平(ping)城(cheng)遺址(Site of Pingcheng City),主要(yao)指北魏都(dou)城(cheng)平(ping)城(cheng)遺址,中國(guo)(guo)北魏中期(qi)都(dou)城(cheng)遺址,位于山(shan)西省(sheng)大同市城(cheng)區及其附近(jin)。1987年被列為全國(guo)(guo)文物保(bao)護(hu)單位。由城(cheng)墻及城(cheng)內遺址(宮殿群、明堂)、白(bai)登山(shan)遺址、房(fang)山(shan)永(yong)固陵遺址三(san)部分組成(cheng)。
洛陽平(ping)城門(men)是(shi)孝文(wen)帝(di)遷都前正對皇宮的正南城門(men),相當于北京天(tian)安門(men) 。
在日(ri)本奈良市有(you)古都平城京遺址,是日(ri)本世界文(wen)化遺產。
拓(tuo)跋(ba)硅戲于天興元年(nian)(398)七月遷(qian)都(dou)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng),至(zhi)(zhi)太和十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(494)孝文帝(di)遷(qian)都(dou)洛陽,在(zai)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)建都(dou)97年(nian),歷經六帝(di)七世,一直成為(wei)我國北(bei)(bei)(bei)方政治、經濟、文化的(de)中心,擁有百(bai)萬人口。當時(shi)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)分皇城(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)、郭(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)。外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)方二(er)十(shi)里,外(wai)郭(guo)周(zhou)圍(wei)三十(shi)二(er)里,有門十(shi)二(er),“其郭(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)繞宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan),悉(xi)筑(zhu)為(wei)坊。坊開(kai)巷(xiang),大者容四(si)五百(bai)家,小者六七十(shi)家”。京畿范圍(wei)東(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)代郡(河北(bei)(bei)(bei)蔚縣(xian)暖泉鎮(zhen)西(xi)),西(xi)及善無(右玉縣(xian)南(nan)(nan)古城(cheng)(cheng)村(cun)),南(nan)(nan)及陰館(朔縣(xian)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)夏官村(cun)),北(bei)(bei)(bei)盡參合(陽高(gao)縣(xian)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei))。其京甸(dian)“東(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)上谷軍(jun)都(dou)關(昌平(ping)(ping)縣(xian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)),西(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)黃(huang)河,南(nan)(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)中山隘門塞(sai)(靈丘縣(xian)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)),北(bei)(bei)(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)五原(yuan)(包頭(tou)市西(xi))”。
其外又設四方(fang)四維,置八部帥統(tong)兵鎮守。北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)在(zai)平城建都后“始營宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi),建宗廟,立社稷(ji)”,進行了一系(xi)列的(de)首都建設,先后建天(tian)文、天(tian)華(hua)、中(zhong)天(tian)軍殿(dian)24座(zuo);建西宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、南(nan)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、東宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等(deng)(deng)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)15處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu);建東苑(yuan)(yuan)、西苑(yuan)(yuan)、北(bei)(bei)苑(yuan)(yuan)、鹿苑(yuan)(yuan)四處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu);建華(hua)林、永林、永興等(deng)(deng)國3處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu);建鴻雁、天(tian)淵等(deng)(deng)池6處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu);建云母(mu)、金華(hua)等(deng)(deng)堂(tang)6處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu);建蓬臺(tai)(tai)、白臺(tai)(tai)等(deng)(deng)臺(tai)(tai)7處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu);建玄(xuan)武、無(wu)武等(deng)(deng)樓3處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu);建涼風、臨望、東明等(deng)(deng)觀3處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu);還建有(you)郊壇(tan)(tan)、方(fang)壇(tan)(tan)、五精帝壇(tan)(tan)三處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu);建太(tai)(tai)廟、太(tai)(tai)社、太(tai)(tai)稷(ji)帝社、孔(kong)子廟、虎圈、圓丘、方(fang)澤、明堂(tang)、靈臺(tai)(tai)、辟雍(yong)等(deng)(deng)。