仙翁廟又名純陽宮,在山(shan)(shan)西高平縣城西北10公里伯方村,規(gui)模宏大,布局嚴謹,是當地道教廟宇,始建(jian)年(nian)(nian)代無考,明嘉靖十七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(1583年(nian)(nian))重修。現存(cun)前部為山(shan)(shan)門、鐘(zhong)鼓二(er)樓,后中部有(you)樂亭、仙翁亭、仙翁殿(dian)、東西配殿(dian)和走(zou)廊。
高平仙(xian)(xian)(xian)翁廟(miao),道(dao)教(jiao)宮觀。在(zai)山(shan)西(xi)省高平縣城(cheng)西(xi)北十(shi)公里(li)處的伯方(fang)村。布(bu)局宏(hong)大(da),規(gui)(gui)模(mo)宏(hong)偉。始建(jian)年(nian)代不詳,明(ming)代嘉靖十(shi)七年(nian)(1538)重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)。現存前部(bu)有山(shan)門、鐘鼓樓,后(hou)部(bu)有樂亭、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)翁殿(dian)(dian)、東西(xi)配殿(dian)(dian)及走(zou)廊(lang)。仙(xian)(xian)(xian)翁殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)主體建(jian)筑(zhu),殿(dian)(dian)內供奉呂洞賓塑像,尊稱“仙(xian)(xian)(xian)翁”并以(yi)名得廟(miao),該廟(miao)亦稱純陽宮。殿(dian)(dian)寬五(wu)開間,懸山(shan)式,前檐施通(tong)長大(da)額枋(fang)一道(dao),額上用(yong)五(wu)鋪作(zuo)斗拱承(cheng)托屋檐,殿(dian)(dian)內無柱,六檐袱通(tong)達前后(hou)檐外,梁枋(fang)簡潔規(gui)(gui)整(zheng),殿(dian)(dian)頂琉璃(li)脊獸完備、龍鳳、花卉、力土等,比例和諧,制作(zuo)精工,色調純樸(pu),堪(kan)稱明(ming)代琉璃(li)中的佳品(pin)。正(zheng)脊鴟吻背面(mian),留(liu)有嘉靖十(shi)七年(nian)銘記,為(wei)琉璃(li)燒制與(yu)殿(dian)(dian)宇(yu)重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)年(nian)代,一九(jiu)九(jiu)八年(nian)當地群眾與(yu)伯方(fang)煤礦集資進行了整(zheng)修(xiu)(xiu)。
上黨地區自古(gu)有(you)“伯方的(de)(de)廟、市望的(de)(de)塔、秋子的(de)(de)戲臺(tai)子、圣皇嶺上的(de)(de)好挑角”民謠流(liu)傳至今,打動了(le)(le)許多人(ren)的(de)(de)心扉。筆者和有(you)豐(feng)富經驗的(de)(de)古(gu)文化研究(jiu)學者李玉振老人(ren)用兩(liang)年的(de)(de)時間,對高平(ping)八景之一的(de)(de)總圣仙翁(weng)廟進(jin)行了(le)(le)考證,發現此廟“道(dao)邁前烈、聲高自古(gu)”,廟內“唐(tang)壁畫”是國寶(bao),有(you)很高的(de)(de)研究(jiu)價值。
山西省晉城市考古專家在高(gao)平境內的(de)(de)伯方村(cun)省級文物保護單(dan)位仙翁廟(miao)發現一幅(fu)保存完整的(de)(de)巨幅(fu)帝王像壁畫,經考證,該壁畫的(de)(de)主人為唐玄宗李隆(long)基。
據專家介紹,唐玄宗(zong)巨幅壁(bi)(bi)畫像分(fen)別畫在仙(xian)翁廟內(nei)的(de)東(dong)、西(xi)兩(liang)個山墻上(shang),總(zong)面積達60多平(ping)方米(mi)。其中(zhong)東(dong)墻壁(bi)(bi)上(shang)記載(zai)的(de)是(shi)唐玄宗(zong)李隆基(ji)到泰(tai)山封(feng)禪時求仙(xian)助道的(de)壯觀場面,西(xi)墻壁(bi)(bi)上(shang)記載(zai)的(de)則(ze)是(shi)從李隆基(ji)泰(tai)山封(feng)禪歸來(lai)的(de)情景。東(dong)墻壁(bi)(bi)畫中(zhong)唐玄宗(zong)神(shen)態逼(bi)真,儀容不凡,西(xi)墻則(ze)表情焦慮偏瘦,不如東(dong)去封(feng)禪時神(shen)采奕奕。
