)風以(yi)(yi)簡潔、緊(jin)湊和(he)有(you)力(li)而著(zhu)稱(cheng)。其中(zhong)，《論讀(du)(du)書》是最(zui)膾炙人(ren)口的(de)(de)一篇。在文(wen)中(zhong)，培根(gen)分析了讀(du)(du)書的(de)(de)主要目(mu)的(de)(de)、讀(du)(du)書所應采(cai)用的(de)(de)不(bu)同方式以(yi)(yi)及讀(du)(du)書對人(ren)的(de)(de)性格的(de)(de)影響。文(wen)章最(zui)精(jing)彩的(de)(de)地方不(bu)僅在于其論據具有(you)說服力(li)，而且在于遣詞(ci)(ci)造句、句型(xing)和(he)結構的(de)(de)優美。……總之，本文(wen)中(zhong)運用了許多寫作技巧。整體(ti)行文(wen)語句優美，用詞(ci)(ci)準確，令(ling)人(ren)信服。《論讀(du)(du)書》是一篇優美散文(wen)中(zhong)的(de)(de)典(dian)范，值得仔(zi)細咀嚼(jiao)。”