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墓地介紹

一、固原北(bei)朝、隋唐墓地的歷史文化(hua)內涵

固原北朝、隋唐(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地的建造(zao)時(shi)間(jian)為公元6～7世紀(ji),歷(li)經北周、隋、唐(tang)三個王朝。該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地的考(kao)古(gu)發掘(jue)始于(yu)1982年,到2004年共發掘(jue)北周及(ji)隋唐(tang)時(shi)期大(da)(da)(da)、中(zhong)、小型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)50余座,其(qi)中(zhong)著(zhu)名的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)有(you)北周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)3座、隋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)1座、唐(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)6座。該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)出(chu)土了大(da)(da)(da)量蜚聲中(zhong)外的反映絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)路文化交流與民(min)族遷徙的珍貴(gui)文物(wu),典型(xing)器物(wu)有(you)鎦金銀(yin)瓶、玻(bo)璃碗(wan)、金戒指、鐵刀、東羅(luo)(luo)馬金幣(bi)、薩珊(shan)銀(yin)幣(bi)、寶石(shi)印(yin)章、瓷(ci)器、銅器、壁畫等,還有(you)能夠體現墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人身世的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志及(ji)其(qi)兩具(ju)歐羅(luo)(luo)巴人即(ji)白種人的骨架。出(chu)土文物(wu)內涵豐富、博大(da)(da)(da)精深,具(ju)有(you)不(bu)可比擬(ni)的歷(li)史、考(kao)古(gu)、民(min)族與藝(yi)術研究價值(zhi)。

公元(yuan)4～7世(shi)紀是(shi)沙漠綠洲絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮昌盛時期,長(chang)(安(an))―涼(州(zhou))之(zhi)(zhi)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北路途經寧夏境(jing)內190多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)公里,形成了(le)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“蕭(xiao)關古道”,而固(gu)原(yuan)就是(shi)古道上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉(hou)重鎮,貢使、商(shang)賈、僧侶往(wang)來(lai)頻(pin)繁(fan)、絡繹(yi)不絕,諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)民族遷徙(xi)、文化(hua)交流(liu)、宗教傳播(bo)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)源于(yu)此。固(gu)原(yuan)北朝、隋唐墓(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)中(zhong)(zhong)西亞(ya)器物和受其風(feng)格影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器物,如(ru)13枚(mei)薩(sa)珊(shan)金(jin)銀(yin)幣及其仿制(zhi)品,展現源于(yu)希(xi)臘、羅(luo)馬文化(hua)藝術(shu)風(feng)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)(ba)克(ke)特(te)(te)(te)里亞(ya)金(jin)屬制(zhi)品――鎦金(jin)銀(yin)瓶(ping),來(lai)源于(yu)伊朗高原(yuan)薩(sa)珊(shan)玻璃(li)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凸釘裝(zhuang)飾玻璃(li)碗(wan),微雕生(sheng)命(ming)樹母題并刻(ke)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)古波斯銘文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶石印章等,以及手握(wo)或口(kou)含金(jin)銀(yin)幣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗,證實了(le)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路沿(yan)線文化(hua)傳播(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興盛和文化(hua)交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發達。尤其是(shi)出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7盒(he)史(shi)(shi)氏(shi)與(yu)安(an)氏(shi)墓(mu)志,記(ji)載了(le)隋唐間(jian)活動(dong)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)索(suo)格底亞(ya)那的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)即“昭武(wu)九姓”人(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)氏(shi)流(liu)寓原(yuan)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)實。粟(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)以擅(shan)長(chang)經商(shang)而聞名于(yu)世(shi),公元(yuan)3~8世(shi)紀,他們沿(yan)著絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路從撒馬爾干到長(chang)安(an)一線建立了(le)諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)商(shang)貿點和定居(ju)聚落(luo),操縱(zong)著絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國際商(shang)貿活動(dong)。有(you)些(xie)也躋(ji)身(shen)于(yu)官宦之(zhi)(zhi)列(lie),生(sheng)活在原(yuan)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)特(te)(te)(te)史(shi)(shi)姓人(ren)就是(shi)“因宦徙(xi)居(ju)”,他們均擔(dan)任原(yuan)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)上層(ceng)官員。墓(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現,證明了(le)這里是(shi)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路沿(yan)線粟(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)在中(zhong)(zhong)國境(jing)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要聚居(ju)點,也為研究(jiu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路沿(yan)線粟(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)華化(hua)和民族交流(liu)提供了(le)實物資料。經鑒(jian)定,唐墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩具人(ren)骨(gu)架頭骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顱面形態具有(you)白種(zhong)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)征(zheng),史(shi)(shi)籍中(zhong)(zhong)關于(yu)粟(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)面貌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)述有(you)歐羅(luo)巴(ba)(ba)人(ren)種(zhong)特(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)。依(yi)據體質人(ren)類(lei)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)結果,把歐羅(luo)巴(ba)(ba)人(ren)分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最東界從新疆東部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哈密地(di)區(qu)推進(jin)(jin)到了(le)寧夏南部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)原(yuan)地(di)區(qu),具有(you)特(te)(te)(te)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義,進(jin)(jin)一步說明絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路上原(yuan)州(zhou)人(ren)種(zhong)分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)。

