寺院格局
青龍寺坐北向南,沿中軸線的建筑依次為(wei)山門,腰殿(dian),同時又(you)分為(wei)前(qian)院(yuan)和后院(yuan)。前(qian)院(yuan)東(dong)側(ce)(ce)有十王殿(dian)。腰殿(dian)兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)三(san)刀側(ce)(ce)有祖師殿(dian)和無名殿(dian);后院(yuan)有東(dong)西廂房(fang),北殿(dian)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)(ce)的伽藍(lan)殿(dian)和護(hu)法殿(dian)。該寺的面(mian)積東(dong)西長(chang)97米(mi),南北寬70.7米(mi)共計6857.9平方(fang)米(mi),約占(zhan)10.39畝。
該現存(cun)建筑系元、明遺(yi)物(wu),占(zhan)地約6000余平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米,分(fen)前(qian)后兩進院(yuan)落,大小殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)宇8座。前(qian)院(yuan)南有(you)四大天王(wang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(現改為(wei)(wei)(wei)山門),東(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)十王(wang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian),西(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)羅漢殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)。后院(yuan)以中(zhong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及東(dong)西(xi)兩廂為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),中(zhong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)左右(you)垛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)各一,左為(wei)(wei)(wei)祖(zu)師(shi)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),右(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)青龍門。大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian),左右(you)垛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)各一,左為(wei)(wei)(wei)護法(fa)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),右(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)伽(jia)藍(lan)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)塑像雖皆(jie)不存(cun),但大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、中(zhong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和伽(jia)藍(lan)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內保存(cun)有(you)壁(bi)畫196.38平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米,十分(fen)珍貴,制作跨元、明兩個時期。
主要壁畫
大殿壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)據南(nan)壁(bi)(bi)窗檻畫(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)題記(ji)為(wei)明(ming)洪(hong)武十(shi)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(1385)補繪或重裝。唯只西(xi)南(nan)隅少部分粉墨為(wei)元(yuan)代印跡(ji)。中殿四壁(bi)(bi)為(wei)“水陸畫(hua)(hua)(hua)”,是(shi)青龍寺壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)中的精(jing)華所在。該殿全部構圖共(gong)有人(ren)物300余眾,分畫(hua)(hua)(hua)在130平方米的墻(qiang)面上(shang)。 西(xi)壁(bi)(bi)上(shang)為(wei)三世佛和禮佛圖,下(xia)為(wei)道(dao)教萬神圖;北壁(bi)(bi)上(shang)為(wei)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)羅漢,下(xia)為(wei)十(shi)殿閻君、六道(dao)輪回(hui)等,另有陰曹地府行刑場面;東墻(qiang)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)因日曬雨淋,眉(mei)目難辨(bian)。以上(shang)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)雖是(shi)宣(xuan)傳(chuan)封建(jian)禮儀(yi)和宗教迷信,但畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面結構嚴(yan)謹,筆力遒勁(jing)流暢,色(se)彩柔(rou)和協調,人(ren)物繁而(er)不亂,人(ren)體比(bi)例適度,造型優美,形象生動(dong),衣飾(shi)飄然,栩(xu)(xu)栩(xu)(xu)如生。它(ta)繼(ji)承了我(wo)國唐宋(song)以來的繪畫(hua)(hua)(hua)表(biao)現(xian)技(ji)巧,被視為(wei)元(yuan)、明(ming)兩代繪畫(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)杰作。
青龍(long)寺的(de)壁畫主要分布(bu)在大殿(dian)和(he)(he)腰殿(dian)系。大殿(dian)也(ye)稱(cheng)大雄(xiong)寶殿(dian),腰殿(dian)也(ye)稱(cheng)立佛殿(dian),大殿(dian)和(he)(he)腰殿(dian)系五架三(san)間,進深8米(mi)單(dan)檐懸(xuan)山(shan)頂,單(dan)昂五鋪(pu)作,筒瓦覆(fu)頂,內均繪水陸畫。
青(qing)龍寺磊雄(xiong)寶殿(dian)的壁(bi)畫,主(zhu)要畫于(yu)東(dong)壁(bi)和西壁(bi)之上(shang)。東(dong)壁(bi)是《佛(fo)說法(fa)(fa)圖(tu)》,在東(dong)山墻上(shang),釋(shi)迦(jia)牟尼慈(ci)祥端莊,穩坐中(zhong)(zhong)央,文(wen)殊,普(pu)賢(xian)二菩(pu)薩分坐左右(you)(you),前站阿難,迦(jia)葉二弟子(zi),左右(you)(you)排列(lie)古(gu)大護法(fa)(fa)金剛,上(shang)有(you)人首(shou)烏身的飛天(tian),后有(you)聽法(fa)(fa)的天(tian)帝及飛天(tian)凌(ling)空,瓊樓玉閣,氣(qi)勢宏偉(wei),甚(shen)為(wei)壯(zhuang)觀。西壁(bi)是《彌勒變(bian)》,在西壁(bi)上(shang),正中(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)彌勒佛(fo),左右(you)(you)為(wei)觀音和地藏菩(pu)薩,南側畫有(you)剃度(du)圖(tu)。正彌勒佛(fo)的下(xia)部,畫有(you)善財和龍女,上(shang)部畫有(you)人首(shou)鳥翅的伽(jia)樓羅護侍,手捧果盤,乘瑞云飛翔。