專(zhuan)家們(men)根據大(da)明成化(hua)年間的一塊石碑的碑文推斷(duan),早在(zai)大(da)明成化(hua)以前此(ci)廟宇已經存在(zai),且“歷代修崇加封圣號不計年矣。”從壁(bi)畫(hua)的風(feng)格推論(lun),其仕(shi)女造型豐腴(yu),應屬唐(tang)宋時期典型的工(gong)筆畫(hua)法。
早在(zai)貞觀(guan)(guan)年唐太宗(zong)(zong)李(li)世民把春(chun)秋(qiu)時期思想家、道(dao)(dao)家學派創始人老子封(feng)為“玄(xuan)元(yuan)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)”頂禮(li)膜拜。作為“本(ben)土(tu)國教(jiao)(jiao)”加以崇尚。總圣仙翁廟的創建(jian)與唐玄(xuan)宗(zong)(zong)“尊(zun)崇道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)”,在(zai)全(quan)國推行道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)有關。開元(yuan)29年唐玄(xuan)宗(zong)(zong)根據(ju)自(zi)己(ji)的夢幻(huan),派人到周至樓找到一張老子像(xiang)(xiang),迎置慶興(xing)宮“命(ming)畫玄(xuan)元(yuan)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)真(zhen)容(rong),分置諸州(zhou)開元(yuan)觀(guan)(guan)”據(ju)《冊府元(yuan)龜》記載:“天寶八年在(zai)潞(lu)州(zhou)舊居啟圣宮,玉造圣祖大道(dao)(dao)玄(xuan)元(yuan)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)及(ji)帝(di)真(zhen)容(rong)(玄(xuan)宗(zong)(zong))”。擬佛之制(zhi),唐玄(xuan)宗(zong)(zong)畫像(xiang)(xiang)、石雕像(xiang)(xiang)、塑像(xiang)(xiang)遍及(ji)各地。特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)上黨發祥地備(bei)受尊(zun)崇。唐玄(xuan)宗(zong)(zong)是(shi)(shi)一位很(hen)獨(du)特的帝(di)王(wang),把自(zi)己(ji)的真(zhen)容(rong)塑到道(dao)(dao)觀(guan)(guan)之中(zhong),唐玄(xuan)宗(zong)(zong)不僅把自(zi)己(ji)造成(cheng)了神,還把大臣的畫像(xiang)(xiang)刻入(ru)神殿。
2004年4月(yue)(yue)(yue)21日(ri)《太(tai)行(xing)日(ri)報(bao)》晚報(bao)版發表(biao)《高(gao)平發現唐(tang)(tang)玄(xuan)宗(zong)壁畫》后,央視(shi)國際頻道(dao)于5月(yue)(yue)(yue)9日(ri)16時(shi)40分播發《山西高(gao)平境內仙翁廟發現一幅(fu)保(bao)存完整的(de)大幅(fu)帝王畫像(xiang)(xiang),畫像(xiang)(xiang)上的(de)主(zhu)人(ren)是唐(tang)(tang)玄(xuan)宗(zong)》。5月(yue)(yue)(yue)13日(ri)《山西日(ri)報(bao)》報(bao)道(dao):高(gao)平驚現唐(tang)(tang)玄(xuan)宗(zong)巨幅(fu)壁畫帝王像(xiang)(xiang),畫像(xiang)(xiang)上的(de)主(zhu)人(ren)是唐(tang)(tang)玄(xuan)宗(zong)。引起(qi)國內外史學(xue)家和文物研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)人(ren)員的(de)關(guan)注,許多(duo)學(xue)者(zhe)光顧(gu)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。2004年9月(yue)(yue)(yue)1日(ri)山東泰(tai)山學(xue)院,泰(tai)山研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中心副研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)員周郢等人(ren)專程來高(gao)平進行(xing)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。并(bing)撰寫《嚴(yan)若翠華(hua)舉,登(deng)封(feng)圖(tu)乍(zha)開》文章,認(ren)為《唐(tang)(tang)玄(xuan)宗(zong)泰(tai)山封(feng)禪圖(tu)》與(yu)史書(shu)記載一致,并(bing)提供了一些新證,佐證史實(shi)。
