廟子溝(gou)遺址(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)于(yu)烏蘭(lan)察布市察哈爾(er)右翼前旗新風鄉廟子溝(gou)村南。從1985年(nian)至1987年(nian)先后三(san)次對此(ci)遺址(zhi)(zhi)進行發(fa)掘清理(li),發(fa)現房子50余座、灰坑和(he)窖穴130多座、墓葬40坐。出(chu)土(tu)遺物(wu)很(hen)豐富,有(you)陶器(qi)、骨器(qi)和(he)石(shi)器(qi)共千余件,此(ci)外還有(you)部分動物(wu)骨、角(jiao)等,是(shi)相當仰(yang)韶文化晚期的聚(ju)落(luo)遺址(zhi)(zhi),遺物(wu)經碳(tan)十四測定,約距今(jin)5,500年(nian)。
這里(li)水(shui)土(tu)流失嚴重,遺(yi)(yi)(yi)跡(ji)多已暴露(lu)在地(di)(di)表,未見(jian)打(da)破和(he)(he)疊(die)壓關系,遺(yi)(yi)(yi)跡(ji)建在生(sheng)土(tu)上(shang),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵比較(jiao)單純,遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物具有鮮(xian)明的文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)特征,代表了(le)內(nei)蒙古自治區中南部(bu)岱(dai)海(hai)地(di)(di)區相當(dang)仰韶(shao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)晚期的原(yuan)始文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua),同時又明顯(xian)看出(chu)這里(li)的文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)與(yu)中原(yuan)地(di)(di)區和(he)(he)燕山以北等(deng)地(di)(di)的文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)關系密切,廟子(zi)溝遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)具有海(hai)生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)浪(lang)(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)因(yin)素,應屬海(hai)生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)浪(lang)(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua),然而(er)廟子(zi)溝遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)又與(yu)阿善遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址和(he)(he)白泥窯子(zi)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址同期文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)之間又有差異,當(dang)屬同一文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的不(bu)(bu)(bu)同文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)類(lei)型(xing)。廟子(zi)溝遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址的發(fa)現(xian)和(he)(he)發(fa)掘,不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅更證(zheng)實了(le)海(hai)生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)浪(lang)(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的存(cun)(cun)在,而(er)且(qie)也證(zheng)實了(le)海(hai)生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)浪(lang)(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的復雜性,學(xue)術界對此很關注。
經(jing)過考古(gu)工作(zuo)者10多年(nian)(nian)的(de)艱苦工作(zuo),內蒙(meng)古(gu)廟子(zi)溝(gou)文化遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)整理工作(zuo)于2002年(nian)(nian)完(wan)成。廟子(zi)溝(gou)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)位于內蒙(meng)古(gu)自治區烏蘭察(cha)布盟(meng)察(cha)右前旗新風鄉(xiang),是目前內蒙(meng)古(gu)中南(nan)部地(di)區發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)面積(ji)大、遺(yi)(yi)跡(ji)保存完(wan)整、出土(tu)遺(yi)(yi)物豐富的(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。這處距今約5500年(nian)(nian)的(de)原始村落遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)是于1985年(nian)(nian)10月(yue)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de),經(jing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)的(de)村南(nan)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)地(di)點(dian)面積(ji)約近3萬平(ping)方米(mi),共發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)出房址(zhi)51座,灰坑、窖穴(xue)132個,墓葬43座,出土(tu)及復原各類(lei)(lei)陶(tao)器(qi)700余(yu)件(jian),其(qi)它比較完(wan)整的(de)石器(qi)、玉器(qi)、骨角器(qi)、蚌器(qi)和裝飾(shi)品達千(qian)余(yu)件(jian),反映(ying)了(le)一種以原始鋤(chu)耕農業(ye)為基礎,漁獵(lie)經(jing)濟(ji)占一定比重的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)形態。廟子(zi)溝(gou)文化遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)出土(tu)了(le)大批石環類(lei)(lei)飾(shi)品。
