形態特征
豹貓(mao)是體(ti)型較小(xiao)的食肉類,略比(bi)家(jia)貓(mao)大,體(ti)長(chang)(chang)為36-90厘(li)米,尾(wei)長(chang)(chang)15-37厘(li)米,體(ti)重3-8千克,尾(wei)長(chang)(chang)超過(guo)體(ti)長(chang)(chang)的一(yi)半。頭形圓。從頭部(bu)至(zhi)肩(jian)部(bu)有4條棕褐(he)色(se)條紋,兩眼內(nei)緣向上各有一(yi)條白紋。耳背具(ju)有淡黃色(se)斑(ban),全身背面體(ti)毛為淺(qian)棕色(se),布滿棕褐(he)色(se)至(zhi)淡褐(he)色(se)斑(ban)點(dian)。胸(xiong)腹部(bu)及四(si)肢內(nei)側白色(se),尾(wei)背有褐(he)斑(ban)點(dian)或半環,尾(wei)端黑色(se)或暗(an)灰色(se)。
豹貓的(de)(de)體形十分(fen)勻稱。頭(tou)圓吻短(duan),眼睛大而(er)(er)(er)圓,瞳(tong)孔直立,耳朵(duo)小(xiao),而(er)(er)(er)呈圓形或(huo)(huo)尖形。牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)數目(mu)減少,只有(you)(you)(you)28-30枚,但(dan)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)形狀變得很(hen)(hen)強大,同(tong)時連(lian)帶著上(shang)(shang)下(xia)頜(he)骨(gu)也變得短(duan)而(er)(er)(er)粗壯(zhuang),而(er)(er)(er)控制(zhi)頜(he)骨(gu)的(de)(de)肌(ji)肉(rou)及附著的(de)(de)顴弓也變得更堅強有(you)(you)(you)力。門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)較(jiao)小(xiao)而(er)(er)(er)弱,上(shang)(shang)下(xia)頜(he)各有(you)(you)(you)3對,主要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)啃食骨(gu)頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)碎肉(rou)和咬(yao)斷(duan)細筋。犬(quan)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)長而(er)(er)(er)極為發(fa)達,最為突出(chu)醒目(mu),而(er)(er)(er)且(qie)(qie)還與附近(jin)的(de)(de)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)及前臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)之間(jian)保(bao)持(chi)相當的(de)(de)空隙,是(shi)主要(yao)的(de)(de)武器,用(yong)來殺傷或(huo)(huo)咬(yao)死獵物(wu),由于前后(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)(you)間(jian)隙,因此(ci)能咬(yao)得更緊,貫穿得更深。上(shang)(shang)下(xia)4枚犬(quan)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相合(he),好比4支(zhi)槍尖交錯一般。臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)只有(you)(you)(you)1對,上(shang)(shang)臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)退化,都是(shi)非常弱小(xiao),而(er)(er)(er)且(qie)(qie)被壓縮到(dao)內側,但(dan)是(shi)下(xia)臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)則很(hen)(hen)堅強發(fa)達。一般沒有(you)(you)(you)第一枚上(shang)(shang)前臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),第二枚上(shang)(shang)前臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不大。裂齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)強大,又有(you)(you)(you)兩三個特別(bie)銳(rui)利的(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尖,上(shang)(shang)下(xia)交錯,形如剪(jian)刀,可能咬(yao)穿最硬厚的(de)(de)牛皮或(huo)(huo)割裂最堅韌的(de)(de)獸肉(rou)。裂齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)位(wei)置靠后(hou)(hou),接近(jin)咀(ju)嚼肌(ji),所以它們(men)的(de)(de)強力咬(yao)切動作(zuo)均后(hou)(hou)移至嘴角。
棲息環境
豹貓主要棲息于山地林區、郊野灌(guan)叢(cong)和(he)林緣(yuan)村寨附近。分(fen)(fen)布的海(hai)(hai)拔高度可從低海(hai)(hai)拔海(hai)(hai)岸帶一(yi)直分(fen)(fen)布到(dao)海(hai)(hai)拔3000m高山林區。在半開闊(kuo)的稀樹灌(guan)叢(cong)生境中數量最(zui)多,濃密的原(yuan)始森(sen)林、墾殖的人(ren)工林(如橡膠林、茶林等(deng))和(he)空曠的平原(yuan)農耕地數量較少(shao),干旱荒漠、沙(sha)丘(qiu)幾無分(fen)(fen)布。
生活習性
