廟(miao)子(zi)(zi)溝遺(yi)址位于烏(wu)蘭察(cha)布(bu)市(shi)察(cha)哈爾右翼前旗新風鄉廟(miao)子(zi)(zi)溝村(cun)南。從1985年(nian)至1987年(nian)先(xian)后三次對此(ci)遺(yi)址進行發掘(jue)清理(li),發現房子(zi)(zi)50余座、灰(hui)坑和(he)窖穴130多座、墓葬40坐。出(chu)土遺(yi)物(wu)很豐富,有陶器(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)器(qi)(qi)和(he)石器(qi)(qi)共千余件,此(ci)外還有部(bu)分(fen)動物(wu)骨(gu)、角等,是相當仰韶文化晚期(qi)的聚落(luo)遺(yi)址,遺(yi)物(wu)經碳十四(si)測定,約距今5,500年(nian)。
這里水土流失(shi)嚴重(zhong),遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)跡多已暴露在地(di)(di)表,未見打(da)破和疊壓(ya)關(guan)(guan)系,遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)跡建在生(sheng)(sheng)土上(shang),文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵比較單純,遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)物具(ju)有(you)鮮明的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)特征,代表了內(nei)蒙(meng)古自治區(qu)(qu)中(zhong)南部岱海(hai)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)相當(dang)仰韶(shao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)晚期的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),同(tong)時又明顯看出這里的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)與(yu)中(zhong)原(yuan)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)和燕山以北(bei)等地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)關(guan)(guan)系密(mi)切,廟子溝遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)存具(ju)有(you)海(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)因素(su),應屬海(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),然而廟子溝遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)存又與(yu)阿善(shan)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)和白泥窯子遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)同(tong)期文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之間(jian)又有(you)差異,當(dang)屬同(tong)一文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類型。廟子溝遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)發現和發掘(jue),不(bu)僅更證實(shi)了海(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)存在,而且也證實(shi)了海(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)復雜性(xing),學術界對(dui)此很(hen)關(guan)(guan)注。
經(jing)(jing)過考古(gu)(gu)工(gong)作者(zhe)10多(duo)年(nian)的(de)艱(jian)苦工(gong)作,內(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)廟(miao)(miao)子(zi)溝(gou)文化(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)整(zheng)理工(gong)作于(yu)2002年(nian)完(wan)成。廟(miao)(miao)子(zi)溝(gou)遺(yi)址(zhi)位于(yu)內(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)自治區(qu)烏蘭察布盟察右前旗新風鄉,是目前內(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)中南部地區(qu)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)面積(ji)大、遺(yi)跡保存(cun)完(wan)整(zheng)、出土遺(yi)物豐富(fu)的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)。這處距今約5500年(nian)的(de)原(yuan)始村(cun)落遺(yi)址(zhi)是于(yu)1985年(nian)10月發(fa)現的(de),經(jing)(jing)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)的(de)村(cun)南遺(yi)址(zhi)地點面積(ji)約近3萬平方米,共發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)出房址(zhi)51座,灰坑、窖穴132個,墓葬43座,出土及復原(yuan)各類陶(tao)器700余(yu)件(jian),其(qi)它(ta)比較完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)石器、玉器、骨角(jiao)器、蚌(bang)器和裝飾品(pin)達千余(yu)件(jian),反映了一種以(yi)原(yuan)始鋤耕農業(ye)為基礎,漁(yu)獵經(jing)(jing)濟占一定(ding)比重(zhong)的(de)經(jing)(jing)濟形(xing)態。廟(miao)(miao)子(zi)溝(gou)文化(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)出土了大批(pi)石環(huan)類飾品(pin)。