其建筑規(gui)模、數目(mu)之(zhi)繁多(duo)、布局之(zhi)道(dao)嚴、規(gui)劃(hua)完整。 北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)佛(fo)教鼎盛,神(shen)圖妙塔,對峙相望,京(jing)都內寺(si)廟上百所,僧尼三千余,除“冠于一世”的(de)云岡外,“京(jing)華(hua)壯觀”的(de)天(tian)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)寺(si)及(ji)五級大(da)寺(si)等(deng)(deng)。
為了改善城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)環境,從(cong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)引如渾(hun)水(shui),從(cong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)引武州川水(shui)入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),使魏都大(da)街西(xi)岸有潺潺流(liu)水(shui),東西(xi)魚池(chi)有游魚嬉戲,水(shui)旁弱柳、絲楊、雜樹交蔭(yin),利用水(shui)和樹把(ba)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)打(da)扮得清新雅致,配(pei)上巍峨的宮殿樓(lou)閣(ge),真是(shi)花(hua)團錦簇一(yi)般(ban)。確(que)實是(shi)“靈臺山立(li),壁水(shui)池(chi)園,雙闕(que)萬仞,九衢四達(da),羽旌林森,堂殿膠葛”。 平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址在今大(da)同(tong)(tong)(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)、大(da)同(tong)(tong)(tong)火車站以西(xi)到陳莊(zhuang)(zhuang)一(yi)帶(dai),北(bei)依方山,外靠長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。今大(da)同(tong)(tong)(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)上皇莊(zhuang)(zhuang)之東和白馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村北(bei)的板筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基,當即郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的北(bei)墻遺跡。大(da)同(tong)(tong)(tong)車站附近曾發現有排列整齊的大(da)型石(shi)礎、磚瓦殘片(pian)、“富貴萬歲(sui)”隸書瓦當等。在南門(men)外工農路北(bei)側,曾出(chu)土大(da)型石(shi)柱礎、筒瓦和臼等。可推(tui)測這是(shi)一(yi)座(zuo)北(bei)魏大(da)型建筑遺址。其東部(bu)曾出(chu)土石(shi)雕(diao)(diao)方硯一(yi)方,硯首雕(diao)(diao)有耳(er)環形水(shui)池(chi)及騎獸、角抵、舞蹈、沐猴(hou)圖(tu)案四組。
硯側(ce)云龍、朱雀、水禽、銜魚的紋飾和下部壺門保存方(fang)形(xing)樣(yang)等,為北魏(wei)石雕藝術的孤(gu)品。遺址還出土八曲銀(yin)(yin)流(liu)、刻花銀(yin)(yin)碗(wan)和鎏(liu)金高足鋼杯等文(wen)物(wu),具有伊朗薩桑王朝金銀(yin)(yin)器特征。是北魏(wei)時與(yu)西(xi)域(yu)交往的實物(wu)見證,平城遺址為國家文(wen)物(wu)保護單(dan)位。
據(ju)《魏書·莫含傳(chuan)附孫題(ti)傳(chuan)》記(ji)載:“太(tai)祖(zu)欲廣(guang)宮室(shi),規(gui)度(du)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四方(fang)數(shu)十(shi)(shi)里(li)(li),將模鄴、洛、長安(an)之制(zhi)。運(yun)材數(shu)百萬(wan)根,以題(ti)機巧,征令監之。”由此可見,當(dang)時道(dao)(dao)(dao)武(wu)皇帝心(xin)目中之平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)規(gui)劃是仿照中原的安(an)陽,洛陽和(he)長安(an)為藍圖的。據(ju)《魏書·太(tai)祖(zu)紀(ji)》記(ji)載:“天興元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)398年(nian))秋(qiu)(qiu)七月(yue),遷(qian)都(dou)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。始(shi)營宮室(shi),建(jian)(jian)宗廟,立(li)(li)社稷(ji)……二(er)年(nian)增啟京(jing)(jing)師(shi)十(shi)(shi)二(er)門……冬(dong)十(shi)(shi)月(yue)太(tai)廟成。“天興元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)八(ba)月(yue)”詔有(you)司正(zheng)封畿(御定京(jing)(jing)畿轄區),制(zhi)效甸(規(gui)劃郊區建(jian)(jian)設),端經術(開辟各地通道(dao)(dao)(dao)),標道(dao)(dao)(dao)里(li)(li)(標號各地里(li)(li)程碑)。