豹貓的窩穴多在樹(shu)(shu)洞(dong)、土洞(dong)、石塊下或石縫中。主要為地(di)棲(qi)(qi),但(dan)攀爬能力強,在樹(shu)(shu)上活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)靈敏自(zi)如。夜(ye)行(xing)性,晨昏活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)較(jiao)多。獨棲(qi)(qi)或成對活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。善游水,喜在水塘(tang)邊、溪溝邊、稻田(tian)邊等近水之處活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和覓食(shi)。
主(zhu)要以鼠類(lei)、松鼠、飛(fei)鼠、兔類(lei)、蛙類(lei)、蜥蜴、蛇類(lei)、小型鳥類(lei)、昆蟲(chong)等為食,也吃漿果、榕樹(shu)果和部分嫩葉(xie)、嫩草,有時潛(qian)入村(cun)寨盜食雞(ji)、鴨等家禽。
分布范圍
世界
分布于阿富汗、孟加(jia)拉國(guo)、不丹、文萊達魯薩蘭國(guo)、柬埔寨(zhai)、中國(guo)、印(yin)(yin)度、印(yin)(yin)度尼西亞、日本、朝鮮民(min)主主義人民(min)共(gong)和國(guo)、韓國(guo)、老撾人民(min)民(min)主共(gong)和國(guo)、馬(ma)來西亞、緬甸、尼泊(bo)爾、巴基斯坦(tan)、菲律(lv)賓、俄羅斯、新(xin)加(jia)坡、泰國(guo)、越南。
中國
在中國分(fen)(fen)布(bu)記(ji)錄有(you)5個亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong),除新疆和內蒙古的干旱荒漠、青藏高(gao)原的高(gao)海拔地(di)區(qu)(qu)外,幾(ji)乎所有(you)的省區(qu)(qu)都有(you)分(fen)(fen)布(bu),包括北方亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong),分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)東(dong)北、華北和西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北地(di)區(qu)(qu);華東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong),分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)華東(dong)、華中和華南(nan)地(di)區(qu)(qu);指名亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong),分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)云南(nan)大(da)部(bu)、貴(gui)州(zhou)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)和廣西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu);川(chuan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong),分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)云南(nan)北部(bu)、四川(chuan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)藏東(dong)南(nan)部(bu)和甘肅南(nan)部(bu);海南(nan)亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong),僅分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)海南(nan)島。
省份:北(bei)京、河北(bei)、山西(xi)(xi)、內蒙古(gu)、遼(liao)寧、吉(ji)林(lin)、黑龍江(jiang)、江(jiang)蘇、浙江(jiang)、安徽、福建、江(jiang)西(xi)(xi)、山東、河南、湖(hu)北(bei)、湖(hu)南、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西(xi)(xi)、海(hai)南、四川、貴州、云南、西(xi)(xi)藏、陜西(xi)(xi)、甘肅、青海(hai)、寧夏、臺(tai)灣、香港。
分布在以下保護(hu)區:天(tian)(tian)堂寨(zhai)、松山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(北京)、牛(niu)姆林、武(wu)夷山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(福建)、武(wu)夷山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(福建)、戴(dai)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、白水江(jiang)(甘肅)、南嶺(ling)(ling)、南昆山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、豫(yu)北黃(huang)河(he)(he)故道(dao)濕地、鼎湖山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大瑤山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水源(yuan)林(廣西)、防(fang)城金(jin)花(hua)茶、道(dao)真大沙河(he)(he)、赤水桫欏、麻陽河(he)(he)、雷(lei)公(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、習水、梵凈山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、茂蘭(lan)、吊羅山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、尖峰嶺(ling)(ling)、尖峰嶺(ling)(ling)、壩王嶺(ling)(ling)(昌江(jiang)、白沙)、壩王嶺(ling)(ling)(昌江(jiang)、白沙)、董(dong)寨(zhai)鳥類、濟(ji)源(yuan)