廟(miao)(miao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)溝(gou)遺(yi)址(zhi)的房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)均為(wei)(wei)(wei)半地穴(xue)式,多為(wei)(wei)(wei)方形或長(chang)方形,也有梯形,居住面(mian)用泥抹,多數(shu)經燒(shao)烤(kao)。室(shi)內大多設有雙灶,前為(wei)(wei)(wei)圓形坑灶,后為(wei)(wei)(wei)方形地面(mian)灶。多數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)凸(tu)出的斜坡或臺階式門道,門設在(zai)前墻中間。房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)內外均有窖(jiao)(jiao)穴(xue)、灰坑。窖(jiao)(jiao)穴(xue)有圓形、方形、橢圓形,都是豎穴(xue)。居住遺(yi)址(zhi)的選(xuan)擇與白(bai)泥窯(yao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)第(di)二(er)種(zhong)文化(hua)相同,在(zai)白(bai)泥窯(yao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)廟(miao)(miao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)溝(gou)附(fu)近相同文化(hua)的大壩溝(gou)遺(yi)址(zhi),均有壕溝(gou)環繞(rao)居住址(zhi),而(er)廟(miao)(miao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)溝(gou)遺(yi)址(zhi)可能因水土(tu)流失(shi)嚴重(zhong)而(er)未發現(xian)有壕溝(gou)。每座(zuo)房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的窖(jiao)(jiao)穴(xue)和(he)居住面(mian)上,均有成(cheng)套的生(sheng)產工具(ju)和(he)生(sheng)活用具(ju)等,說明(ming)每座(zuo)房(fang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)已構成(cheng)一(yi)個生(sheng)產和(he)生(sheng)活的單元,已是以(yi)個體家庭(ting)為(wei)(wei)(wei)單位從事(shi)生(sheng)產和(he)生(sheng)活。
生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)是磨(mo)制石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、打制石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)共存(cun),并有(you)(you)骨、角器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)陶制工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)。石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類(lei)很多,有(you)(you)鏟(chan)、刀、錛(ben)、鑿(zao)、斧(fu)、鉆、磨(mo)盤、磨(mo)棒、砍砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)、球、臺體(ti)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)凹形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等,細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)、尖(jian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、鏃(zu)以及(ji)石(shi)(shi)核、石(shi)(shi)葉(xie)、石(shi)(shi)片等。陶制工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)大量(liang)的鏟(chan)、刀和(he)少量(liang)陶紡輪。骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)錐、針、鏃(zu)、匕(bi)、嵌石(shi)(shi)刃刀、嵌石(shi)(shi)刃劍、槽形(xing)尖(jian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)亞形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等。其中(zhong)窄首寬刃石(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、雙孔(kong)或兩側(ce)缺(que)口刀、梯形(xing)小石(shi)(shi)錛(ben)、月牙形(xing)磨(mo)棒、橢(tuo)圓形(xing)凹體(ti)磨(mo)盤、臺體(ti)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)凹形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)以及(ji)嵌石(shi)(shi)刃骨刀和(he)骨制亞形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等,均具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)特色(se),為典形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物。
陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)以(yi)泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)為(wei)主,此外還(huan)有(you)夾砂(sha)(sha)和砂(sha)(sha)質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao),均為(wei)手制(zhi)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)色(se)繁(fan)雜,有(you)褐、灰、紅、黃(huang)、黑(hei)、白(bai)等(deng)(deng)色(se)。泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)表多(duo)素面(mian)磨光(guang)或施籃(lan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。加(jia)砂(sha)(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)主體紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)主,另(ling)外還(huan)有(you)方(fang)格紋(wen)(wen)(wen)與線(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),配合(he)主體紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)的有(you)附(fu)加(jia)堆(dui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、壓印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、連(lian)點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。