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城墻布局

興城古城是明代的寧遠衛城，在清代改為寧遠州城。城池始建于明宣德三年（1428），“周(zhou)圍(wei)五里(li)(li)九(jiu)十六(liu)步，高三丈(zhang)，門(men)四(si)，東曰(yue)(yue)春和，南(nan)曰(yue)(yue)延(yan)輝(hui)，西(xi)曰(yue)(yue)永(yong)寧(ning)，北(bei)曰(yue)(yue)威遠(yuan)，鐘鼓樓在中街(jie)”。宣德五年(nian)(nian)（1430）又(you)增筑(zhu)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)圍(wei)九(jiu)里(li)(li)一百二十四(si)步，高如內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。門(men)四(si)，東曰(yue)(yue)遠(yuan)安，南(nan)曰(yue)(yue)永(yong)清，西(xi)曰(yue)(yue)迎(ying)恩，北(bei)曰(yue)(yue)大(da)定。四(si)門(men)設(she)(she)樓，四(si)角(jiao)設(she)(she)臺，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭(guo)之間為護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河。明朝(chao)末年(nian)(nian)袁崇煥鎮守(shou)寧(ning)遠(yuan)，為抵御后金努爾(er)哈赤(chi)的軍(jun)事進攻，用兩年(nian)(nian)時間修(xiu)繕寧(ning)遠(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻“高三丈(zhang)二尺，雉高六(liu)尺，址廣(guang)三丈(zhang)，上(shang)二丈(zhang)四(si)”。明朝(chao)末年(nian)(nian)，這里(li)(li)成為抗擊女真族(zu)的前沿(yan)陣地。興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現僅存寧(ning)遠(yuan)內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，經多次修(xiu)繕，基本保持原貌(mao)。

城墻結構

古城平面呈正方形，南北844米，東西830米。城墻高8.5米，城基砌條石3層，基寬6.8米，頂寬4.5米。墻體為外條磚內毛石,外設垛口,內設女墻，中填夯土。墻頂設海墁磚 1層水口。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)四(si)角(jiao)設炮臺，東南角(jiao)炮臺上為(wei)清代增建(jian)的(de)魁(kui)星樓(lou)(lou)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)為(wei)正方形，周長3274米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)四(si)面正中各設城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門上皆筑箭樓(lou)(lou)，為(wei)兩(liang)層樓(lou)(lou)閣。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)四(si)角(jiao)設臺，突出于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)角(jiao)。在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區東南角(jiao)上建(jian)有魁(kui)星樓(lou)(lou)一座(zuo)。興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)現(xian)為(wei)全(quan)國重點(dian)文(wen)物保護單位。興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)——中國東北地區的(de)沿海(hai)文(wen)化古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，它扼居遼西走廊的(de)咽喉地帶，交通發達，歷來是兵家必爭之地。興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)保存較好。1984年(nian)以來國家撥(bo)款對古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)進(jin)行全(quan)面維修，并建(jian)立了文(wen)物保管所。

城設 4門。東(dong)曰春和(he)，西曰永(yong)寧，南曰延輝，北曰威(wei)遠。門座通長(chang)12.17米(mi)(mi)，寬13米(mi)(mi)。4門均建城樓，重檐歇山頂,面闊三間(jian)，進(jin)深一間(jian)。城門外有半圓形甕(weng)城,外徑(jing)32米(mi)(mi)，內、外均以條磚(zhuan)筑成，城門內左側設馬道，長(chang)21米(mi)(mi)，寬 3.1米(mi)(mi)。

城內十字街中心有鐘鼓樓 1座，方形樓臺，十字券洞。樓為 2層，重檐歇山卷棚頂。南街有明思宗朱由檢為遼西守將祖大壽、祖大樂立的兩座高大石牌坊。城內東南有清建文廟 1座。城內街坊布局，基本上仍保持著清末的體制。興(xing)城(cheng)城(cheng)墻保存較好。1984年以來國(guo)家撥款對古城(cheng)城(cheng)墻進行全面維(wei)修，并(bing)建立了文物保管所。