北(bei)朝(chao)時期(qi)(qi),固原是(shi)著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)方軍鎮之一,這時又逢(feng)絲綢之路(lu)興旺和暢通的(de)(de)(de)重要時期(qi)(qi)。固原西南郊(jiao)成(cheng)為(wei)古(gu)人(ren)埋葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)理想之地,不乏(fa)高官在這里營造(zao)大(da)(da)型(xing)墓(mu)葬(zang)。迄今已發掘北(bei)朝(chao)時期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)葬(zang)十幾(ji)座(zuo),其(qi)中(zhong)北(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)大(da)(da)型(xing)墓(mu)葬(zang)3座(zuo),即柱(zhu)國大(da)(da)將(jiang)軍、原州(zhou)刺史李(li)賢(xian)夫婦合葬(zang)墓(mu),原、鹽、靈、會、交五(wu)州(zhou)諸軍事(shi)、原州(zhou)刺史宇(yu)文(wen)猛墓(mu),柱(zhu)國大(da)(da)將(jiang)軍田弘墓(mu)。這3座(zuo)權臣的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)葬(zang)呈東(dong)西一線并列(lie)分布,自李(li)賢(xian)墓(mu)到宇(yu)文(wen)猛墓(mu)距(ju)(ju)離(li)為(wei)1.72公里,宇(yu)文(wen)猛墓(mu)到田弘墓(mu)距(ju)(ju)離(li)為(wei)0.67公里。營造(zao)時間前后相距(ju)(ju)10年,宇(yu)文(wen)猛墓(mu)造(zao)于(yu)北(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)保定五(wu)年(565),李(li)賢(xian)墓(mu)造(zao)于(yu)北(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)天和四(si)(si)年(569),田弘墓(mu)造(zao)于(yu)北(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)建德四(si)(si)年(575)。這些墓(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)出土了(le)大(da)(da)批蜚聲中(zhong)外的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)物(wu),尤以鎦金銀壺、凸(tu)釘裝(zhuang)飾(shi)玻(bo)璃碗等國寶級文(wen)物(wu)而著(zhu)(zhu)稱(cheng)。

隋唐(tang)(tang)(tang)時期的(de)著名墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬主(zhu)要有(you)粟特(te)人(ren)(ren)史(shi)姓(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬6座(zuo),即大(da)(da)(da)(da)隋正(zheng)議大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫右(you)領(ling)軍驃騎將軍史(shi)射(she)勿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(隋大(da)(da)(da)(da)業(ye)五年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)609年(nian)(nian)(nian)),大(da)(da)(da)(da)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)故(gu)左親衛(wei)史(shi)道洛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)顯(xian)慶(qing)三年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)658年(nian)(nian)(nian)),大(da)(da)(da)(da)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)故(gu)朝(chao)請大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫平涼郡都(dou)尉史(shi)索巖與夫人(ren)(ren)安(an)娘合(he)葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)麟德(de)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)664年(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)游擊將軍、虢州(zhou)刺史(shi)、直中(zhong)書省史(shi)訶耽墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)總章二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)669年(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)司(si)馭寺右(you)十七監史(shi)鐵棒(bang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)咸亨元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)670年(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)給事(shi)郎(lang)蘭池正(zheng)監史(shi)道德(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)儀風三年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)678年(nian)(nian)(nian))。還有(you)一座(zuo)非史(shi)姓(xing)的(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)周處士(shi)梁(liang)元(yuan)珍(zhen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)圣歷二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)699年(nian)(nian)(nian))。另外(wai),南塬上的(de)諸(zhu)多唐(tang)(tang)(tang)代中(zhong)、小型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬,其中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)M29中(zhong)的(de)兩(liang)具(ju)人(ren)(ren)骨架,為(wei)男女合(he)葬,經人(ren)(ren)骨鑒定,均(jun)為(wei)白種人(ren)(ren)。

固原(yuan)(yuan)北朝、隋唐墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)具有深刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化內涵,見(jian)證了絲綢(chou)之路(lu)(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化交(jiao)流(liu)。南北朝時期,是絲綢(chou)之路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興盛期,大(da)量(liang)帶有或受中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)與波斯(si)風格影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)方文(wen)化向東(dong)傳(chuan)播,而原(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)及(ji)固原(yuan)(yuan)正處于這(zhe)條傳(chuan)播路(lu)(lu)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心位置,原(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考古發(fa)(fa)現把地(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海、伊(yi)朗(lang)高原(yuan)(yuan)、蒙古高原(yuan)(yuan)、黃土(tu)(tu)高原(yuan)(yuan)、朝鮮半島、日本(ben)海島緊密聯系起來(lai)(lai)。戎(rong)裝(zhuang)甲(jia)胄、佩刀、金銀(yin)玻璃器皿、貨幣(bi)等中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)在北魏(wei)、北周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土(tu)(tu),便是有力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證據。