總圣仙翁(weng)廟里(li)的壁畫(hua)(hua)(hua),畫(hua)(hua)(hua)筆流暢,勢仗雄俊,畫(hua)(hua)(hua)法簡潔明快。衣帶(dai)、皇羅傘(san)、旌旗(qi)尤顯飛動,畫(hua)(hua)(hua)像眼神凝聚(ju)力非(fei)常強(qiang),眼神有活現之感,此畫(hua)(hua)(hua)非(fei)一般工(gong)匠(jiang)之筆。壁畫(hua)(hua)(hua)沒(mei)有被重彩(cai)的記(ji)錄,仍原澤原貌(mao)、古仆典雅(ya)。
景龍三年十月二十五日,李隆基以臨淄王身份出任(ren)潞(lu)(lu)州別(bie)(bie)駕,由潞(lu)(lu)南(nan)二里(li)(li)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),途經(jing)高平返回(hui)京城。在(zai)潞(lu)(lu)州常有童謠(yao)說:“圣人持節度(du)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),羊(yang)頭山(shan)(shan)北作朝(chao)堂”。《金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)圖(tu)》畫卷主要(yao)渲染李隆基在(zai)潞(lu)(lu)州任(ren)別(bie)(bie)駕一職,從(cong)此走向“圣皇”“總(zong)圣”的(de)關鍵標志性(xing)建(jian)筑。《金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)圖(tu)》與《東(dong)封圖(tu)》繪制一個時期,均是在(zai)開元十三年東(dong)封泰(tai)山(shan)(shan),回(hui)潞(lu)(lu)州產物。總(zong)圣仙(xian)翁廟(miao)在(zai)設計上,已(yi)經(jing)考慮到《金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)圖(tu)》意,在(zai)《東(dong)封圖(tu)》大殿(dian)前,專門仿潞(lu)(lu)南(nan)二里(li)(li)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),設計建(jian)造了(le)精美的(de)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”。在(zai)采(cai)用石料(liao)上有所區別(bie)(bie),潞(lu)(lu)南(nan)二里(li)(li)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)為青石橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),仙(xian)翁廟(miao)無水流通,采(cai)用的(de)是沙(sha)石橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)更顯(xian)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”輝煌(huang)經(jing)典。建(jian)筑設計主要(yao)采(cai)用了(le)宮(gong)殿(dian)式與園林結構(gou)融為一體(ti)的(de)獨特風格,體(ti)現了(le)“圣人持節度(du)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),羊(yang)頭山(shan)(shan)北作朝(chao)堂”的(de)構(gou)想。
2004年10月15日,在整修仙翁殿(dian)東(dong)側(ce)配殿(dian)時,村民申福則在地(di)塊磚下,發現一枚開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶銅錢(qian),據專家確認,該錢(qian)幣(bi)為(wei)(wei)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)初幣(bi)制,有流通(tong)的痕跡,銅花銹(xiu)斑清楚(chu),內括(kuo)自然磨(mo)損正常(chang),為(wei)(wei)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)真鑄幣(bi)種。