腰殿(dian)的壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),是青龍寺壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的精華(hua)部(bu)分。它是佛(fo)(fo)、道(dao)、儒三教(jiao)組成(cheng)的水陸道(dao)場(chang)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的精華(hua)部(bu)分,其主旨是宣揚六(liu)道(dao)貌岸然輪回。因果報就,超度亡(wang)魂,祈求(qiu)冥神速等。在(zai)西壁(bi)上部(bu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)有豎三世(shi)佛(fo)(fo),在(zai)三世(shi)佛(fo)(fo)的下(xia)部(bu),畫(hua)(hua)(hua)有禮(li)佛(fo)(fo)圖(tu)。在(zai)禮(li)佛(fo)(fo)圖(tu)中,刻畫(hua)(hua)(hua)出(chu)了頭戴各種冠冕的帝王、太子、諸(zhu)王、文武大(da)臣和(he)侍從像以(yi)及皇后、女官、侍女、命婦等像。在(zai)禮(li)佛(fo)(fo)圖(tu)的下(xia)部(bu),畫(hua)(hua)(hua)有左右護法善神眾(zhong)、鬼子母眾(zhong)、普天(tian)列耀星眾(zhong),諸(zhu)大(da)羅剎將眾(zhong)、五方五帝神眾(zhong)、五道(dao)仙人眾(zhong)等。
在腰(yao)殿南壁殿門兩側上部,畫有(you)(you)十大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)像。明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang),按照佛(fo)教(jiao)教(jiao)義的(de)(de)說法是(shi)佛(fo)、菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa)的(de)(de)忿怒像,一般是(shi)多(duo)(duo)面多(duo)(duo)臂、身騎怪(guai)售、手拿(na)法器(qi)。十大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang),是(shi)八(ba)大(da)(da)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa)外(wai)加二佛(fo)所(suo)變(bian)。這十大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)是(shi):大(da)(da)力明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)釋迦牟尼佛(fo);大(da)(da)輪明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)彌(mi)勒(le)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);甘露軍咤明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)阿彌(mi)陀佛(fo);大(da)(da)威(wei)德明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)文(wen)殊(shu)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);馬首(shou)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)觀音菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);步擲(zhi)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)普賢菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);無能勝明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)地(di)藏(zang)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);大(da)(da)笑明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)虛(xu)空藏(zang)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);降三世明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)金剛首(shou)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);不動明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)除蓋(gai)障菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa)。在十大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)下(xia)側,畫有(you)(you)年(nian)、月、日、時四(si)值使(shi)者,這是(shi)源于道教(jiao)中執掌年(nian)、月、日、時的(de)(de)四(si)位值日神。在四(si)值使(shi)者的(de)(de)下(xia)部,歷史人物(wu)相象較多(duo)(duo),表現的(de)(de)有(you)(you)儒家的(de)(de)始祖——孔(kong)子,唐(tang)(tang)太宗李世民(min),唐(tang)(tang)貴妃楊玉環,宋祖趙(zhao)匡胤,漢名(ming)臣(chen)蘇武,三國(guo)名(ming)臣(chen)諸葛(ge)亮,三國(guo)名(ming)將關羽,張(zhang)飛等。
在腰(yao)殿北壁西側,繪有佛教中(zhong)的九橫(heng)死(si)生像,以及阿難和焰口。這組壁畫生動地再現(xian)了(le)九橫(heng)死(si)眾生像,同時體現(xian)了(le)身形焦枯,口內燃火,咽如(ru)針,肚(du)大(da)如(ru)鼓的面然(ran)鬼王的餓鬼形象(xiang)。
青龍寺的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)共(gong)有一百(bai)九十余平方米,其中腰殿四壁(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)最(zui)為精彩,共(gong)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)有五百(bai)余尊大小不同的(de)(de)(de)神像(xiang)人物,上(shang)下三(san)層交錯,大小依(yi)次(ci)排(pai)列,錯落有致,這對研(yan)究中國的(de)(de)(de)宗(zong)教美術(shu)和(he)宗(zong)教發展史都是(shi)極其寶貴的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)料。青龍寺壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),內(nei)容豐富(fu),形象突出,情節生動,層次(ci)分明,千姿百(bai)態,栩栩如生,結構嚴謹,筆力剛(gang)健,表現出了古(gu)代繪畫(hua)(hua)(hua)藝術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)高超技術(shu)和(he)技能(neng)。維修后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)青龍寺古(gu)建筑肅穆莊(zhuang)嚴,中央(yang)是(shi)整(zheng)潔的(de)(de)(de)磚砌通道(dao),各式古(gu)碑排(pai)列有序(xu),通道(dao)兩邊,花木爭(zheng)芳,柏(bo)參天,是(shi)研(yan)究古(gu)建壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)藝術(shu)和(he)佛教文化圣(sheng)地。