這(zhe)些隨葬(zang)(zang)品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),部分器物(wu)(wu)來(lai)(lai)自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)波斯(si)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu),或受其(qi)文(wen)化影(ying)響。北周李(li)(li)賢夫(fu)婦墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有4件(jian)器物(wu)(wu)來(lai)(lai)自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)。鎦金銀(yin)壺是一(yi)件(jian)具有薩(sa)(sa)珊(shan)(shan)風格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)制品,是希臘化對(dui)巴克特利亞(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)物(wu)(wu);凸釘裝(zhuang)飾玻璃碗(wan)是典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薩(sa)(sa)珊(shan)(shan)朝制品,其(qi)上(shang)凸起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凹球面裝(zhuang)飾在帕(pa)提亞(ya)(ya)(ya)、薩(sa)(sa)珊(shan)(shan)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伊(yi)朗(lang)高原(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)一(yi)度(du)很流(liu)行;鑲寶石(shi)金戒指,戒面藍色寶石(shi)上(shang)微雕手(shou)執(zhi)弧形(xing)花環的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裸(luo)體人物(wu)(wu),其(qi)母題來(lai)(lai)自薩(sa)(sa)珊(shan)(shan),它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)是薩(sa)(sa)珊(shan)(shan)或中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)某地(di)(di)(di)(di);銀(yin)裝(zhuang)鐵刀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佩系方法,是公元5世紀時西(xi)土(tu)(tu)爾其(qi)斯(si)坦發(fa)(fa)明,約在公元6世紀傳(chuan)到我國,并逐步取代傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)式佩系法,后又經過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)入日本(ben)。另外(wai),李(li)(li)賢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、宇文(wen)猛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、田弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具裝(zhuang)甲(jia)騎俑(yong)和(he)武(wu)士俑(yong)、吹奏樂(le)俑(yong)及(ji)出土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伎(ji)樂(le)壁畫,反(fan)映出來(lai)(lai)自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)樂(le)舞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)羅(luo)馬金銀(yin)幣(bi)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又一(yi)重(zhong)要(yao)實物(wu)(wu)見(jian)證。

隋(sui)唐(tang)間(jian)(jian)是(shi)絲(si)(si)綢之路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮昌(chang)盛時(shi)(shi)期,隋(sui)唐(tang)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)了(le)一(yi)批(pi)反映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)化交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)物,再(zai)現了(le)固原(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)路重(zhong)鎮地(di)(di)(di)(di)位。史(shi)射勿(wu)墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)枚金(jin)(jin)戒指(zhi),正中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)鑲(xiang)有(you)寶(bao)石,這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑲(xiang)寶(bao)石戒指(zhi)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)傳(chuan)(chuan)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。史(shi)訶耽(dan)墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藍色寶(bao)石印(yin)章,在(zai)寶(bao)石上(shang)雕刻圖(tu)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法,流(liu)行(xing)于傳(chuan)(chuan)入中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)方文(wen)物,其上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘文(wen)屬古波(bo)斯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帕勒維文(wen),是(shi)薩(sa)珊王朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)祈禱文(wen)。出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石門門額刻有(you)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)珠(zhu)紋(wen),內填怪獸,聯(lian)(lian)(lian)珠(zhu)紋(wen)起源(yuan)于薩(sa)珊,在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區流(liu)行(xing)后東漸傳(chuan)(chuan)入我(wo)(wo)國(guo),在(zai)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)流(liu)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)有(you)限,初唐(tang)以后即衰(shuai)落。史(shi)道(dao)德墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)覆(fu)面,獸面金(jin)(jin)飾(shi)(shi)、動物紋(wen)圓(yuan)形(xing)金(jin)(jin)飾(shi)(shi)等器物,均(jun)表現出(chu)(chu)(chu)西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)風格。覆(fu)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬俗與(yu)波(bo)斯和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆(fu)面習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)俗有(you)著(zhu)千絲(si)(si)萬縷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)系,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)額飾(shi)(shi)上(shang)半月(yue)形(xing)間(jian)(jian)托一(yi)圓(yuan)形(xing),圓(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)表示太陽(yang),與(yu)西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)崇拜日月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)俗有(you)關(guan)。墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發現口(kou)含(han)金(jin)(jin)幣(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬俗與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區有(you)著(zhu)密(mi)切(qie)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)系。