形態特征
根狀莖短橫臥,被(bei)有(you)殘留(liu)的(de)葉(xie)(xie)柄(bing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu),先端被(bei)有(you)淺(qian)褐(he)色卵狀披(pi)(pi)(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鱗片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian);葉(xie)(xie)近(jin)(jin)生。能(neng)育葉(xie)(xie)長(chang)(chang)40~45厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi);葉(xie)(xie)柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)可達7~8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),直徑約(yue)2毫米(mi)(mi)(mi),基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)褐(he)色,稍膨大,略被(bei)一二伏貼的(de)披(pi)(pi)(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鱗片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)禾稈色,近(jin)(jin)光滑,向(xiang)(xiang)軸面(mian)有(you)一條淺(qian)縱(zong)溝;葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)狹(xia)披(pi)(pi)(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)可達35厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)寬6~8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),向(xiang)(xiang)兩(liang)端漸(jian)變狹(xia),頂(ding)部(bu)(bu)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)漸(jian)尖頭,向(xiang)(xiang)下(xia)(xia)一回羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)狀一羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)狀深裂(lie);羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)30對左(zuo)右,近(jin)(jin)對生,平展,無柄(bing),相距約(yue)1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)的(de)較(jiao)(jiao)疏(shu)遠),基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)一對長(chang)(chang)僅1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)最長(chang)(chang)的(de)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)長(chang)(chang)3~4厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)寬約(yue)1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),狹(xia)披(pi)(pi)(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)狀鐮刀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),漸(jian)尖頭,向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)彎,基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)不對稱(cheng)(上(shang)側(ce)(ce)較(jiao)(jiao)寬,截形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),下(xia)(xia)側(ce)(ce)較(jiao)(jiao)狹(xia)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)鈍圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)),羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)狀深裂(lie)達羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)軸兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)的(de)狹(xia)翅(chi);裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)可達十對左(zuo)右,斜(xie)向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang),長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),鈍頭,彼此(ci)以狹(xia)缺刻分開(kai),在(zai)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu),羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)軸上(shang)側(ce)(ce)的(de)裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)較(jiao)(jiao)下(xia)(xia)側(ce)(ce)的(de)略長(chang)(chang),且基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)2片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)較(jiao)(jiao)大,長(chang)(chang)約(yue)5~8毫米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬約(yue)3毫米(mi)(mi)(mi),向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)逐漸(jian)變短,基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)側(ce)(ce)一片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)近(jin)(jin)卵圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),略縮短,邊緣全緣,或(huo)下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)1-2對略具小圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)齒。