廟(miao)子溝(gou)遺(yi)址(zhi)位于烏(wu)蘭察布(bu)市(shi)察哈爾右(you)翼前旗新(xin)風鄉廟(miao)子溝(gou)村南。從1985年至1987年先后三次(ci)對此(ci)遺(yi)址(zhi)進行發(fa)掘清(qing)理,發(fa)現房(fang)子50余(yu)(yu)座、灰坑(keng)和窖穴130多座、墓葬40坐。出土遺(yi)物(wu)很豐富,有陶器、骨(gu)器和石器共千余(yu)(yu)件,此(ci)外還有部分動物(wu)骨(gu)、角等(deng),是相當仰韶文化晚期的聚(ju)落遺(yi)址(zhi),遺(yi)物(wu)經碳十四測定,約距今5,500年。
這(zhe)里水土流(liu)失嚴重,遺(yi)(yi)跡多(duo)已暴露在地(di)表,未見(jian)打破和(he)疊壓關(guan)(guan)系(xi),遺(yi)(yi)跡建在生土上,文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵比較單純,遺(yi)(yi)物具有(you)鮮明的文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)特征,代表了(le)內(nei)蒙(meng)古自治區中南部(bu)岱海(hai)地(di)區相當(dang)仰韶(shao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)晚期的原始文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua),同(tong)(tong)(tong)時又明顯看出這(zhe)里的文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)與(yu)中原地(di)區和(he)燕山(shan)以北等(deng)地(di)的文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)密切(qie),廟(miao)子溝(gou)(gou)遺(yi)(yi)存具有(you)海(hai)生不(bu)浪文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)因素(su),應屬(shu)海(hai)生不(bu)浪文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua),然(ran)而(er)廟(miao)子溝(gou)(gou)遺(yi)(yi)存又與(yu)阿善遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)和(he)白泥窯子遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)期文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)之間又有(you)差異,當(dang)屬(shu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)一文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)類型。廟(miao)子溝(gou)(gou)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的發現和(he)發掘,不(bu)僅更證(zheng)實了(le)海(hai)生不(bu)浪文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的存在,而(er)且也證(zheng)實了(le)海(hai)生不(bu)浪文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的復雜性(xing),學術界(jie)對此很關(guan)(guan)注。
經過考古(gu)(gu)工(gong)作(zuo)者10多年的(de)(de)艱苦工(gong)作(zuo),內(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)廟子溝(gou)文化遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)發(fa)掘整(zheng)理工(gong)作(zuo)于(yu)2002年完(wan)成。廟子溝(gou)遺(yi)址(zhi)位于(yu)內(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)自治區(qu)烏蘭察布盟察右前(qian)旗新風鄉,是目前(qian)內(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)中南部地區(qu)發(fa)掘面積(ji)大、遺(yi)跡保存完(wan)整(zheng)、出土(tu)遺(yi)物豐(feng)富的(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)。這處距(ju)今約(yue)5500年的(de)(de)原(yuan)始(shi)村落(luo)遺(yi)址(zhi)是于(yu)1985年10月發(fa)現的(de)(de),經發(fa)掘的(de)(de)村南遺(yi)址(zhi)地點面積(ji)約(yue)近3萬(wan)平方米(mi),共(gong)發(fa)掘出房址(zhi)51座(zuo),灰坑(keng)、窖穴(xue)132個,墓葬43座(zuo),出土(tu)及復原(yuan)各類陶器(qi)700余(yu)件(jian),其它比(bi)較完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)石器(qi)、玉器(qi)、骨角(jiao)器(qi)、蚌器(qi)和裝(zhuang)飾品達千余(yu)件(jian),反映了一(yi)種以原(yuan)始(shi)鋤耕農(nong)業為基礎,漁獵經濟(ji)占(zhan)一(yi)定比(bi)重的(de)(de)經濟(ji)形態。廟子溝(gou)文化遺(yi)址(zhi)出土(tu)了大批石環(huan)類飾品。
廟子(zi)(zi)溝遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)房子(zi)(zi)均(jun)(jun)為半地穴式,多為方形(xing)或長(chang)方形(xing),也有梯形(xing),居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)面用泥(ni)抹,多數經燒烤。室內大多設有雙(shuang)灶(zao)(zao),前(qian)為圓形(xing)坑灶(zao)(zao),后(hou)為方形(xing)地面灶(zao)(zao)。多數為凸出的(de)斜坡或臺階式門道,門設在(zai)前(qian)墻(qiang)中間。房子(zi)(zi)內外均(jun)(jun)有窖(jiao)(jiao)穴、灰坑。窖(jiao)(jiao)穴有圓形(xing)、方形(xing)、橢圓形(xing),都是豎穴。