城墻歷史

興城歷史悠久，遼代設(she)置興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣，距今(jin)已有(you)1000多年的(de)(de)歷史。明朝(chao)(chao)為了鞏(gong)固對東北地(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)統治，防(fang)御蒙古部落(luo)和女真人(ren)的(de)(de)侵擾，在(zai)山(shan)海(hai)關外“只設(she)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)所，不設(she)州(zhou)(zhou)縣”，先(xian)后設(she)立了二十五(wu)個衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，實行軍(jun)(jun)政合一(yi)式管理，寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)就是(shi)其中之一(yi)。 明宣德三年，即公(gong)元1428年，鎮(zhen)守遼東總(zong)兵官巫凱(kai)、都 御史包懷德及鎮(zhen)守遼東太(tai)監王彥聯(lian)名(ming)奏請朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting)修筑寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，兩年后工程竣(jun)工，當時(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)駐軍(jun)(jun)5600人(ren)，守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)士兵戰時(shi)出(chu)征，平(ping)時(shi)屯田勞作，家(jia)屬也(ye)隨軍(jun)(jun)士從全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)各地(di)前(qian)來定居(ju)，后代(dai)逐漸繁衍(yan)。衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)長(chang)官稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)指(zhi)揮使，既是(shi)一(yi)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)事長(chang)官，又負責審理所轄(xia)地(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)民(min)事案件，一(yi)般為三品官。這種特(te)殊的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)政體制(zhi)給寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)增加了神(shen)秘色彩。清朝(chao)(chao)建(jian)立后撤衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)州(zhou)(zhou)，寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)改稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)管轄(xia)山(shan)海(hai)關以東至錦州(zhou)(zhou)以西(xi)的(de)(de)廣闊區(qu)(qu)域。民(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)成立后，1914年因寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與湖南、山(shan)西(xi)、云南等省的(de)(de)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)重名(ming)，經當時(shi)的(de)(de)民(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)務院內務部呈請大總(zong)統袁世凱(kai)批準，恢復使用遼代(dai)的(de)(de)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣縣名(ming)，寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)就隨之稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)就是(shi)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)主(zhu)體建(jian)筑。

歷史見證

興城城墻歷經570多年的風風雨雨仍巍然屹立，是當今中華大地上為數不多的明清古城墻建筑(zhu)(zhu)，是明代軍事(shi)防御型城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)標本，它與平遙城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、西安城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、荊州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)并稱為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)保存(cun)(cun)最完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)四座(zuo)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，也是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)現存(cun)(cun)惟一的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)方形城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，受(shou)到聯合(he)國(guo)(guo)及歐盟文化遺 產保護專家和(he)為數眾多的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)外游客(ke)的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)睞和(he)關注。學(xue)者們認為，研究中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)必不可少(shao)。 興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)整(zheng)體(ti)為正(zheng)(zheng)方形，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)基礎用(yong)條石，外墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)用(yong)青(qing)磚砌成，內(nei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)用(yong)不規(gui)則塊石壘砌，中(zhong)(zhong)間用(yong)夯土所筑(zhu)(zhu)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)頂端外沿筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)垛口(kou)，守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)官兵(bing)可以以此護身、了(le)望、射箭；內(nei)沿筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)女兒墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，高度低于(yu)垛口(kou)，起著(zhu)加固城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。用(yong)于(yu)人員行走(zou)的(de)(de)(de)磚面稱為“海(hai)墁”，“海(hai)墁”系(xi)青(qing)磚鋪就，中(zhong)(zhong)凸外低，便于(yu)排水和(he)減輕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)夯土的(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)重(zhong)壓力(li)。1644年三(san)(san)月(yue)，李自成率領的(de)(de)(de)農民軍兵(bing)逼北京，崇禎皇帝匆忙(mang)下令寧遠(yuan)總兵(bing)吳(wu)三(san)(san)桂放棄寧遠(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，入關勤王(wang)，這(zhe)樣，清(qing)軍才占領寧遠(yuan)。