“天錫(xi)三年(nian)發(fa)八(ba)部人,自五百里(li)(li)內繕修都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),魏于(yu)是始(shi)有(you)邑居之制(zhi)度(du)。”“規(gui)立(li)(li)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)二(er)十(shi)(shi)里(li)(li),分置市里(li)(li),經涂洞(dong)達。”以后(hou)才(cai)陸續建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)宮殿和(he)陵(ling)苑,正(zheng)如有(you)關象料所載:“神瑞元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)二(er)月(yue)乙(yi)卯起(qi)豐宮于(yu)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)北。”豐宮即為道(dao)(dao)(dao)武(wu)皇帝、華(hua)陰(yin)公主(zhu)等建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)之別廟。“泰(tai)常(chang)(chang)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)十(shi)(shi)一月(yue)筑(zhu)蓬臺(tai)于(yu)北苑。“泰(tai)常(chang)(chang)二(er)年(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)七月(yue)作白臺(tai)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南,高(gao)二(er)十(shi)(shi)丈。”“泰(tai)常(chang)(chang)六年(nian)春(chun)正(zheng)月(yue)發(fa)京(jing)(jing)師(shi)六千人筑(zhu)苑。起(qi)自舊苑,東(dong)包白登(deng),周加(jia)三十(shi)(shi)余里(li)(li)。”“泰(tai)常(chang)(chang)七年(nian)秋(qiu)(qiu)九月(yue)筑(zhu)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外郭周回(hui)三十(shi)(shi)二(er)里(li)(li)”“泰(tai)常(chang)(chang)八(ba)年(nian)十(shi)(shi)月(yue),廣(guang)西(xi)(xi)宮,起(qi)外垣墻,周回(hui)二(er)十(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)。”“其郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)繞(rao)宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南,悉筑(zhu)為坊(fang)(fang)。坊(fang)(fang)開巷,大者容四五百家,小者六七十(shi)(shi)家。每南坊(fang)(fang)搜(sou)檢,以備奸巧。”“又有(you)懸(xuan)食瓦(wa)屋數(shu)十(shi)(shi)間(jian),置尚方(fang),作鐵及(ji)木。”和(he)平(ping)初年(nian)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)開始(shi)建(jian)(jian)造云崗石窟(ku);皇興元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)起(qi)永寧寺,構(gou)七級佛圖,太(tai)和(he)五年(nian)造永固(gu)陵(ling)。
北(bei)魏(wei)王朝(chao)自道(dao)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)天興(xing)元(yuan)年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)398年)在平城(cheng)(cheng)定(ding)都(dou)(dou)開始,到(dao)孝(xiao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)太和(he)(he)十(shi)八年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)494年)遷都(dou)(dou)洛陽(yang)為止的(de)96年時間(jian)里(li),前(qian)后(hou)經歷道(dao)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)、明元(yuan)帝(di)(di)、太武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)成帝(di)(di)、獻文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)、孝(xiao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)共六(liu)位(wei)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di),他(ta)們都(dou)(dou)對京(jing)都(dou)(dou)平城(cheng)(cheng)進行了(le)(le)不(bu)同程(cheng)度的(de)建(jian)設,主要抓了(le)(le)六(liu)項(xiang)工程(cheng):一(yi)、建(jian)有(you)宮城(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)廓;二、建(jian)有(you)太和(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、安(an)昌(chang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),坤德(de)六(liu)合殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、乾象(xiang)六(liu)合殿(dian)(dian)(dian)等十(shi)余座宮殿(dian)(dian)(dian);三、開鑿了(le)(le)云岡(gang)、方(fang)山(shan)鹿野苑等處石窟(ku)和(he)(he)豐宮太廟等寺廟;四、修(xiu)筑(zhu)了(le)(le)西(xi)起雷公(gong)(gong)山(shan),東至(zhi)采(cai)涼山(shan)和(he)(he)白登山(shan)的(de)皇(huang)(huang)家園林;五(wu)、營造(zao)了(le)(le)永(yong)固陵、萬年堂等規模龐大的(de)皇(huang)(huang)家陵墓;六(liu)、為一(yi)百多(duo)萬的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市居(ju)民興(xing)建(jian)了(le)(le)里(li)坊式住宅。