居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)選擇與白(bai)泥(ni)窯子(zi)(zi)第二種文化(hua)相同,在(zai)白(bai)泥(ni)窯子(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)廟子(zi)(zi)溝附近相同文化(hua)的(de)大壩(ba)溝遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi),均(jun)(jun)有壕溝環(huan)繞(rao)居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)址(zhi)(zhi),而廟子(zi)(zi)溝遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)可能因(yin)水土流(liu)失嚴重而未(wei)發現有壕溝。每座(zuo)房子(zi)(zi)的(de)窖(jiao)(jiao)穴和(he)(he)居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)面上,均(jun)(jun)有成(cheng)套的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產工具(ju)和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活用具(ju)等,說明(ming)每座(zuo)房子(zi)(zi)已構成(cheng)一個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)單元,已是以個(ge)體家庭為單位從事生(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活。
生產工(gong)具(ju)(ju)是磨(mo)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、打制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)共存(cun),并(bing)有(you)(you)(you)骨、角器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)陶(tao)(tao)制(zhi)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類很多,有(you)(you)(you)鏟、刀(dao)、錛(ben)(ben)、鑿、斧(fu)、鉆、磨(mo)盤(pan)、磨(mo)棒、砍砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)、球、臺體(ti)狀(zhuang)凹形器(qi)(qi)(qi)等,細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)刮(gua)削器(qi)(qi)(qi)、尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、鏃(zu)以及(ji)(ji)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片等。陶(tao)(tao)制(zhi)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)大量的鏟、刀(dao)和(he)少量陶(tao)(tao)紡(fang)輪。骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)錐、針、鏃(zu)、匕(bi)、嵌(qian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃刀(dao)、嵌(qian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃劍(jian)、槽形尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)亞形器(qi)(qi)(qi)等。其中(zhong)窄首寬刃石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、雙(shuang)孔或兩側缺口刀(dao)、梯(ti)形小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)(ben)、月牙形磨(mo)棒、橢圓形凹體(ti)磨(mo)盤(pan)、臺體(ti)狀(zhuang)凹形器(qi)(qi)(qi)以及(ji)(ji)嵌(qian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃骨刀(dao)和(he)骨制(zhi)亞形器(qi)(qi)(qi)等,均具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)特色,為典形器(qi)(qi)(qi)物。
陶(tao)器(qi)以泥質陶(tao)為(wei)(wei)主,此外(wai)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)夾砂和砂質陶(tao),均為(wei)(wei)手制。陶(tao)色(se)繁雜,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)褐、灰、紅(hong)(hong)、黃、黑、白等色(se)。泥質陶(tao)器(qi)表多素面磨光或施籃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。加砂陶(tao)器(qi)主體紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)以繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)主,另外(wai)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)方格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)與線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),配合(he)主體紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)的有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)附(fu)加堆紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、壓印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、連點紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。