繡(xiu)線(xian)菊(ju)(Spiraea salicifolia L.),是(shi)薔(qiang)薇科(ke)繡(xiu)線(xian)菊(ju)屬直立(li)灌木。繡(xiu)線(xian)菊(ju)嫩(nen)枝被(bei)柔毛(mao)(mao),老(lao)時(shi)脫落;冬(dong)芽(ya)有數枚褐(he)色外(wai)露鱗片(pian),疏被(bei)柔毛(mao)(mao);長圓形或金(jin)字塔形圓錐花(hua)序(xu),被(bei)柔毛(mao)(mao);苞片(pian)披針形至線(xian)狀披針形,全緣或有少數鋸齒;花(hua)盤環形,裂片(pian)呈細圓鋸齒狀;花(hua)期6~8月;果期8~9月。繡(xiu)線(xian)菊(ju)的花(hua)頭碎紫成簇而生,心(xin)中吐出素縷,如線(xian)之大,自夏至秋都有,故名“繡(xiu)線(xian)菊(ju)”。
繡線(xian)(xian)菊原產于中國東北以(yi)及(ji)河北等(deng)地,蒙古、日(ri)本、朝鮮以(yi)及(ji)歐洲東南部均(jun)有分布。繡線(xian)(xian)菊是陽性植物,耐寒、不(bu)耐熱,高(gao)溫生長遲疑(yi)或不(bu)良,栽(zai)培(pei)介質(zhi)以(yi)腐殖(zhi)土(tu)或砂(sha)質(zhi)壤土(tu)為佳(jia)。繡線(xian)(xian)菊主要以(yi)分株(zhu)繁(fan)殖(zhi)、扦插(cha)繁(fan)殖(zhi)為主。
繡線菊枝繁葉茂(mao),葉似柳(liu)葉,小(xiao)花(hua)密集,花(hua)色粉紅,花(hua)期(qi)長,自初(chu)夏可(ke)至秋初(chu),是(shi)良(liang)好的園林觀(guan)賞植物(wu)和蜜(mi)源植物(wu),也是(shi)理想(xiang)的植籬材料和觀(guan)花(hua)灌木,適宜多(duo)種用(yong)途(tu)栽培觀(guan)賞。
繡(xiu)線菊貧齒(chi)變種(zhong)(Spiraea salicifolia L. var. oligodonta Yu)葉片(pian)全緣或(huo)自中部以上疏生極淺鋸齒(chi),邊緣微被細(xi)短柔毛(mao)。分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)中國黑龍江。生于(yu)海拔(ba)700米的山腳(jiao)下水(shui)甸(dian)旁。
繡線菊巨齒變(bian)種(zhong)(Spiraea salicifolia L. var. grosseserrata Liou)葉緣(yuan)鋸齒較(jiao)深,呈缺(que)刻(ke)狀重鋸齒。分布(bu)于(yu)中(zhong)國黑龍(long)江、吉林。生于(yu)河岸旁。
分(fen)布于中(zhong)國、蒙古、日本、朝鮮、俄羅斯西伯利亞以及歐(ou)洲東南部。在中(zhong)國分(fen)布于黑龍(long)江、吉(ji)林、遼寧、內蒙古、河北。生長于海拔200~900米的(de)河流沿岸、濕草原、空(kong)曠地和山溝(gou)中(zhong)。喜光也稍耐蔭(yin),喜溫暖濕潤的(de)氣候和深厚肥沃的(de)土壤。
直立灌木,高1~2米;枝(zhi)條(tiao)密集,小枝(zhi)稍有稜角,黃褐色,嫩枝(zhi)具短柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao),老(lao)時(shi)脫落;冬芽卵形(xing)或(huo)長(chang)圓卵形(xing),先端急尖(jian),有數個褐色外露鱗(lin)片,外被稀疏(shu)細短柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)。葉片長(chang)圓披針(zhen)形(xing)至披針(zhen)形(xing),長(chang)4~8厘米,寬1~2.5厘米,先端急尖(jian)或(huo)漸(jian)尖(jian),基(ji)部(bu)楔(xie)形(xing),邊緣密生(sheng)銳鋸齒,有時(shi)為重鋸齒,兩面無毛(mao);葉柄(bing)長(chang)1~4毫(hao)米,無毛(mao)。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)序為長(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)金字(zi)塔(ta)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的圓(yuan)錐(zhui)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序,長(chang)6~13厘米,直(zhi)徑3~5厘米,被(bei)細(xi)短(duan)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao),花(hua)(hua)(hua)朵密集;花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)4~7毫米;苞片(pian)(pian)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)至線狀(zhuang)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing),全(quan)緣或(huo)有(you)少數鋸齒,微被(bei)細(xi)短(duan)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)直(zhi)徑5~7毫米;萼筒(tong)鐘狀(zhuang);萼片(pian)(pian)三角形(xing)(xing)(xing),內(nei)面微被(bei)短(duan)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣卵形(xing)(xing)(xing),先端通常圓(yuan)鈍,長(chang)2~3毫米,寬2~2.5毫米,粉紅色;雄蕊50,約長(chang)于花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣2倍(bei);花(hua)(hua)(hua)盤圓(yuan)環形(xing)(xing)(xing),裂片(pian)(pian)呈細(xi)圓(yuan)鋸齒狀(zhuang);子房有(you)稀(xi)疏短(duan)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao),花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)短(duan)于雄蕊。蓇葖果(guo)直(zhi)立,無毛(mao)或(huo)沿(yan)腹縫(feng)有(you)短(duan)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao),花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)頂生,傾斜開展,常具反折萼片(pian)(pian)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)6~8月,果(guo)期(qi)8~9月。