廟子(zi)(zi)(zi)溝(gou)(gou)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)均為(wei)半地穴(xue)式,多為(wei)方形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)長方形(xing)(xing)(xing),也有(you)梯形(xing)(xing)(xing),居住面用(yong)泥抹,多數(shu)經燒烤。室內大多設有(you)雙灶,前為(wei)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)坑(keng)(keng)灶,后(hou)為(wei)方形(xing)(xing)(xing)地面灶。多數(shu)為(wei)凸出的斜坡(po)或(huo)臺階式門道,門設在前墻中間。房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)內外均有(you)窖(jiao)穴(xue)、灰坑(keng)(keng)。窖(jiao)穴(xue)有(you)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)、方形(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),都是(shi)(shi)豎穴(xue)。居住遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的選擇與白泥窯(yao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)第二種文化(hua)相同,在白泥窯(yao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)和廟子(zi)(zi)(zi)溝(gou)(gou)附近相同文化(hua)的大壩溝(gou)(gou)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi),均有(you)壕(hao)(hao)溝(gou)(gou)環繞居住址(zhi)(zhi),而(er)廟子(zi)(zi)(zi)溝(gou)(gou)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)能因水土流失嚴重而(er)未發(fa)現(xian)有(you)壕(hao)(hao)溝(gou)(gou)。每(mei)座房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的窖(jiao)穴(xue)和居住面上,均有(you)成套的生(sheng)產工(gong)具(ju)和生(sheng)活用(yong)具(ju)等,說明每(mei)座房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)已構成一個生(sheng)產和生(sheng)活的單(dan)元,已是(shi)(shi)以個體家庭(ting)為(wei)單(dan)位從事(shi)生(sheng)產和生(sheng)活。
生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)具是磨(mo)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)、打制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)和(he)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)共存,并(bing)有(you)骨(gu)(gu)、角器(qi)(qi)和(he)陶制(zhi)工(gong)具。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)種類很多,有(you)鏟、刀、錛、鑿(zao)、斧、鉆、磨(mo)盤(pan)、磨(mo)棒(bang)、砍砸(za)器(qi)(qi)、球(qiu)、臺體(ti)狀凹形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng),細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)有(you)刮削器(qi)(qi)、尖(jian)(jian)狀器(qi)(qi)、鏃以及(ji)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片等(deng)(deng)。陶制(zhi)工(gong)具有(you)大量的鏟、刀和(he)少量陶紡輪。骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)有(you)錐、針、鏃、匕、嵌石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃刀、嵌石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃劍、槽形(xing)(xing)尖(jian)(jian)狀器(qi)(qi)和(he)亞形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)。其中窄首寬刃石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧、雙孔或兩側缺(que)口(kou)刀、梯形(xing)(xing)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛、月牙形(xing)(xing)磨(mo)棒(bang)、橢圓形(xing)(xing)凹體(ti)磨(mo)盤(pan)、臺體(ti)狀凹形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)以及(ji)嵌石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃骨(gu)(gu)刀和(he)骨(gu)(gu)制(zhi)亞形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng),均(jun)具有(you)特色,為典形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)物。
陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)以泥質陶為(wei)主(zhu),此外還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)夾(jia)砂和(he)砂質陶,均(jun)為(wei)手制。陶色(se)繁雜,有(you)(you)(you)褐(he)、灰、紅(hong)(hong)(hong)、黃、黑(hei)、白(bai)等色(se)。泥質陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)表多(duo)素面(mian)磨光或(huo)施籃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。加砂陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)體(ti)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)以繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)主(zhu),另外還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)方格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)與線(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),配(pei)合(he)主(zhu)體(ti)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)有(you)(you)(you)附加堆紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、壓印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、連點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。