彩(cai)(cai)陶(tao)較(jiao)發(fa)達,彩(cai)(cai)色(se)多樣,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)、褐、黑、紫、赭等色(se),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)更是繁縟多種(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)方格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、鱗(lin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、渦紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、鋸齒(chi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、草葉紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)以及曲線、垂(chui)弧、直線、三角、橢圓點等幾何(he)圖(tu)案紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi),常見內彩(cai)(cai)和復彩(cai)(cai)。陶(tao)器(qi)器(qi)耳(er)發(fa)達,多為(wei)(wei)環(huan)狀(zhuang)耳(er)。器(qi)形種(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)侈沿鼓腹罐(guan)(guan)、大口罐(guan)(guan)、筒形罐(guan)(guan)、小口雙(shuang)耳(er)罐(guan)(guan)、喇叭口尖底(di)瓶(ping)、曲腹盆(pen)、折腹盆(pen)、曲腹缽(bo)、折腹缽(bo)、漏斗(dou)、器(qi)蓋、小杯、偏口壺等。從(cong)陶(tao)器(qi)可(ke)以看出(chu)(chu)廟(miao)子溝遺存接收周邊文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的影(ying)響(xiang),筒形罐(guan)(guan)是受前紅(hong)(hong)山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)、紅(hong)(hong)山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)影(ying)響(xiang),從(cong)東(dong)傳來,故自東(dong)向(xiang)西(xi)遞減,到(dao)鄂爾多斯。而喇叭口尖底(di)瓶(ping)卻(que)是受中原仰韶文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的廟(miao)底(di)溝類型文(wen)(wen)化(hua)影(ying)響(xiang),故由西(xi)向(xiang)東(dong)漸少(shao),到(dao)岱(dai)海、黃旗海兩(liang)湖地(di)帶未見。出(chu)(chu)土物中還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)簪、項鏈、陶(tao)環(huan)、石環(huan)、玉(yu)佩、蚌(bang)螺串飾(shi)(shi)(shi)等裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)品。
廟子溝(gou)遺(yi)存是具(ju)有地(di)域特征的文(wen)化(hua)(hua),有別于周邊(bian)地(di)區同時期(qi)考(kao)古學文(wen)化(hua)(hua)類(lei)型(xing)。廟子溝(gou)遺(yi)址在內蒙古中南部(bu)海生不浪文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)存中,目前發掘面積較(jiao)大,遺(yi)跡(ji)和出土文(wen)物(wu)也較(jiao)豐富,文(wen)化(hua)(hua)內涵較(jiao)單(dan)純(chun),在海生不浪文(wen)化(hua)(hua)中頗具(ju)代(dai)表性,但又與(yu)阿善二(er)(er)期(qi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、白泥窯(yao)子第二(er)(er)種文(wen)化(hua)(hua)又有些差(cha)異,當(dang)屬同類(lei)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)中不同區域類(lei)型(xing)的文(wen)化(hua)(hua)。
海(hai)生不浪文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)存未發現(xian)(xian)(xian)墓地(di),但在(zai)(zai)廟子(zi)(zi)溝遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)址(zhi)(zhi)內的窖穴、灶(zao)坑和居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)面均發現(xian)(xian)(xian)有死(si)者(zhe),在(zai)(zai)房子(zi)(zi)附近的長(chang)方形坑內發現(xian)(xian)(xian)有多(duo)(duo)人(ren)、雙人(ren)和單(dan)(dan)人(ren)埋(mai)(mai)葬(zang),多(duo)(duo)人(ren)埋(mai)(mai)葬(zang)中(zhong)有兒童和成人(ren),在(zai)(zai)房子(zi)(zi)內的圓(yuan)形窖穴內均為單(dan)(dan)人(ren)埋(mai)(mai)葬(zang),許多(duo)(duo)未成年個體(ti)多(duo)(duo)在(zai)(zai)室(shi)內灶(zao)坑里或居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)面上,死(si)者(zhe)的頭向不定(ding),多(duo)(duo)側(ce)身屈(qu)肢(zhi),兒童和女性死(si)者(zhe)有的佩帶環飾和蚌螺類(lei)裝飾品(pin),從這些現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)來看多(duo)(duo)數死(si)者(zhe)屬于非(fei)正(zheng)常死(si)亡埋(mai)(mai)葬(zang),這還有待進一步研究。
內蒙古(gu)廟子(zi)溝(gou)遺址為人們(men)了解新石器時代(dai)晚期內蒙古(gu)地區(qu)的(de)文(wen)化提(ti)供了大量的(de)史料(liao)基礎,而且它突(tu)然消(xiao)失的(de)文(wen)明(ming)更引(yin)起了考(kao)古(gu)工作者的(de)興趣。
從(cong)廟(miao)(miao)子溝遺存來看,廟(miao)(miao)子溝的先民們當時(shi)是以(yi)從(cong)事原始農(nong)業(ye)為主,同(tong)時(shi)飼養(yang)有豬、羊、牛、狗等(deng)家(jia)畜(chu)動(dong)物,也捕(bu)獵鹿(lu)、狍、獐、虎、野(ye)山羊、羚羊等(deng)野(ye)生動(dong)物以(yi)及魚、龜、鳥類(lei)等(deng)。