東羅(luo)馬金(jin)(jin)幣(bi)(bi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)時(shi)(shi)均(jun)放置(zhi)在(zai)墓(mu)主人頭部(bu),史(shi)道(dao)德墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)幣(bi)(bi)含(han)在(zai)口(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)口(kou)含(han)金(jin)(jin)幣(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋葬習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)俗與(yu)古希臘(la)神(shen)話有(you)著(zhu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)系。據說(shuo),人去世(shi)后要(yao)(yao)(yao)到遙遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)獄世(shi)界(jie),靈魂要(yao)(yao)(yao)由赫爾(er)墨斯領(ling)至(zhi)(zhi)冥界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門口(kou),再(zai)由卡戎用渡(du)船運過斯蒂克斯河,人們要(yao)(yao)(yao)付給卡戎擺渡(du)錢(qian)(qian),而希臘(la)人把這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)錢(qian)(qian)置(zhi)于死者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),后來羅(luo)馬人沿襲了(le)這(zhe)一(yi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)俗。20世(shi)紀后半期在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區發掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)從(cong)(cong)公元1～8世(shi)紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許(xu)多(duo)墓(mu)葬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),都見有(you)死者(zhe)(zhe)口(kou)含(han)或(huo)手握金(jin)(jin)銀幣(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象,而在(zai)古希臘(la)墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發現含(han)幣(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)俗比中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區要(yao)(yao)(yao)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo),約從(cong)(cong)公元前5至(zhi)(zhi)4世(shi)紀開始。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)境內古代(dai)乃至(zhi)(zhi)近(jin)現代(dai)均(jun)流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)有(you)死者(zhe)(zhe)口(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)玉或(huo)含(han)珠(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬俗,但沒有(you)死者(zhe)(zhe)口(kou)含(han)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)俗。固原(yuan)史(shi)系家族墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)葬俗,無疑是(shi)他(ta)們保留(liu)祖上(shang)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋葬習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)俗。不難看出(chu)(chu)(chu),從(cong)(cong)北朝至(zhi)(zhi)隋(sui)唐(tang)間(jian)(jian),隨著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)化交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發達(da),絲(si)(si)綢之路上(shang)商賈絡(luo)繹不絕,各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)俗、遺(yi)物源(yuan)源(yuan)不斷流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)到中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo),固原(yuan)作(zuo)為(wei)絲(si)(si)路關(guan)隘要(yao)(yao)(yao)塞(sai)重(zhong)鎮,發現諸(zhu)多(duo)反映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)化交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)物就是(shi)自(zi)然之事了(le)。尤其史(shi)系家族本身作(zuo)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)粟特人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后裔,又是(shi)絲(si)(si)綢之路上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權臣,充當(dang)經貿(mao)往來、文(wen)化交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)媒介是(shi)情理(li)所在(zai),從(cong)(cong)另一(yi)方面也證實(shi)了(le)隋(sui)唐(tang)間(jian)(jian)發達(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)化交(jiao)流(liu)。

二(er)、固原北朝(chao)、隋唐墓地的普遍(bian)價(jia)值

固原(yuan)北(bei)朝、隋(sui)唐(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)彰(zhang)顯(xian)(xian)了(le)人類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)造精神,體(ti)現了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造塋(ying)理念。古人選擇地(di)勢平坦、視野開闊、背(bei)山面水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理想(xiang)之(zhi)地(di)作(zuo)為(wei)死者(zhe)(zhe)靈魂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)息之(zhi)所(suo)。該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)背(bei)靠白(bai)馬山,面臨清水河(he),塬地(di)開闊,環境優美,符合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)堪輿(yu)學(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)水觀(guan)。大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)建(jian),盛行長墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、多(duo)天(tian)井,出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸多(duo)壁畫,鎮墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)俑、出行儀仗(zhang)俑、侍仆舞樂(le)俑、庖櫥用具(ju)等(deng)器物,一方(fang)面象(xiang)征墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具(ju)有模仿主人生前居所(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完備(bei)形式(shi),體(ti)現多(duo)進院落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)格,另一方(fang)面說明死者(zhe)(zhe)靈魂仍然能夠享受生前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)食起居與(yu)榮華富(fu)貴。