獼猴、雞公(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、寶天(tian)(tian)曼(內(nei)鄉)、洪河(he)(he)、涼(liang)水、興凱湖、九宮山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、神農架、后河(he)(he)、桃源(yuan)洞、壺瓶山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、八大公(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、索(suo)溪峪、莽山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、長白山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、鄱陽湖、武(wu)夷山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(江(jiang)西)、巖泉、桃紅(hong)嶺(ling)(ling)、桃紅(hong)嶺(ling)(ling)、井岡山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、雙臺河(he)(he)口(kou)、老(lao)禿頂子(zi)、老(lao)禿頂子(zi)、白石砬子(zi)、六盤山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(寧(ning)夏)、青海(hai)湖鳥島、龐(pang)泉溝、太白山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、佛(fo)坪、王朗、王朗、臥龍、縉云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、金(jin)佛(fo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、珠穆朗瑪峰、石林(云(yun)(yun)南)、哀牢山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大圍(wei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、金(jin)平(ping)分水嶺(ling)(ling)、高(gao)黎貢(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、銅壁(bi)關、南麂列島、清(qing)涼(liang)峰、天(tian)(tian)目山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(浙江(jiang))、古(gu)田(tian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、烏(wu)巖嶺(ling)(ling)、三江(jiang)(黑(hei)龍江(jiang))、瓦(wa)屋山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、賽罕烏(wu)拉、朱家山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、安(an)溪云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小溪、八仙山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、梅(mei)花(hua)鹿鐵布、黃(huang)河(he)(he)三角洲。
分布在(zai)以下(xia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈湖(hu)泊:阿爾金山(shan)(shan)(shan)、長白山(shan)(shan)(shan)、中(zhong)條山(shan)(shan)(shan)、大別山(shan)(shan)(shan)、都龐嶺(ling)(ling)、關(guan)帝山(shan)(shan)(shan)、昆(kun)侖山(shan)(shan)(shan)-東段、老爺嶺(ling)(ling)、小(xiao)興安嶺(ling)(ling)、五指山(shan)(shan)(shan)、五臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)、完達山(shan)(shan)(shan)、六(liu)盤山(shan)(shan)(shan)、蘆牙(ya)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、太(tai)行山(shan)(shan)(shan)、清涼(liang)峰(feng)、秦嶺(ling)(ling)、千(qian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、祁連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、大興安嶺(ling)(ling)南(nan)段、張(zhang)廣才(cai)嶺(ling)(ling)、伏牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)、河湟(huang)谷地、吊羅(luo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)。
2016年(nian)9月,新龍縣環林局與貓(mao)(mao)(mao)盟CFCA共同(tong)啟動(dong)了新階段野外貓(mao)(mao)(mao)科(ke)動(dong)物調查工作。至2017年(nian)11月,調查并確認甘孜州新龍縣分布有豹貓(mao)(mao)(mao)。
繁殖方式
北方(fang)的(de)豹(bao)(bao)貓繁(fan)殖有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)季節(jie)性(xing),一(yi)般春夏(xia)季繁(fan)殖,春季發情交(jiao)配(pei),雌獸(shou)的(de)懷(huai)孕期為63-70天,翌年3一(yi)5月生產,每胎產2一(yi)4仔,以(yi)2仔居多(duo);南方(fang)的(de)豹(bao)(bao)貓,繁(fan)殖季節(jie)性(xing)似不明顯,1-6月都能(neng)發現幼仔出生。18月齡達到性(xing)成熟。壽(shou)命為13年。
種群現狀