在大陽泉(quan)村東閣(ge)之南,與真武觀音廟一(yi)(yi)墻之隔處,有一(yi)(yi)座“石(shi)洞坐其下,高閣(ge)隆于上”的建筑,人(ren)稱“仙翁廟”,占地150平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),下面(mian)是(shi)兩孔窯洞,可供人(ren)居住,沿階向上有正(zheng)殿三楹,面(mian)寬5.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),進深(shen)2.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),出檐1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),殿內為龕式神(shen)(shen)仙塑像,正(zheng)中(zhong)神(shen)(shen)龕,高1.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬0.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),進深(shen)0.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),上面(mian)刻有“神(shen)(shen)恩浩蕩(dang)”四個(ge)字,神(shen)(shen)龕內有葛仙翁坐像,西檐下立(li)“創修(xiu)仙翁廟碑記”,由歲進士董注撰書,院(yuan)內有重修(xiu)小碑一(yi)(yi)通。
仙翁廟(miao)(miao)(miao)始建于清嘉慶23年(nian)(nian)(1818),至道光六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(1826)全(quan)部竣工。這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)座(zuo)染(ran)(ran)人(ren)祭杞(qi)行(xing)業宗(zong)師的廟(miao)(miao)(miao)宇。先由(you)陽泉村人(ren),在(zai)山(shan)東走(zou)(zou)染(ran)(ran)坊的馮敘(xu)發起。馮敘(xu)系馮氏三十(shi)二世(shi),多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的印染(ran)(ran)生涯使他技(ji)藝精湛(zhan),成了(le)(le)當(dang)地的“師傅”,因而家中(zhong)(zhong)比較富(fu)裕。他決心以建仙翁廟(miao)(miao)(miao)為(wei)已住,于是(shi)就聯合(he)趙(zhao)旺(wang)、姚志等人(ren)向(xiang)村中(zhong)(zhong)走(zou)(zou)染(ran)(ran)坊人(ren)家募捐,經過九年(nian)(nian)努力(li),終于修成了(le)(le)一(yi)座(zuo)院落式廟(miao)(miao)(miao)宇。山(shan)門、圍(wei)墻、石階、碹窯、殿宇、廊坊應有盡有,只是(shi)礙于神(shen)與(yu)仙的等級規范,才使頂脊(ji)無龍(long)鳳雕花,頂角沒有赿獸。
遠在周(zhou)代,染人就有了專司(si)染布缸(gang)神,稱謂梅(mei)(mei)、葛二(er)圣(sheng),并規定(ding)其祭祀(si)日(ri)是四月(yue)十四和九(jiu)月(yue)九(jiu)日(ri),此二(er)圣(sheng)的(de)來歷有兩種(zhong)說法,一是上古時,黃帝命梅(mei)(mei)、葛二(er)人司(si)職彩色變幻,他倆(lia)就以(yi)靛蘭無廢為(wei)主(zhu),硬(ying)制出五(wu)彩繽紛(fen)的(de)各(ge)種(zhong)染料,以(yi)黃為(wei)尊,以(yi)花色為(wei)鮮麗,教人們(men)把美麗的(de)色彩用在日(ri)常生活之中(zhong)。