這正是(shi)古人視死如生美好愿望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真實反映(ying)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)流(liu)行長墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、多(duo)天(tian)井的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法,無論是(shi)庶(shu)人還是(shi)品官,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)都有3～7個不(bu)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)井,這種(zhong)現象(xiang)在(zai)同(tong)一墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)出現,十分罕見(jian)。而該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)天(tian)井的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現,與(yu)這里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)質條件密切相關,充分考慮了(le)黃土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失陷性特(te)征。在(zai)營造墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)時(shi)(shi)(shi),容(rong)易塌陷,不(bu)適宜構(gou)筑長坡(po)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao),所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)長斜坡(po)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)上開鑿(zao)天(tian)井,以(yi)滿足古人在(zai)構(gou)建(jian)大(da)(da)規(gui)模墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮儀需要(yao)。長墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、多(duo)天(tian)井的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形式(shi),是(shi)長時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)演變與(yu)創(chuang)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)。另外,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明顯(xian)(xian)特(te)征就(jiu)是(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)與(yu)天(tian)井上寬下(xia)(xia)窄,這樣(yang)既(ji)便于施工,節省勞動時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian),又有利(li)于穩定結構(gou),反映(ying)了(le)隋(sui)唐(tang)間(jian)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋葬(zang)(zang)(zang)思(si)想(xiang)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度距地(di)表均有10尺(chi)(chi)左(zuo)右,符合(he)隋(sui)唐(tang)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造塋(ying)制度。隋(sui)唐(tang)時(shi)(shi)(shi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)距地(di)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)淺,皆有丈尺(chi)(chi),并(bing)規(gui)定若干吉(ji)尺(chi)(chi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)發掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隋(sui)唐(tang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)8座大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang),有4座深(shen)度屬吉(ji)尺(chi)(chi),有4座非吉(ji)尺(chi)(chi),但誤(wu)差均在(zai)1尺(chi)(chi)以(yi)下(xia)(xia),若考慮換算(suan)誤(wu)差、水土流(liu)失等(deng)因素,埋葬(zang)(zang)(zang)深(shen)度應該(gai)(gai)是(shi)按照堪輿(yu)吉(ji)尺(chi)(chi)而衡定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

固原北朝(chao)、隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)體現了(le)4～7世紀絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)繁盛時期(qi)寧(ning)夏段上的(de)(de)(de)中西文(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流、商業貿易、粟(su)特民(min)族徙居與(yu)(yu)融合(he)的(de)(de)(de)事實,對(dui)研究中古時期(qi)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿(yan)(yan)線(xian)(xian)寧(ning)夏段發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)、商業貿易及(ji)粟(su)特人(ren)甚至歐羅巴人(ren)華化(hua)產生(sheng)了(le)最重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響,展示了(le)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)與(yu)(yu)民(min)族的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)元(yuan)性。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)掘,在學術(shu)(shu)界與(yu)(yu)考古界產生(sheng)了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)影(ying)(ying)響。這(zhe)些大(da)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)主人(ren)具有(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會地(di)位,是(shi)(shi)統(tong)治(zhi)王(wang)朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)權臣,曾在絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿(yan)(yan)線(xian)(xian)重(zhong)(zhong)鎮(zhen)擔任要職,對(dui)確保絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)暢(chang)通(tong)無阻發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)過(guo)(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)要作用,可(ke)以說,他們(men)是(shi)(shi)著名的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)路(lu)人(ren)物(wu)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)中、西亞文(wen)(wen)物(wu)絢麗多(duo)彩、內(nei)涵豐富(fu)、風格獨特、精美無比,再現了(le)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)一線(xian)(xian)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流由西向東(dong)逐漸傳(chuan)播的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)以及(ji)對(dui)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿(yan)(yan)線(xian)(xian)商業貿易所(suo)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)影(ying)(ying)響。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中出土(tu)了(le)大(da)批珍貴壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),是(shi)(shi)北朝(chao)隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)間墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)一大(da)發(fa)(fa)現。