1948年9月(yue)28日，東北野戰(zhan)軍第(di)四(si)縱隊(dui)一部在縱隊(dui)副司令員胡奇才的率領(ling)下，解放了興城(cheng)(cheng)古城(cheng)(cheng)。當時，解放軍指戰(zhan)員從城(cheng)(cheng)墻突破進入古城(cheng)(cheng)內，但為了保護文物古跡，他們盡量避免開炮射擊城(cheng)(cheng)墻。三十多年后，古稀之年的胡奇才將軍重回古城(cheng)(cheng)，欣然揮(hui)筆寫下了：“古城(cheng)(cheng)回到人民手中(zhong)”。至今，這幅題(ti)字仍在古城(cheng)(cheng)鐘(zhong)鼓樓上懸掛。

隨著(zhu)興(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)知名(ming)(ming)度(du)的(de)提(ti)升，旅游開(kai)發(fa)事業得(de)(de)到蓬勃(bo)發(fa)展(zhan)，中外(wai)游客紛至沓來，文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)工(gong)作也取得(de)(de)了(le)(le)顯著(zhu)的(de)進(jin)(jin)展(zhan)。在(zai)(zai)人民政府的(de)重(zhong)視下，由于戰亂(luan)而有(you)所毀壞(huai)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)部分(fen)地(di)段的(de)垛口(kou)、女(nv)兒墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和海墁(man)得(de)(de)到修復，魁星樓也重(zhong)現了(le)(le)往日(ri)風采(cai)，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)維(wei)修使興(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)煥發(fa)了(le)(le)新的(de)生機，1988年1月13日(ri)，興(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)被國(guo)(guo)務院公布為全國(guo)(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)單位；對城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)綜合研(yan)究和文(wen)化(hua)整理也隨之同步進(jin)(jin)行(xing)，已經有(you)多部有(you)關興(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)書籍出版或研(yan)究論文(wen)發(fa)表；天津大學、上(shang)海同濟大學等高校的(de)知名(ming)(ming)學者(zhe)為興(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)精心編制了(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)規劃；先后有(you)《三(san)進(jin)(jin)山城(cheng)(cheng)》、《平原游擊隊》、《濟南戰役》、《袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥》、《遠東陰謀》、《甲午陸戰》等影視劇在(zai)(zai)興(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)拍攝外(wai)景；2001年，興(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)古城(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)開(kai)發(fa)工(gong)程(cheng)啟動，興(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)被規劃為“城(cheng)(cheng)垣思(si)古”游覽區，游人們登臨(lin)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，不僅可(ke)以驚嘆中國(guo)(guo)古代建筑藝術(shu)的(de)精湛，還能穿越歷史的(de)時空，回(hui)味著(zhu)明末那(nei)一幕幕蕩氣(qi)回(hui)腸的(de)戰爭場(chang)面。

建造藝術

城墻四面的正中各設城門，東為春和門、南為延輝門、西為永寧門、北為威遠門。城門上(shang)修筑了(le)箭樓(lou)(lou)，俗稱城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓(lou)(lou)和城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)，為兩層樓(lou)(lou)閣建筑，重檐高聳、氣勢巍(wei)峨(e)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門旁邊分別有(you)坡形馬道(dao)，供人員上(shang)下(xia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門外均有(you)半圓形甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)連為一體。 興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)東南角上(shang)建有(you)魁(kui)星樓(lou)(lou)一座，其他三個拐角處都設有(you)角臺(tai)，明清征戰時期(qi)，在角臺(tai)上(shang)架設火炮，平時角臺(tai)上(shang)也(ye)有(you)士兵駐扎(zha)，以加(jia)強對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的防御。距離(li)魁(kui)星樓(lou)(lou)不遠處的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)底(di)端，有(you)水(shui)門洞一個，為明代(dai)所(suo)修，至今保(bao)存完好，是古(gu)代(dai)的排水(shui)設施。