通過(guo)以上六(liu)項(xiang)工程(cheng),使平城(cheng)(cheng)發展為擁有(you)百萬人(ren)口的(de)宏(hong)大帝(di)(di)都(dou)(dou),堪當(dang)中國北(bei)方(fang)政(zheng)治、軍事、文(wen)(wen)(wen)化、經濟、文(wen)(wen)(wen)化和(he)(he)佛(fo)教中心。后(hou)來(lai),經歷代風云變幻,時過(guo)境遷,平城(cheng)(cheng)淪為廢墟一(yi)片(pian),僅存土(tu)臺東西(xi)對峙,后(hou)來(lai)此(ci)自建(jian)有(you)天王寺,來(lai)往(wang)行人(ren)無不(bu)瞻(zhan)仰(yang),吊(diao)古(gu)憑今感慨萬千。明朝(chao)代王朱桂次子(zi)廣靈(ling)王來(lai)此(ci)游覽,賦詩名曰“魏(wei)陵煙(yan)雨”,曾被(bei)譽為古(gu)云中郡(jun)八景之一(yi):“ 魏(wei)陵兀兀倚郊(jiao)圻,草樹蓊(weng)森過(guo)客稀(xi)。 疏(shu)雨淡(dan)煙(yan)春色里(li),清(qing)風明月夜闌時。 兩朝(chao)事業三更夢,百代興(xing)亡一(yi)局(ju)棋(qi)。 吊(diao)古(gu)漫勞回首(shou)處,不(bu)堪駐馬(ma)讀殘碑(bei)。 ”
北魏平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是在漢朝平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)之基礎擴建而成,它包括宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)廓三個組成部(bu)分。根據考(kao)古調(diao)查發現(xian),今城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北上皇莊、白馬(ma)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和安家小村一(yi)帶有(you)(you)斷斷續續板筑夯打(da)的(de)土墻(qiang)遺址,高(gao)處五米多,低處一(yi)二(er)米,底部(bu)約十幾米,這(zhe)正是外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之北墻(qiang),東城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)則(ze)在御河之西,南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)在大同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北操場城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)帶,西城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)在上皇莊以(yi)(yi)南(nan),此區面(mian)積約有(you)(you)60多平方里。火車站東北處曾經出土有(you)(you)排(pai)列(lie)整(zheng)齊的(de)覆盆礎石,這(zhe)些遺跡可(ke)以(yi)(yi)說明北魏宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和官府(fu)衙署之范圍(wei)。
新中國成立以后,黨和政府十分重視文物(wu)保護(hu),平城遺址于1987年被列入全國文物(wu)保護(hu)單(dan)位,其平城當時原貌,還有(you)等專(zhuan)家學者進一步考察(cha)發現。
大同市地(di)(di)處(chu)黃(huang)土高原,地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌復雜多樣,基(ji)本上屬溫帶大陸性季(ji)(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)候,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫只有6.8度。大同冬季(ji)(ji)非常寒冷,夏季(ji)(ji)天(tian)氣(qi)較涼爽,是避暑的好去處(chu)。每(mei)年(nian)的春夏兩季(ji)(ji)是旅(lv)游的最佳時(shi)間。
平城遺址最顯著的(de)(de)特點(dian)是晝夜溫差很大,注意多穿衣服,以抵御早晚的(de)(de)寒氣。
平城遺址位于山西省大(da)同市(shi)城區(qu)東(dong)馬路(lu)。周圍(wei)交(jiao)通便利,有(you)多(duo)個(ge)公(gong)交(jiao)站點,最近(jin)的公(gong)交(jiao)站是(shi)北(bei)苑路(lu)操場城街(jie)口(kou)(kou),此外(wai)附近(jin)還(huan)有(you)嘉鑫(xin)園(yuan)小(xiao)區(qu)、北(bei)環(huan)路(lu)武定北(bei)路(lu)口(kou)(kou)、公(gong)交(jiao)三公(gong)司(嘉鑫(xin)園(yuan)小(xiao)區(qu))北(bei)環(huan)路(lu)武定北(bei)路(lu)口(kou)(kou)、武定北(bei)路(lu)安(an)益(yi)街(jie)前街(jie)口(kou)(kou)等。
自駕:大同市走(zou)魏都大道—清遠西(xi)(xi)街—云中路—擁軍東路—擁軍西(xi)(xi)路—北環路—平城遺址(zhi)。
和山西的(de)其(qi)它地方相(xiang)似,大(da)同(tong)的(de)飲食(shi)特色仍以各種面(mian)食(shi)為主(zhu),這里飯菜(cai)質量非常不錯,而且價(jia)格低 廉,你可以去市內(nei)的(de)紅旗美(mei)食(shi)城,裝(zhuang)潢(huang)、服務(wu)、菜(cai)品俱佳,只需(xu)幾(ji)十元就(jiu)可以大(da)快朵頤。大(da)同(tong)市有(you)名的(de)風味(wei)小吃有(you)大(da)同(tong)刀削(xue)面(mian)、豌豆(dou)(dou)面(mian)、羊雜(za)粉湯、莜(you)面(mian)、蕎面(mian)圪坨(tuo)、陽高杏脯、廣靈豆(dou)(dou)腐干(gan)、大(da)同(tong)黃糕、渾源炒(chao)酥大(da)豆(dou)(dou)等,頗值得一嘗。