種群概況:
豹貓(mao)(mao)(mao)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)分布廣(guang),資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)大,是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)外貿出口裘皮(pi)之(zhi)一。60-70年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)豹貓(mao)(mao)(mao)毛(mao)皮(pi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)20-25萬(wan)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),估計全國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)豹貓(mao)(mao)(mao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)不少于100萬(wan)只(zhi);70年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代以(yi)后,豹貓(mao)(mao)(mao)在(zai)(zai)多(duo)數(shu)省(sheng)區數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)下降,有(you)(you)(you)些省(sheng)區(如北方和華東(dong)地(di)(di)(di)區)豹貓(mao)(mao)(mao)幾(ji)乎成為(wei)瀕危物種;80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)后,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)60年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代的(de)(de)1/2-1/3。陸厚(hou)基等曾統(tong)計過中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)南(nan)方六省(sheng)區(云(yun)南(nan)、貴州、廣(guang)西(xi)、湖南(nan)、湖北、江西(xi))1955-1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)數(shu),60年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)期1964、1965年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)六省(sheng)區的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)分別為(wei)22.2和17.2萬(wan)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang); 1978、1979年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)分別為(wei)12.6, 14.1萬(wan)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。在(zai)(zai)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)期,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)豹貓(mao)(mao)(mao)皮(pi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)數(shu)仍(reng)保持在(zai)(zai)15-20萬(wan)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)左右。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)1989-1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)豹貓(mao)(mao)(mao)皮(pi)庫存(cun)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)有(you)(you)(you)80余萬(wan)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。根據調查,1991-1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)豹貓(mao)(mao)(mao)皮(pi)的(de)(de)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)數(shu)約(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)10萬(wan)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)左右,其(qi)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)60年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代的(de)(de)一半。在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo),西(xi)南(nan)地(di)(di)(di)區(包括云(yun)南(nan)、貴州、廣(guang)西(xi)和四川)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)豹貓(mao)(mao)(mao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)最豐富的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區,其(qi)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)占全國(guo)(guo)總收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)50-60%。從1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)來,沒有(you)(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)關豹貓(mao)(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)種群現(xian)狀的(de)(de)科學(xue)報道。