葉(xie)(xie)脈(mo)在(zai)裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)狀,側(ce)(ce)脈(mo)上(shang)先出,3~5對,單(dan)一,斜(xie)上(shang),伸(shen)達葉(xie)(xie)邊。葉(xie)(xie)干后近(jin)(jin)紙質(zhi),淡綠(lv)色,無毛;葉(xie)(xie)軸上(shang)面(mian)有(you)縱(zong)溝,無毛。孢(bao)子囊群(qun)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),每裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)一枚(mei),生于基(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)上(shang)側(ce)(ce)小脈(mo)背部(bu)(bu),靠近(jin)(jin)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)軸兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)各排列(lie)成(cheng)一行(xing);囊群(qun)蓋卵圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),薄膜(mo)質(zhi),灰綠(lv)色,老時脫落(luo),被(bei)壓于孢(bao)子囊群(qun)下(xia)(xia)面(mian),似無蓋。孢(bao)子圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)腎形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),深褐(he)色,不透明,表面(mian)具較(jiao)(jiao)密(mi)的(de)棘狀突起。
生長環境
光葉(xie)(xie)(xie)蕨多生長在終(zhong)年潮濕,霧(wu)(wu)、雨(yu)水多,日(ri)照少(shao)的(de)(de)環境下。一般要求(qiu)氣候(hou)是(shi)年平均(jun)氣溫(wen)6~8℃,極端(duan)(duan)最高溫(wen)28℃,極端(duan)(duan)最 低氣溫(wen)-16℃;年降雨(yu)量1800~2000毫米;相對濕度(du)85~90%。而(er)且年霧(wu)(wu)日(ri)達280天(tian)以(yi)上;日(ri)照時(shi)數不(bu)足1000小時(shi)。土壤(rang)要求(qiu)為石灰(hui)巖(yan)、砂巖(yan)、頁巖(yan)發(fa)育的(de)(de)山地(di)黃(huang)(huang)壤(rang)及山地(di)黃(huang)(huang)棕(zong)壤(rang),pH值4.5~5.5。光葉(xie)(xie)(xie)蕨生于陰(yin)坡(po)林(lin)下,主要植被類型為亞熱帶山地(di)常(chang)綠與落葉(xie)(xie)(xie)闊葉(xie)(xie)(xie)混交林(lin),群落樹(shu)種(zhong)為包槲柯,扁刺(ci)錐,珙(gong)桐,香樺(hua),糙皮樺(hua),水青樹(shu),連香樹(shu),疏花械(xie),川滇長尾(wei)械(xie)等。晚春(chun)發(fa)葉(xie)(xie)(xie),7~8月形成(cheng)孢(bao)子(zi)囊。9月成(cheng)熟(shu)。
分布范圍
主(zhu)要分布(bu)(bu)在四川(chuan)天(tian)全二郎山(shan)鴛鴦巖至團(tuan)牛(niu)坪(ping),“華西雨屋”的中心地(di)帶,氣候終年潮(chao)濕多霧,主(zhu)要植被(bei)類型為亞熱帶山(shan)地(di)常綠與落葉闊葉混交(jiao)林。光葉蕨(jue)在河南省(sheng)西峽(xia)縣亦(yi)有零星分布(bu)(bu)。
主要價值
光葉蕨(jue)為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)特有,介(jie)于(yu)蹄蓋(gai)蕨(jue)屬(shu)(Athyrium)和冷(leng)蕨(jue)屬(shu)(Cystopteris)之(zhi)間,在研(yan)究 蕨(jue)類(lei)植物雜交和蹄蓋(gai)蕨(jue)科的系(xi)統發(fa)育上(shang)有一定的價值。植株小巧玲瓏,葉色清(qing)翠欲滴,姿態優美,也是很好(hao)的觀賞植物。
繁殖方法
光葉蕨(jue)常見的繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)方(fang)法有(you)孢子(zi)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)、分(fen)(fen)株(zhu)(zhu)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)和(he)(he)組(zu)織(zhi)培養等幾種方(fang)法,其中小面積(ji)生(sheng)產可采用分(fen)(fen)株(zhu)(zhu)法,規模化生(sheng)產通常采用組(zu)織(zhi)培養。分(fen)(fen)株(zhu)(zhu)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)一(yi)般(ban)于(yu)春(chun)季(ji)結合換盆時(shi)進行。把(ba)植株(zhu)(zhu)從盆中倒出,根據需(xu)要(yao)(yao)將一(yi)株(zhu)(zhu)分(fen)(fen)成數株(zhu)(zhu),每株(zhu)(zhu)帶有(you)根和(he)(he)葉。 分(fen)(fen)株(zhu)(zhu)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)小心,切勿(wu)損傷生(sheng)長點,盡量保留(liu)根部原有(you)的土壤,剪掉衰老和(he)(he)損傷的葉和(he)(he)根,按(an)原來定(ding)植的深度栽(zai)植。分(fen)(fen)株(zhu)(zhu)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)無嚴格的季(ji)節要(yao)(yao)求,一(yi)年四季(ji)皆可進行。要(yao)(yao)求土壤富(fu)含有(you)機質,疏松(song)透水,微(wei)酸(suan)性(pH值(zhi)5.5至6.0)。基質一(yi)般(ban)以泥炭土、腐葉土、珍珠巖或(huo)粗(cu)沙按(an)2:1:1的比(bi)(bi)例配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi),或(huo)腐熟的堆肥、粗(cu)沙或(huo)珍珠巖按(an)1:1的比(bi)(bi)例配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)。