彩(cai)陶較發(fa)(fa)達(da)(da),彩(cai)色(se)多(duo)樣,有(you)(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)、褐(he)、黑(hei)、紫(zi)、赭等色(se),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)更是繁縟多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)方格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、鱗(lin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、渦紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、鋸齒紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、草葉(xie)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)以及曲線(xian)、垂弧、直線(xian)、三角、橢圓點(dian)等幾(ji)何圖(tu)案紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi),常見內彩(cai)和(he)復彩(cai)。陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)耳(er)發(fa)(fa)達(da)(da),多(duo)為(wei)環(huan)狀(zhuang)耳(er)。器(qi)(qi)(qi)形種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有(you)(you)(you)侈(chi)沿(yan)鼓腹(fu)罐(guan)、大口(kou)(kou)(kou)罐(guan)、筒形罐(guan)、小口(kou)(kou)(kou)雙(shuang)耳(er)罐(guan)、喇(la)叭口(kou)(kou)(kou)尖(jian)底(di)(di)瓶(ping)、曲腹(fu)盆、折腹(fu)盆、曲腹(fu)缽、折腹(fu)缽、漏斗、器(qi)(qi)(qi)蓋、小杯、偏(pian)口(kou)(kou)(kou)壺(hu)等。從陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)以看出廟(miao)子溝(gou)遺存接收周邊文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)影響,筒形罐(guan)是受(shou)前紅(hong)(hong)(hong)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、紅(hong)(hong)(hong)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)影響,從東(dong)傳來,故自(zi)東(dong)向西遞減,到(dao)鄂(e)爾多(duo)斯(si)。而喇(la)叭口(kou)(kou)(kou)尖(jian)底(di)(di)瓶(ping)卻是受(shou)中(zhong)原仰(yang)韶文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)廟(miao)底(di)(di)溝(gou)類(lei)型文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)影響,故由西向東(dong)漸少,到(dao)岱海、黃旗海兩湖(hu)地帶(dai)未見。出土物中(zhong)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)簪、項鏈、陶環(huan)、石(shi)環(huan)、玉佩、蚌螺(luo)串(chuan)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)等裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)。
廟子溝(gou)遺(yi)存(cun)是具有(you)地域特征的(de)文化(hua)(hua)(hua),有(you)別于周邊地區(qu)同時期考古(gu)(gu)學文化(hua)(hua)(hua)類(lei)(lei)型。廟子溝(gou)遺(yi)址在內(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)中(zhong)(zhong)南部海生不(bu)(bu)浪文化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)存(cun)中(zhong)(zhong),目(mu)前發掘面積(ji)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da),遺(yi)跡和出土文物(wu)也(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)豐富,文化(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)單純,在海生不(bu)(bu)浪文化(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)頗具代表性(xing),但(dan)又(you)與阿善二期文化(hua)(hua)(hua)、白泥(ni)窯子第二種文化(hua)(hua)(hua)又(you)有(you)些(xie)差(cha)異,當屬同類(lei)(lei)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)同區(qu)域類(lei)(lei)型的(de)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)。
海(hai)生不浪文化遺存未發現(xian)墓地,但(dan)在廟子(zi)溝遺址(zhi)居住址(zhi)內的(de)窖(jiao)(jiao)穴、灶(zao)坑和(he)(he)居住面均發現(xian)有(you)死(si)者,在房(fang)(fang)子(zi)附(fu)近的(de)長方(fang)形坑內發現(xian)有(you)多(duo)(duo)(duo)人(ren)、雙人(ren)和(he)(he)單人(ren)埋(mai)葬(zang)(zang),多(duo)(duo)(duo)人(ren)埋(mai)葬(zang)(zang)中有(you)兒童和(he)(he)成人(ren),在房(fang)(fang)子(zi)內的(de)圓形窖(jiao)(jiao)穴內均為單人(ren)埋(mai)葬(zang)(zang),許(xu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)未成年個體(ti)多(duo)(duo)(duo)在室內灶(zao)坑里或(huo)居住面上,死(si)者的(de)頭向(xiang)不定,多(duo)(duo)(duo)側(ce)身屈肢,兒童和(he)(he)女性死(si)者有(you)的(de)佩(pei)帶環飾(shi)和(he)(he)蚌螺類(lei)裝飾(shi)品,從這(zhe)些現(xian)象來看多(duo)(duo)(duo)數(shu)死(si)者屬于非正常死(si)亡(wang)埋(mai)葬(zang)(zang),這(zhe)還(huan)有(you)待進(jin)一(yi)步研究。
內蒙古(gu)(gu)廟子(zi)溝遺址為(wei)人們了解新石器(qi)時代晚期內蒙古(gu)(gu)地區(qu)的(de)文化(hua)提供了大(da)量的(de)史(shi)料基礎,而且(qie)它突(tu)然(ran)消失的(de)文明更引起(qi)了考古(gu)(gu)工作者的(de)興趣(qu)。
從廟子溝遺存來看(kan),廟子溝的(de)先(xian)民們當時(shi)是(shi)以從事(shi)原始農業(ye)為主,同(tong)時(shi)飼養有(you)豬、羊、牛、狗等家畜動物(wu),也捕獵鹿、狍(pao)、獐、虎、野山羊、羚羊等野生動物(wu)以及(ji)魚、龜、鳥類(lei)等。