北周(zhou)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)李賢夫婦合(he)葬(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、過(guo)(guo)洞、天(tian)井、甬道(dao)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室繪有(you)(you)手(shou)持(chi)或肩扛儀刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)士(shi)、門樓(lou)、侍女等內(nei)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),宇文(wen)(wen)猛(meng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)僅(jin)存第五天(tian)井東(dong)一幅武(wu)(wu)士(shi)圖,田弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室及(ji)甬道(dao)繪有(you)(you)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),隋(sui)史(shi)(shi)射勿(wu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、天(tian)井、過(guo)(guo)洞和墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室繪制手(shou)持(chi)儀刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)士(shi)、手(shou)持(chi)笏板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)官、門樓(lou)、侍女等內(nei)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),唐(tang)(tang)史(shi)(shi)索巖(yan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)保存有(you)(you)第五過(guo)(guo)洞上方的(de)(de)(de)一幅朱雀(que)圖。這(zhe)些壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)容(rong)豐富(fu)、繪制水(shui)平較高,尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)北周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),人(ren)物(wu)面(mian)(mian)部畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)與(yu)(yu)敦煌西魏(wei)北周(zhou)窟中的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)像(xiang)面(mian)(mian)部畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)近(jin)似,說明當時原州與(yu)(yu)敦煌地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工集團(tuan)之(zhi)(zhi)間存在著某種交流,并填補了(le)西魏(wei)至北周(zhou)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)空白,是(shi)(shi)北朝(chao)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)跡的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)發(fa)(fa)現,具有(you)(you)十分重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)意義。隋(sui)史(shi)(shi)射勿(wu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)一座大(da)型壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),為(wei)隋(sui)代(dai)考古所(suo)稀見,豐富(fu)了(le)這(zhe)個(ge)時期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容(rong),藝術(shu)(shu)價值(zhi)極高。

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)發現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)隋唐(tang)時期“昭武九(jiu)姓”之一的(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)系粟(su)特(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)家族墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬,出土7盒墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi),即(ji)(ji)《隋正議大(da)夫右領軍驃騎將(jiang)軍史(shi)(shi)射(she)勿(wu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)故(gu)左親衛(wei)史(shi)(shi)道洛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)故(gu)朝請大(da)夫平(ping)涼郡(jun)都尉史(shi)(shi)索巖(yan)夫婦墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)游(you)擊將(jiang)軍、虢(guo)州(zhou)刺史(shi)(shi)、直中(zhong)書省史(shi)(shi)訶耽墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)司(si)馭寺右十七(qi)監(jian)史(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)棒墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)給事(shi)郎蘭池正監(jian)史(shi)(shi)道德墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》,反(fan)映(ying)了(le)(le)(le)絲綢(chou)之路(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)民族遷(qian)徙與(yu)交(jiao)融。這(zhe)些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)具有極高(gao)的(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)料(liao)價值,不(bu)(bu)僅記(ji)載了(le)(le)(le)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)平(ping)事(shi)跡,而且從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)記(ji)載分(fen)析可知,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)主人(ren)(ren)(ren)屬(shu)中(zhong)亞粟(su)特(te)僑民,即(ji)(ji)中(zhong)亞“昭武九(jiu)姓”之一的(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)姓,他們是(shi)(shi)沿著(zhu)絲綢(chou)之路(lu)一線逐步(bu)遷(qian)徙落籍固原的(de)(de),并擔(dan)任地(di)方(fang)中(zhong)高(gao)級官(guan)職。更重要的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),這(zhe)為研究當時落籍固原的(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)系家族及粟(su)特(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)東遷(qian)后的(de)(de)許(xu)多(duo)歷史(shi)(shi)問題提供了(le)(le)(le)實(shi)物(wu)資料(liao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)還有諸多(duo)下(xia)層(ceng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)士的(de)(de)無墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)記(ji)載的(de)(de)小型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬,體現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)擁有人(ren)(ren)(ren)群的(de)(de)多(duo)樣(yang)性。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)展(zhan)示的(de)(de)葬俗,不(bu)(bu)論是(shi)(shi)上(shang)層(ceng)達官(guan),還是(shi)(shi)下(xia)層(ceng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)士,也不(bu)(bu)分(fen)中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)漢民族與(yu)外國(guo)粟(su)特(te)僑民,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬形制均使用墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道洞室墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),一律實(shi)行(xing)土葬,葬俗完(wan)全本(ben)土化(hua),充分(fen)說明(ming)了(le)(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)同人(ren)(ren)(ren)種在同一地(di)區(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)(de)趨同化(hua),也表現(xian)出了(le)(le)(le)文化(hua)從多(duo)元向一體交(jiao)融發展(zhan)的(de)(de)過程。