光照(zhao)與溫(wen)度(du):在這(zhe)個鄭州地區可露地越(yue)冬。在光照(zhao)充足及20~25℃溫(wen)度(du)條(tiao)件下生長發育良好。冬季低于~25℃時會發生凍(dong)害,甚至導致死(si)亡。
澆水(shui)(shui)與(yu)(yu)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei):栽植(zhi)(zhi)前施(shi)足基肥(fei)(fei),一般施(shi)腐熟的肥(fei)(fei),深翻樹穴,將肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)與(yu)(yu)土壤拌(ban)均勻。栽植(zhi)(zhi)后澆透水(shui)(shui)。繡線菊怕(pa)水(shui)(shui)大(da),水(shui)(shui)大(da)易爛根,因此平(ping)時(shi)保持土壤濕潤(run)即(ji)可。繡線菊喜肥(fei)(fei),生長(chang)盛期每月施(shi)3~4次(ci)腐熟的餅肥(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui),花期施(shi)2~3次(ci)磷、鉀肥(fei)(fei)(磷酸二氫鉀),秋末施(shi)1次(ci)越冬(dong)肥(fei)(fei),以(yi)腐熱(re)的肥(fei)(fei)或既肥(fei)(fei)為好,冬(dong)季停止施(shi)肥(fei)(fei),減少澆水(shui)(shui)量(liang)。
整形修剪(jian):以春(chun)季為好。早春(chun)于萌(meng)芽前剪(jian)去干枯枝、過密(mi)枝、病弱(ruo)枝、老(lao)化枝,使(shi)株形美觀(guan),花繁葉茂,植株旺盛生長。
繡線菊主要(yao)以分株繁殖、扦插繁殖為主。
繡線(xian)菊的果(guo)(guo)實為熒果(guo)(guo)。每(mei)年(nian)7~9月,當果(guo)(guo)實變為黃褐色并有(you)少量開裂時說明(ming)(ming)發育成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu),即(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)采種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。剪下果(guo)(guo)穗,于陰涼通(tong)風處風干,待果(guo)(guo)實沿腹縫線(xian)全(quan)部開裂,敲打果(guo)(guo)穗即(ji)(ji)完成(cheng)(cheng)脫粒(li)。去雜后(hou)(hou)得到種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子,裝入布袋(dai)或紙袋(dai)普通(tong)干藏越(yue)冬。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子千粒(li)重(zhong)一般0.05~0.2克,據(ju)研究,繡線(xian)菊植物的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子無明(ming)(ming)顯的休眠習性。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子在初夏(xia)成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)期較干燥時,可(ke)(ke)以采后(hou)(hou)即(ji)(ji)播,可(ke)(ke)以盆栽也(ye)可(ke)(ke)露地播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。播后(hou)(hou)覆土0.5~1厘(li)米,淋水并覆蓋地膜(mo)保墑(di),7~10天即(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)順利出土,7天后(hou)(hou)長(chang)出初生(sheng)葉。當年(nian)生(sheng)苗高可(ke)(ke)達(da)30~45厘(li)米。移植一次即(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)定植,3年(nian)左右(you)即(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)普遍開花(hua)。
扦(qian)(qian)插床設置遮陰網。床寬1米(mi)(mi),長5米(mi)(mi),床底鋪(pu)15~20厘米(mi)(mi)馬糞,用于保濕,上(shang)鋪(pu)河(he)沙20~30厘米(mi)(mi),扦(qian)(qian)插前澆(jiao)透底水(shui),噴酒0.5%高錳酸鉀(jia)進(jin)行(xing)消毒后(hou)(hou)備(bei)用。扦(qian)(qian)插時間(jian)在(zai)(zai)6月中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下旬進(jin)行(xing),開花(hua)以后(hou)(hou),剪(jian)取(qu)當年生半(ban)木質(zhi)化(hua)枝條(tiao),長10~15厘米(mi)(mi),隨(sui)采隨(sui)插于沙床中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),插穗只保留(liu)頂部少(shao)(shao)許葉(xie)子(zi)(zi),其余葉(xie)子(zi)(zi)剪(jian)掉,以減(jian)少(shao)(shao)蒸發。插穗插入沙床中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),扦(qian)(qian)插深度(du)為1/3,株距(ju)3~5厘米(mi)(mi),行(xing)距(ju)6~10厘米(mi)(mi),直插,插后(hou)(hou)壓緊(jin),澆(jiao)透水(shui),扣上(shang)塑料棚。棚內溫度(du)控制在(zai)(zai)25~30℃,相對濕度(du)在(zai)(zai)85%以上(shang),插后(hou)(hou)頭一(yi)周每天澆(jiao)水(shui)一(yi)次,一(yi)周后(hou)(hou)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)澆(jiao)水(shui)量,半(ban)月形(xing)成愈傷組織根(gen),生根(gen)率95%以上(shang)。生根(gen)后(hou)(hou),逐漸撤去塑料膜,進(jin)行(xing)澆(jiao)水(shui)、除草、病蟲害防治,第二年春季即(ji)可移栽。
繡(xiu)線菊的花頭碎紫成簇而生,心(xin)中吐出(chu)素縷,如線之大(da),自夏至秋都有,故名“繡(xiu)線菊”。
繡線菊(ju)枝繁葉茂,葉似柳葉,小花(hua)(hua)密集,花(hua)(hua)色粉(fen)紅,花(hua)(hua)期(qi)長,自初夏可至秋初,是良好的園林觀(guan)賞植物(wu)和(he)蜜源植物(wu),也(ye)是理(li)想(xiang)的植籬材料和(he)觀(guan)花(hua)(hua)灌木,適(shi)宜多種用途栽(zai)培觀(guan)賞。