古橋構造
卞(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)頭各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)一對大型石(shi)獅(shi),相向蹲踞(ju)于須彌(mi)蓮(lian)花座(zuo)上(shang),神(shen)態威猛(meng),形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)逼真;橋(qiao)(qiao)墩下部為(wei)梭形(xing)(xing)迎水(shui);拱(gong)腳(jiao)處有(you)(you)(you)蓮(lian)花座(zuo),花瓣肥(fei)厚圓潤,帶有(you)(you)(you)顯明的(de)(de)晚(wan)唐風格,托石(shi)以下部分應(ying)為(wei)晚(wan)唐建筑(zhu);拱(gong)頂(ding)上(shang)鑲有(you)(you)(you)透雕(diao)(diao)龍首(shou)向南北(bei)探出橋(qiao)(qiao)外(wai)(wai)0.6米,深目高(gao)鼻,旋毛飄然(ran)耳(er)后,作張(zhang)口狀,口內(nei)或含寶珠,或含游魚,形(xing)(xing)態多(duo)變,神(shen)采(cai)各(ge)(ge)異(yi);橋(qiao)(qiao)面兩邊各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)14根(gen)望(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)和(he)13塊(kuai)欄板,柱(zhu)(zhu)頂(ding)均(jun)為(wei)細雕(diao)(diao)云頭,欄板和(he)14根(gen)望(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)。望(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)長方條石(shi)柱(zhu)(zhu),頂(ding)部刻(ke)方蓮(lian)圖案;欄板四周(zhou)飾平面線(xian)刻(ke)云水(shui)花紋(wen),中間刻(ke)有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)物、花卉、珍(zhen)禽、異(yi)獸、云水(shui)、山(shan)石(shi)、建筑(zhu)等(deng)浮雕(diao)(diao),內(nei)容豐富多(duo)彩技法精(jing)湛(zhan)高(gao)超,其(qi)中“太公釣(diao)魚”、“卞(bian)莊刺(ci)虎”、“周(zhou)處除(chu)三害”、“松下問童子”等(deng)浮雕(diao)(diao)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)逼真,具有(you)(you)(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)價(jia)值(zhi)和(he)欣賞價(jia)值(zhi),是石(shi)雕(diao)(diao)之珍(zhen)品。橋(qiao)(qiao)下綠水(shui)長流,碧波蕩漾。 卞(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)集數學、力學、美(mei)學于一體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),具有(you)(you)(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史價(jia)值(zhi)、藝(yi)術(shu)價(jia)值(zhi)和(he)科學價(jia)值(zhi)。它造(zao)型美(mei)觀,建造(zao)精(jing)工,石(shi)刻(ke)采(cai)用線(xian)雕(diao)(diao)、浮雕(diao)(diao)、透雕(diao)(diao)、整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)雕(diao)(diao)等(deng)技法,集古代雕(diao)(diao)刻(ke)藝(yi)術(shu)之大成(cheng)。它布局巧(qiao)妙,結(jie)構合理,設(she)計精(jing)心,整(zheng)座(zuo)橋(qiao)(qiao)渾(hun)然(ran)一體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),堅固異(yi)常(chang)。雖(sui)然(ran)歷(li)(li)經800多(duo)年的(de)(de)風雨滄桑,主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)建筑(zhu)除(chu)橋(qiao)(qiao)面、望(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)、欄板外(wai)(wai),基本完整(zheng)無損,仍(reng)然(ran)可以通行(xing)車(che)輛。
建造歷史
卞(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)始由春(chun)秋時(shi)期魯國(guo)宣公(gong)(公(gong)元(yuan)前690年(nian)(nian)(nian)左(zuo)右)的(de)大夫卞(bian)莊子(zi)所建,為8塊 石條的(de)簡易橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao).相(xiang)傳(chuan)楚漢相(xiang)爭(zheng)時(shi),韓(han)信避(bi)難于橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)下為報恩,改建為三孔(kong)石拱橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao).唐初李(li)世民(min)東爭(zheng)歸經此橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),聽人(ren)(ren)介紹人(ren)(ren)文典故之后,為揚皇(huang)威, 令(ling)魏(wei)遲恭(字敬德)重(zhong) 修(xiu)(xiu)此橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),至(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)下拱頂上仍鐫刻有"敬德監造(zao)"字樣.金(jin)大定(ding)21年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan) 1183年(nian)(nian)(nian))進(jin)行了(le)改建,明(ming)代(dai)又進(jin)行了(le)修(xiu)(xiu)補(bu).建國(guo)后,在1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)和(he)1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)進(jin)行了(le)修(xiu)(xiu)復至(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)在當 地的(de)生產生活中發(fa)揮著重(zhong)要作用. 《古代(dai)經濟專題史話·古代(dai)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)史話》記(ji)載,卞(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)“可能是全國(guo)罕見的(de)晚(wan)唐建筑(zhu)”。金(jin)大定(ding)二十一年(nian)(nian)(nian) (公(gong)元(yuan)1181年(nian)(nian)(nian))重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu),明(ming)萬歷九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1581年(nian)(nian)(nian))曾對部分欄(lan)板、望(wang)柱(zhu)進(jin)行補(bu)配。1978年(nian)(nian)(nian),進(jin)行加固維修(xiu)(xiu),補(bu)雕石獅(shi)一只,補(bu)齊(qi)望(wang)柱(zhu)、欄(lan)板、橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)墩、引橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao);1998、2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)又兩次維修(xiu)(xiu)。卞(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)歷史悠久,即使(shi)從(cong)重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)算起,距今(jin)(jin)已有800多年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史,也早于始建于金(jin)大定(ding)二十九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1189年(nian)(nian)(nian))的(de)北京(jing)盧溝橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。是與(yu)河北趙州橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),泉(quan)州洛陽(yang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),漳(zhang)州江東橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),北京(jing)盧溝橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)齊(qi)名的(de)現存(cun)古老(lao)石橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao).
小卞橋
無獨有(you)(you)偶,在山東平邑縣卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)鎮東卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)村東南,也有(you)(you)一座“卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。這(zhe)(zhe)里在古代與泗(si)水泉林(lin)鎮同(tong)屬(shu)卞(bian)(bian)國,因(yin)區別于泉林(lin)卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao),這(zhe)(zhe)座“卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”只好稱(cheng)為“小(xiao)卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。小(xiao)卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)始建于明天啟(qi)二年 (1622年),1868、1905、1926年重修。該橋(qiao)(qiao)為3孔(kong)石(shi)(shi)拱橋(qiao)(qiao),長16.3米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3.9米(mi)(mi),高3米(mi)(mi),跨徑3米(mi)(mi)。設計獨特,造型精美(mei)。兩邊石(shi)(shi)欄雕刻(ke)細(xi)致,玲瓏剔透。橋(qiao)(qiao)頭(tou)原(yuan)有(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)獅2對、石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)4個(ge);橋(qiao)(qiao)側龍頭(tou)3個(ge),向北迎水而(er)伸,生動傳神,富(fu)有(you)(you)民(min)族(zu)特色。