利用價值
與(yu)其他貓(mao)類(lei)動(dong)(dong)物一(yi)樣(yang),豹(bao)(bao)(bao)貓(mao)經過培育(yu)馴化(hua)后(hou),也是一(yi)種皮(pi)(pi)用、藥(yao)物、觀賞類(lei)經濟動(dong)(dong)物。有人認為,人工養殖豹(bao)(bao)(bao)貓(mao)的(de)意義(yi)是:國際(ji)上已(yi)把豹(bao)(bao)(bao)貓(mao)列入(ru)世界珍稀動(dong)(dong)物之一(yi),有利于(yu)出(chu)口(kou)創匯和動(dong)(dong)物資(zi)源保(bao)護(hu)與(yu)利用;豹(bao)(bao)(bao)貓(mao)的(de)骨與(yu)肉均可(ke)入(ru)藥(yao),能(neng)治痔及鼠瘺(lou);豹(bao)(bao)(bao)貓(mao)皮(pi)(pi)為裘的(de)原料。
豹貓皮(pi)的商品叫貍子(zi)皮(pi),是野(ye)生(sheng)細毛皮(pi)中產量較大而廉價的皮(pi)貨。北(bei)方豹貓皮(pi)的毛長絨厚,御寒性強,蘇(su)州地區和南方各(ge)省的豹貓皮(pi)毛鮮亮,以美觀著稱。現(xian)已列(lie)為江蘇(su)重(zhong)點保護動物。
人工養殖
一、養殖方式
豹貓宜用圈(quan)舍(she)單獨(du)或(huo)成對飼養(yang)。
二、場舍建造
圈舍一般為(wei)8~10平方米(mi)(mi)、磚墻(qiang)、水泥地面(mian)(mian)(mian)、水泥平頂,房高2米(mi)(mi),宜用封(feng)閉式。一面(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)門(men)通(tong)操作廊,門(men)高1.7~1.8米(mi)(mi)、寬0.6米(mi)(mi),木制、鐵制均可(ke)(ke)。另一面(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)鐵門(men)(高、寬各0.5米(mi)(mi))通(tong)向(xiang)(xiang)運動場(chang),有(you)拉條可(ke)(ke)向(xiang)(xiang)外面(mian)(mian)(mian)推拉,運動場(chang)靠外邊角可(ke)(ke)設置水槽(cao)。室內應設置食槽(cao)、木箱巢、棲杠、樹(shu)杈(cha)等,供豹貓采食、棲息與(yu)(yu)活動。運動場(chang)一般為(wei)12~14平方米(mi)(mi),水泥地面(mian)(mian)(mian),周圍(wei)與(yu)(yu)頂棚可(ke)(ke)采用方形鐵網(wang),高度同房舍高為(wei)2米(mi)(mi)即可(ke)(ke)。
三、飼料喂法
豹貓為肉(rou)食(shi)類(lei)動物,動物性飼料有活(huo)兔、活(huo)雞、鵪鶉(chun)、老鼠、小白鼠、牛(niu)肉(rou)、羊肉(rou)、雞肉(rou)等,適量(liang)補充魚(yu)肝油、骨粉、微量(liang)元素(su),少(shao)量(liang)青(qing)菜。每(mei)天每(mei)只喂量(liang)為300克(ke),日喂1次(ci),傍(bang)晚(wan)給食(shi)。每(mei)周應投喂2次(ci)活(huo)食(shi),給量(liang)每(mei)次(ci)300~500克(ke)即(ji)可。
四、管理措施
應重視圈舍與(yu)運動場的清掃與(yu)衛生,做到每2周消毒1次。飼(si)料應新鮮。來自本(ben)(ben)地的豹貓(mao)適應本(ben)(ben)地區環境(jing),當北方(fang)地區飼(si)養南(nan)方(fang)來的豹貓(mao),入冬舍溫(wen)應控(kong)制在10℃以(yi)上方(fang)可安全越冬;而(er)南(nan)方(fang)地區飼(si)養北方(fang)的豹貓(mao),夏季應重視防暑降溫(wen),舍溫(wen)控(kong)制于35℃以(yi)下。
五、繁殖技術
豹(bao)貓2~3歲性(xing)成(cheng)熟、孕期為65~72天、每胎產1~4仔(zi),種用(yong)(yong)利用(yong)(yong)年(nian)限(xian)6年(nian)。在(zai)中國和南亞(ya)地區的(de)豹(bao)貓可常年(nian)繁(fan)殖(zhi)。
發現(xian)雌貓(mao)(mao)有不(bu)安、鳴叫等發情表(biao)現(xian)時應(ying)選3~5歲的種用雄性豹貓(mao)(mao)適時配(pei)(pei)種。在雌雄交配(pei)(pei)期,要防止干擾、可在觀察(cha)孔(kong)或門縫悄悄觀察(cha)、保持交配(pei)(pei)環境寧(ning)靜(jing)。雌豹貓(mao)(mao)受孕(yun)后多表(biao)現(xian)為安靜(jing)、采(cai)食量(liang)增加、應(ying)多給質(zhi)優的動(dong)物性飼(si)料。在室內的一角設(she)置產箱以有利于雌豹貓(mao)(mao)的隱蔽與產仔(zi)。
六、預防疾病
1、平時應搞好衛生、加強飼養管理,預防常見病和胃腸炎、感冒等疾(ji)病。
2、春、秋兩季(ji)做好豹貓常見寄生蟲(如(ru)蛔蟲、絳蟲等)的(de)驅蟲工作。
3、預(yu)防(fang)傳(chuan)染(ran)性疾病,定(ding)期(qi)接(jie)種防(fang)炭(tan)疽(ju)、防(fang)貓瘟(wen)、防(fang)結核等疫苗、防(fang)止(zhi)傳(chuan)染(ran)病發生(sheng)。
4、確保飼料(liao)、飲水清潔、新鮮。
5、飼養人員進入貓舍必須穿(chuan)工作服與膠靴。
保護級別
列入《世(shi)界自然保(bao)護聯(lian)盟》(IUCN) 2012年(nian)瀕危物種(zhong)紅色名錄ver 3.1——無(wu)危(LC)。
列入《中國瀕危動物紅皮書》等級: 易危。
列入《華盛(sheng)頓公(gong)約》CITESⅡ級保護(hu)動物(wu)。