固原北朝、隋唐墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深厚文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)內涵,為(wei)曾經(jing)(jing)(jing)發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明和(he)已經(jing)(jing)(jing)消逝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)民族(zu)及(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳統(tong)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)特(te)(te)殊見(jian)證(zheng)。恢弘龐(pang)雜、貫通(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu),已被現代文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明程度更高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柏油(you)坦蕩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)取(qu)代,昔(xi)日駝鈴聲聲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)隊(dui)不(bu)復存在(zai),取(qu)而代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)疾(ji)馳往來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種車輛。只有沿線遺(yi)(yi)留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)跡、遺(yi)(yi)址、城垣、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)見(jian)證(zheng)著(zhu)(zhu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輝煌與偉大,訴說著(zhu)(zhu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)上曾經(jing)(jing)(jing)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一切(qie)。該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)便(bian)是(shi)一例(li),靜謐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di),拂去(qu)歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塵封,揭開神(shen)秘(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面紗,顯示出了(le)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)上發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流、商(shang)業貿(mao)易與民族(zu)遷徙(xi)融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實,為(wei)北朝隋唐間中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流、人(ren)(ren)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多樣性和(he)外國(guo)(guo)(guo)僑民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)華化(hua)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)獨特(te)(te)而又特(te)(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)見(jian)證(zheng)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物,尤其是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物,反映出絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)上商(shang)貿(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮,使得中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西亞各種奢侈品源(yuan)源(yuan)不(bu)斷運來,并(bing)留在(zai)了(le)絲(si)(si)路(lu)重鎮(zhen)固原,有些伴隨著(zhu)(zhu)主人(ren)(ren)到了(le)靈(ling)魂世(shi)界,仍相廝守。同時,該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境(jing)內發掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)群,不(bu)啻為(wei)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)創造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明和(he)已經(jing)(jing)(jing)消亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)特(te)(te)殊見(jian)證(zheng)。隋唐時期,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)史籍把活動于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞地(di)區阿姆河與錫爾河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間索格底(di)亞那地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)統(tong)稱為(wei)“昭武九姓”,即康國(guo)(guo)(guo)、何國(guo)(guo)(guo)、米(mi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、史國(guo)(guo)(guo)、曹國(guo)(guo)(guo)、石(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、安(an)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、火尋(xun)、戊地(di)九國(guo)(guo)(guo)。流寓中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren),均(jun)以國(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)姓,素(su)以善于(yu)(yu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)商(shang)著(zhu)(zhu)稱于(yu)(yu)世(shi),利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所在(zai),不(bu)遠千(qian)里(li),他(ta)們通(tong)過絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)來往于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,進行國(guo)(guo)(guo)際商(shang)貿(mao)活動,且擔當了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳播者。固原發掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史系家(jia)族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)便(bian)屬“昭武九姓”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史姓。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志及(ji)相關文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物,是(shi)研究史系家(jia)族(zu)以及(ji)其他(ta)外國(guo)(guo)(guo)僑民在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境(jing)內生活狀況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍貴實物資(zi)料。