彩陶(tao)(tao)(tao)較發達,彩色(se)多(duo)樣(yang),有(you)紅、褐、黑(hei)、紫(zi)、赭等(deng)(deng)色(se),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)更是繁(fan)縟多(duo)種,有(you)方(fang)格紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、鱗紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、渦紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、鋸齒紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、草葉紋(wen)(wen)(wen)以(yi)及曲線(xian)、垂弧、直線(xian)、三角、橢(tuo)圓點(dian)等(deng)(deng)幾何圖(tu)案(an)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi),常見內(nei)彩和復(fu)彩。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)耳發達,多(duo)為(wei)環狀耳。器(qi)(qi)形(xing)種類有(you)侈沿鼓(gu)腹罐、大口(kou)罐、筒形(xing)罐、小口(kou)雙耳罐、喇(la)叭口(kou)尖(jian)底瓶(ping)、曲腹盆、折(zhe)腹盆、曲腹缽、折(zhe)腹缽、漏斗、器(qi)(qi)蓋、小杯、偏口(kou)壺(hu)等(deng)(deng)。從(cong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)可以(yi)看(kan)出廟子溝遺存接收周邊文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的影響,筒形(xing)罐是受前紅山文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、紅山文(wen)化(hua)(hua)影響,從(cong)東傳來,故自東向西(xi)遞(di)減,到鄂(e)爾(er)多(duo)斯(si)。而喇(la)叭口(kou)尖(jian)底瓶(ping)卻是受中(zhong)原仰韶(shao)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的廟底溝類型文(wen)化(hua)(hua)影響,故由西(xi)向東漸少,到岱海、黃(huang)旗(qi)海兩湖地帶未(wei)見。出土物(wu)中(zhong)還(huan)有(you)簪、項鏈、陶(tao)(tao)(tao)環、石環、玉佩、蚌螺串飾(shi)等(deng)(deng)裝飾(shi)品。
廟子溝(gou)遺(yi)存是具(ju)有地(di)域特征的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),有別于周(zhou)邊地(di)區(qu)同(tong)時期考古學文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類型。廟子溝(gou)遺(yi)址(zhi)在(zai)內(nei)蒙(meng)古中南部(bu)海(hai)(hai)生不浪文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)存中,目前發掘(jue)面積較(jiao)大(da),遺(yi)跡(ji)和出土文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物也較(jiao)豐富,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵較(jiao)單(dan)純,在(zai)海(hai)(hai)生不浪文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中頗具(ju)代表性,但又與阿善二期文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、白泥窯子第(di)二種文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)又有些差異,當屬同(tong)類文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中不同(tong)區(qu)域類型的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。
海生不浪(lang)文化遺(yi)存未發(fa)現(xian)墓地,但在(zai)(zai)廟子(zi)溝(gou)遺(yi)址(zhi)居住址(zhi)內(nei)的(de)(de)窖穴(xue)(xue)、灶(zao)坑和居住面均(jun)發(fa)現(xian)有(you)死者(zhe),在(zai)(zai)房(fang)子(zi)附近的(de)(de)長方形(xing)坑內(nei)發(fa)現(xian)有(you)多(duo)(duo)人(ren)、雙人(ren)和單(dan)人(ren)埋葬(zang)(zang),多(duo)(duo)人(ren)埋葬(zang)(zang)中有(you)兒童(tong)和成人(ren),在(zai)(zai)房(fang)子(zi)內(nei)的(de)(de)圓形(xing)窖穴(xue)(xue)內(nei)均(jun)為單(dan)人(ren)埋葬(zang)(zang),許多(duo)(duo)未成年個(ge)體(ti)多(duo)(duo)在(zai)(zai)室內(nei)灶(zao)坑里或(huo)居住面上,死者(zhe)的(de)(de)頭(tou)向(xiang)不定,多(duo)(duo)側(ce)身(shen)屈肢,兒童(tong)和女性死者(zhe)有(you)的(de)(de)佩帶(dai)環飾和蚌螺類裝飾品,從這(zhe)些現(xian)象(xiang)來看多(duo)(duo)數死者(zhe)屬于非正常(chang)死亡埋葬(zang)(zang),這(zhe)還(huan)有(you)待進(jin)一步研究(jiu)。
內(nei)蒙古(gu)廟子溝(gou)遺址(zhi)為人們了(le)解新石器(qi)時代(dai)晚(wan)期內(nei)蒙古(gu)地(di)區的(de)文(wen)化提供了(le)大(da)量的(de)史(shi)料基礎,而且(qie)它(ta)突然消失的(de)文(wen)明更(geng)引起了(le)考古(gu)工(gong)作者的(de)興趣。
從(cong)廟(miao)子溝遺存來看,廟(miao)子溝的先民們(men)當(dang)時(shi)是(shi)以從(cong)事原始農業為主,同時(shi)飼養有(you)豬、羊、牛(niu)、狗(gou)等(deng)家畜動物,也捕獵鹿(lu)、狍、獐、虎、野(ye)(ye)山(shan)羊、羚羊等(deng)野(ye)(ye)生動物以及(ji)魚、龜(gui)、鳥類等(deng)。