建窯(yao)燒造(zao)的瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器品種有青(qing)釉(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器、黑(hei)(hei)釉(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器,以(yi)黑(hei)(hei)釉(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器為主(zhu)黑(hei)(hei)釉(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器又(you)以(yi)兔毫盞為主(zhu),是(shi)宋代(dai)好的“斗(dou)茶(cha)”用具(ju)之一。此外,還(huan)有油(you)滴、鷓鴣斑、曜變(bian)等(deng)(deng)釉(you)均是(shi)宋代(dai)黑(hei)(hei)釉(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器的代(dai)表作建窯(yao)黑(hei)(hei)釉(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)蓋一度曾是(shi)貢品,受到(dao)宮(gong)廷(ting)青(qing)睞,并還(huan)流(liu)傳到(dao)日本(ben)、韓國(guo)、東南亞等(deng)(deng)國(guo)家和地(di)區,深受當地(di)人民歡迎,在中外文化(hua)交流(liu)史具(ju)有重(zhong)要地(di)位。
“建窯(yao)是宋代(dai)(dai)新興的黑瓷窯(yao)之一”;其他較為權威(wei)的專家著述,也只有(you)“宋代(dai)(dai)江南較為有(you)名的黑瓷窯(yao)”之說,很少論及建窯(yao)燒(shao)瓷的起始和下限(xian)年代(dai)(dai)。根據九(jiu)十年代(dai)(dai)初
對建(jian)(jian)窯(yao)(yao)遺址(zhi)的(de)考古發(fa)(fa)掘發(fa)(fa)現,在(zai)水吉鎮(zhen)蘆花坪(ping)窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)黑瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)堆積(ji)層的(de)下面(mian)有(you)青(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)層存在(zai),出(chu)土(tu)物都(dou)具有(you)晚(wan)唐、五代時期(qi)特征,因此(ci),“宋代新興黑瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)窯(yao)(yao)”之說,顯然有(you)誤(wu),應(ying)予糾正。考古發(fa)(fa)掘又發(fa)(fa)現,在(zai)建(jian)(jian)陽城關附近的(de)源(yuan)頭(tou)仔(zi)村(cun)有(you)一處燒青(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)、青(qing)白瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)元代窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi):源(yuan)頭(tou)仔(zi)附近的(de)碗窯(yao)(yao)發(fa)(fa)現一處燒青(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)明(ming)代窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi);水吉鎮(zhen)大路后(hou)門東側(ce)發(fa)(fa)現一處燒青(qing)花瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)清代窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)。因此(ci),從廣(guang)義上(shang)的(de)概(gai)念來說,建(jian)(jian)窯(yao)(yao)燒瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)上(shang)下限年(nian)代,:建(jian)(jian)窯(yao)(yao)創燒于(yu)晚(wan)唐五代, 歷宋、元、明(ming)、清四代,燒瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)歷史(shi)長(chang)達千(qian)年(nian),而且對福建(jian)(jian)地(di)區和(he)江南(nan)廣(guang)大地(di)區都(dou)有(you)很大影(ying)響,以至在(zai)全(quan)國已(yi)發(fa)(fa)現的(de)宋瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)中,有(you)三(san)分之一以上(shang)都(dou)見到黑瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)。
建(jian)(jian)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)在(zai)過去的(de)(de)(de)許(xu)多(duo)專家著述中(zhong),講(jiang)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)變的(de)(de)(de)多(duo),講(jiang)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)少(shao);講(jiang)碗盞(zhan)(zhan)器形的(de)(de)(de)多(duo),介紹(shao)其他器形的(de)(de)(de)少(shao),這(zhe)是個(ge)通(tong)病。實際上建(jian)(jian)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)發展到南宋(song),在(zai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)和紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上,已經擁有兩大系列產(chan)(chan)品(pin): 一是自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)變類(lei)。包(bao)括(kuo):兔(tu)(tu)毫(hao)盞(zhan)(zhan)、油滴盞(zhan)(zhan)、曜變盞(zhan)(zhan)、柿色(se)盞(zhan)(zhan)、烏(wu)金(jin)盞(zhan)(zhan)等(deng)。其中(zhong)各品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)變機理比較復雜。以建(jian)(jian)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)兔(tu)(tu)毫(hao)盞(zhan)(zhan)為例,盞(zhan)(zhan)身內外都有細(xi)長的(de)(de)(de)條狀紋(wen),細(xi)長的(de)(de)(de)程度很像兔(tu)(tu)毛一樣,因(yin)此稱做兔(tu)(tu)毫(hao)盞(zhan)(zhan),這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)細(xi)條紋(wen)在(zai)陽光下都閃(shan)藍銀(yin)光色(se)。經科研單位分析研究,其胎(tai)中(zhong)含(han)鐵量(liang)高達9%以上,當燒(shao)到1300度以上, 釉(you)(you)(you)(you)層(ceng)流動(dong)形成條紋(wen),冷卻(que)即成兔(tu)(tu)毫(hao)紋(wen)。其他的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)變類(lei),則因(yin)胎(tai)土、釉(you)(you)(you)(you)料、窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)溫、技法等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)而產(chan)(chan)生出千姿(zi)百態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)變品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。 二是人(ren)工(gong)(gong)裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)類(lei)。從采用的(de)(de)(de)裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)材料看,可分為氧化鐵裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、乳白釉(you)(you)(you)(you)裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、草木(mu)灰裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、描(miao)金(jin)銀(yin)裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四種(zhong)(zhong);從裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技法看,有點裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、線裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、畫面(mian)圖案裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、文字(zi)圖案裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四種(zhong)(zhong)。從筆(bi)者(zhe)所見(jian)建(jian)(jian)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)實物證實:建(jian)(jian)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)類(lei)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)非常(chang)豐富(fu),絕不(bu)亞于人(ren)們通(tong)常(chang)所知的(de)(de)(de)江西吉州(zhou)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)。只發現三(san)件宋(song)代黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)描(miao)金(jin)器,而且都流往國(guo)外之說,其實難符。筆(bi)者(zhe)在(zai)閩北三(san)十余年,所見(jian)建(jian)(jian)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)圖案描(miao)金(jin)盞(zhan)(zhan)、文字(zi)圖案描(miao)金(jin)盞(zhan)(zhan)真品(pin)不(bu)下五、六(liu)個(ge),也曾見(jian)一出土建(jian)(jian)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)竹葉紋(wen)盞(zhan)(zhan)殘器,與(yu)吉州(zhou)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)木(mu)葉紋(wen)盞(zhan)(zhan)應屬同(tong)一時代(宋(song))。