栽培技術
光(guang)(guang)(guang)葉(xie)(xie)蕨(jue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)期(qi)對光(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同。生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)初(chu)期(qi)要(yao)(yao)防止光(guang)(guang)(guang)照過強(qiang),多(duo)遮(zhe)陰。休眠期(qi)要(yao)(yao)放在(zai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)充足處。植物喜反射光(guang)(guang)(guang)、散射光(guang)(guang)(guang)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足,則植株(zhu)徒長(chang)(chang)(chang),顯得(de)衰弱或萎蔫(nian)。喜潮(chao)濕(shi),對土壤溫(wen)度(du)和空氣濕(shi)度(du)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)較高,生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)期(qi)要(yao)(yao)每天(tian)澆(jiao)水(shui)并(bing)(bing)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)葉(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)噴(pen)水(shui),以(yi)(yi)保持濕(shi)度(du)。發現植株(zhu)因缺(que)水(shui)而凋(diao)萎時,要(yao)(yao)立(li)即將(jiang)盆浸入清水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong),對植株(zhu)噴(pen)霧。缺(que)水(shui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)嚴重,幾小時后(hou)即可恢復。若(ruo)24小時內仍未(wei)恢復,需將(jiang)萎蔫(nian)的(de)(de)葉(xie)(xie)子(zi)全(quan)部剪(jian)去,可能會重新(xin)萌發新(xin)葉(xie)(xie)。澆(jiao)水(shui)最(zui)好在(zai)早晨進(jin)行(xing)(xing),特別是葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)裂片(pian)細(xi)的(de)(de)品種。晚間澆(jiao)水(shui),水(shui)滴滯留在(zai)葉(xie)(xie)隙(xi)間,蒸發慢(man),易引起葉(xie)(xie)部病害(hai)。喜溫(wen)和氣候,一般15℃至21℃比較適(shi)宜(yi)。可適(shi)應的(de)(de)最(zui)低(di)溫(wen)為10℃,而溫(wen)度(du)在(zai)28℃以(yi)(yi)上時生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)佳。在(zai)夏季需多(duo)通(tong)風(feng)。通(tong)風(feng)時要(yao)(yao)注意水(shui)分供給(gei),使(shi)環境中(zhong)(zhong)空氣新(xin)鮮且不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)干燥。幼苗期(qi)應避免“穿堂(tang)風(feng)”。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)施(shi)重肥(fei)。栽植時,基質中(zhong)(zhong)可加入基肥(fei)。生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)期(qi)內可追施(shi)液肥(fei),濃度(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超過1%,直接撒施(shi),最(zui)多(duo)每周一次。充足的(de)(de)氮(dan)肥(fei)會使(shi)植物生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)旺盛,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足會使(shi)植株(zhu)老(lao)葉(xie)(xie)呈灰綠(lv)色并(bing)(bing)逐漸變黃,葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)細(xi)小。施(shi)肥(fei)應薄施(shi)、勤施(shi),根(gen)據需要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)葉(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)噴(pen)施(shi)。
保護現狀
光(guang)葉蕨的(de)野(ye)生種群分布數(shu)量極(ji)少(shao),分布區非(fei)常(chang)狹窄,它們對(dui)于生存(cun)(cun)和繁衍條件要(yao)求苛刻,這使(shi)得(de)光(guang)葉蕨的(de)生存(cun)(cun)極(ji)其脆(cui)弱,很容易陷于瀕危狀態。加之由于人們修建盤山路(lu)和大(da)量砍伐(fa)森林(lin),改變(bian)了光(guang)葉蕨的(de)生存(cun)(cun)環(huan)境,致使(shi)僅有的(de)極(ji)少(shao)數(shu)植株,生存(cun)(cun)狀況惡化,陷于滅(mie)絕的(de)境地。本種1963年采自四川天全二郎山團牛坪,1984年發(fa)現由于森林(lin)采伐(fa),生態環(huan)境完(wan)全改變(bian),該種僅極(ji)少(shao)數(shu)存(cun)(cun)于灌叢(cong)下。
本種已(yi)瀕臨絕滅,原產(chan)地應嚴禁破(po)壞,宜設法人(ren)工(gong)栽培繁殖等方法進行保護。