古城(cheng)(cheng)內的(de)四條大(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)，是(shi)古城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)主干(gan)道，他們因(yin)循四座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)門而得名，分(fen)別稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)春和街(jie)(jie)(jie)、延輝街(jie)(jie)(jie)、永寧街(jie)(jie)(jie)和威遠街(jie)(jie)(jie)，城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)百姓根據方位分(fen)別稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)東街(jie)(jie)(jie)、南街(jie)(jie)(jie)、西街(jie)(jie)(jie)和北街(jie)(jie)(jie)。街(jie)(jie)(jie)道兩旁分(fen)布著(zhu)許多老字號店鋪，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)南街(jie)(jie)(jie)最為(wei)(wei)集中(zhong)(zhong)，因(yin)此有"明(ming)代一(yi)條街(jie)(jie)(jie)"的(de)美譽。四條大(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)呈十字形規則分(fen)布，因(yin)此又(you)統稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)十字大(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)，十字大(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)交叉點坐落著(zhu)一(yi)座(zuo)鐘鼓樓。

鐘鼓(gu)樓與(yu)城(cheng)墻的(de)(de)四座城(cheng)門箭(jian)樓遙相呼(hu)應，鐘鼓(gu)樓為二層樓閣建筑，登臨樓頂，城(cheng)墻和(he)古城(cheng)內的(de)(de)景觀(guan)盡收眼(yan)底(di)。鐘鼓(gu)樓是(shi)古代城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)報時中心(xin)，晨鐘暮(mu)鼓(gu)。在明(ming)與(yu)后金(jin)軍隊(dui)征(zheng)戰期間，鎮守寧遠(yuan)城(cheng)的(de)(de)明(ming)軍主帥袁崇煥就坐鎮鐘鼓(gu)樓指揮(hui)作(zuo)戰。

建筑風格

與世界上現存的其他城墻相比，興城城墻有許多引人關注的獨特性。在明代修建城墻時，主(zhu)要考慮到軍(jun)事防(fang)御的(de)需要，因此設置了(le)角臺等軍(jun)事設施，在這方面特別值得稱(cheng)道(dao)的(de)是半圓形(xing)的(de)甕(weng)城和便于人馬通行的(de)坡(po)形(xing)馬道(dao)。

甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑于四座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)側，呈半(ban)圓形(xing)，與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)同時(shi)興(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)。甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)突出(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門之外(wai)(wai)，既體現出(chu)(chu)(chu)一(yi)種(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑美學，又可以(yi)保護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門在(zai)(zai)戰(zhan)斗中不被敵人(ren)輕易接近與(yu)破壞(huai)。在(zai)(zai)實戰(zhan)中即(ji)便(bian)敵軍攻破了甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門，在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)守軍仍能以(yi)極(ji)快的(de)(de)(de)速度組織調度，居高臨下從四面向(xiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)下發動還擊(ji)，而(er)敵軍一(yi)旦(dan)身陷(xian)半(ban)圓形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之內(nei)，人(ren)馬(ma)(ma)很難脫身，成語“甕(weng)(weng)(weng)中捉鱉”可以(yi)說是(shi)(shi)對甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功能最生動地描述(shu)。明朝末年努爾哈赤和(he)皇(huang)太(tai)極(ji)所率領的(de)(de)(de)軍隊攻打寧遠(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)，就是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)遭(zao)到(dao)猛(meng)(meng)烈攻擊(ji)而(er)損失慘(can)重。 興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)四座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)體現出(chu)(chu)(chu)明代(dai)(dai)北方的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑風格，它的(de)(de)(de)磚木結構是(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑特(te)點。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)拱形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門洞之上(shang)，與(yu)鐘鼓樓(lou)一(yi)樣是(shi)(shi)二層樓(lou)閣(ge)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑，面闊8.9米，進深4.5米，內(nei)有(you)(you)樓(lou)梯登樓(lou)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑形(xing)式為(wei)重檐(yan)(yan)歇山(shan)頂，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)頂端為(wei)青色(se)筒瓦(wa)和(he)板(ban)瓦(wa)覆蓋，正脊兩端有(you)(you)吻獸裝飾(shi)，戧脊上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)垂獸和(he)檐(yan)(yan)角前部裝飾(shi)的(de)(de)(de)跑(pao)獸神態(tai)栩(xu)栩(xu)如生。按照(zhao)明代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)規制，不同級別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)上(shang)裝飾(shi)的(de)(de)(de)跑(pao)獸數(shu)目是(shi)(shi)不一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)，寧遠(yuan)衛城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)檐(yan)(yan)角裝飾(shi)的(de)(de)(de)跑(pao)獸有(you)(you)天(tian)馬(ma)(ma)、海(hai)馬(ma)(ma)和(he)獅子三種(zhong)，其中，天(tian)馬(ma)(ma)、海(hai)馬(ma)(ma)是(shi)(shi)吉祥的(de)(de)(de)化身，獅子則代(dai)(dai)表勇猛(meng)(meng)和(he)威(wei)嚴(yan)，它們的(de)(de)(de)寓意與(yu)這座(zuo)軍事(shi)防御型(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)色(se)可謂(wei)不謀而(er)合。

內壁特色

興城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)壁(bi)也(ye)很有(you)(you)特色。為(wei)了(le)使城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)堅固(gu)，形(xing)成強大(da)的(de)(de)支撐力，避免內(nei)(nei)心的(de)(de)夯(hang)土松動(dong)，城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)在建(jian)筑(zhu)之初就用不規則城(cheng)(cheng)石砌(qi)筑(zhu)內(nei)(nei)壁(bi)，然(ran)后(hou)將壁(bi)面鑿平(ping)，所以(yi)稱為(wei)“毛(mao)石墻(qiang)”；由于石料大(da)多是(shi)(shi)就地(di)(di)取材(cai)，遠望去顏色近(jin)(jin)似虎皮，所以(yi)又被稱為(wei)“虎皮毛(mao)石墻(qiang)”。 興城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)市規劃的(de)(de)典范(fan)。從(cong)建(jian)筑(zhu)科學(xue)上講(jiang)，興城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)選址得(de)體(ti)，恰好(hao)處在山水(shui)圍河的(de)(de)平(ping)原(yuan)地(di)(di)帶，十(shi)(shi)分有(you)(you)利于形(xing)成良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)生態環(huan)境(jing)和局部小氣候。背山可(ke)以(yi)抵擋冬天北來的(de)(de)寒(han)流，抱陽(yang)可(ke)以(yi)得(de)到良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)日照，近(jin)(jin)水(shui)可(ke)以(yi)保(bao)障生活及(ji)灌溉(gai)供水(shui)，還可(ke)以(yi)防止風沙侵襲，對城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)居民十(shi)(shi)分有(you)(you)利。 中國(guo)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)統哲學(xue)思想在興城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)規劃和建(jian)筑(zhu)中，體(ti)現(xian)得(de)淋漓盡致：興城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)建(jian)成正方形(xing)，是(shi)(shi)取傳(chuan)(chuan)統宇宙觀的(de)(de)“天圓地(di)(di)方”，予以(yi)大(da)地(di)(di)沉穩、永(yong)無(wu)銷毀之意；興城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)周長及(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)門數(shu)、街路數(shu)均為(wei)偶數(shu)，體(ti)現(xian)了(le)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)哲學(xue)中數(shu)的(de)(de)思辨。