二是說:古代有一位老人(ren),在(zai)大樹下休憩時,經(jing)常見(jian)到(dao)一種(zhong)葛鳥(niao)飛到(dao)樹上(shang)啄(zhuo)(zhuo)食梅(mei)果(guo)殘果(guo)落(luo)地(di)后(hou),地(di)面上(shang)就是一片黃色(se)。細心(xin)的(de)老人(ren)把(ba)葛鳥(niao)啄(zhuo)(zhuo)梅(mei)果(guo)的(de)動(dong)作(zuo)視為神(shen)仙(xian)點化,以中悟出了(le)配制各種(zhong)顏色(se)的(de)道理。梅(mei)葛成了(le)神(shen)仙(xian)的(de)化身,人(ren)們就尊(zun)崇葛、梅(mei)二仙(xian)為染神(shen)。
隨(sui)著道(dao)教(jiao)的興起,道(dao)教(jiao)中(zhong)不乏飛煉導引之(zhi)神(shen)仙(xian)。印染行內“甕起金花(hua),石生珠(zhu)露”的變幻美(mei)妙又與煉丹之(zhi)術有內在的聯系。隨(sui)著時間(jian)的推移,人們就把染神(shen)葛(ge)圣和(he)煉丹高手葛(ge)仙(xian)翁(weng)視為同一個神(shen)仙(xian)來設檀供奉祭拜。葛(ge)仙(xian)翁(weng)被染人尊為染布(bu)缸神(shen)。
葛仙翁本(ben)名葛洪,江蘇(su)句容人(ren)。東晉時(shi)生于江南豪門世家,葛洪年輕時(shi)以儒家名噪(zao)一時(shi),兼(jian)具文才武略。二十歲時(shi)就因作(zuo)戰有功,被封為伏波將軍(jun),但他(ta)們志趣喜(xi)好卻(que)是(shi)神仙導(dao)養之(zhi)法。
葛洪出身煉丹(dan)世家(jia),他的伯祖父葛玄在三(san)國時稱(cheng)“仙公(gong)”系(xi)左(zuo)慈(ci)的徒弟。他為(wei)(wei)(wei)了學得(de)祖上煉丹(dan)秘術,特意拜“仙公(gong)”高足鄭隱為(wei)(wei)(wei)師,得(de)其真傳(chuan)。后又拜南(nan)海太守鮑靚為(wei)(wei)(wei)師,學習占卜道術,娶鮑靚之女鮑姑(gu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)妻。
葛洪近四(si)十歲(sui)時辭(ci)官離家,來(lai)到杭州寶石山的(de)西山嶺(ling)上結廬修(xiu)煉,靜心參道。道號(hao)抱樸(pu)子。一(yi)(yi)邊(bian)修(xiu)道煉丹,一(yi)(yi)邊(bian)采藥(yao)為百姓(xing)治療,給當地人(ren)做(zuo)了很多好事,這里的(de)人(ren)就把他(ta)稱作“葛仙(xian)翁”,把他(ta)結廬的(de)山嶺(ling)叫成(cheng)葛嶺(ling),在葛嶺(ling)上又(you)修(xiu)起了“葛仙(xian)祠”,后又(you)擴建(jian)成(cheng)“抱樸(pu)道院”。
葛(ge)(ge)洪晚年(nian)又在(zai)廣州(zhou)的羅浮(fu)山上煉丹采藥開創了嶺(ling)南(nan)道教之地,八十一歲仙逝(shi)于(yu)羅浮(fu)山上,人們為他修建了“沖虛道觀”,觀中的“長生井”是(shi)葛(ge)(ge)洪煉丹時鑿砌,井水(shui)非常珍貴,曾有“一斗米(mi)換一斗水(shui)”之事。
葛洪是(shi)東晉道(dao)士,又是(shi)道(dao)教理(li)論家,煉(lian)丹家和(he)醫學家。著(zhu)有(you)<抱樸子(zi)>七十卷(juan),<金(jin)匾藥方>一百卷(juan);<神仙傳>七卷(juan)。
仙翁(weng)廟(miao)(miao)是(shi)一座小廟(miao)(miao),建(jian)筑風格上(shang)平淡無奇,然而它所反映的卻是(shi)染人(ren)(ren)的歷史。遍游方園(yuan)幾十(shi)里之廟(miao)(miao)宇,專為(wei)(wei)染人(ren)(ren)宗(zong)師葛仙翁(weng)隆重祭祀者卻只此(ci)一處(chu)。每年的正月初九,陽泉村附近的染人(ren)(ren)都要為(wei)(wei)仙翁(weng)爺擺供上(shang)香(xiang),并為(wei)(wei)其獻戲(xi)祝壽。染人(ren)(ren)及(ji)家(jia)屬都要去廟(miao)(miao)內跪拜,祀求保佑平安。
仙翁(weng)廟代表著平定一(yi)批走染坊的生(sheng)意人,艱苦(ku)創業的歷(li)史,是值(zhi)得保護的文(wen)化古跡(ji)。
仙(xian)翁(weng)(weng)廟的(de)護廟構思(si)也頗具新(xin)意;一般廟宇(yu)都(dou)是隔幾十(shi)年(nian)捐(juan)資重(zhong)修。而仙(xian)翁(weng)(weng)廟卻是以(yi)廟下窯洞(dong)出租,用房租來作為補修廟宇(yu)的(de)資金。舊則新(xin)之,破則修之,使廟貌常年(nian)保持美(mei)輪美(mei)奐。院內的(de)一通小碑上(shang)就有(you)道光12年(nian)至(zhi)25年(nian)用房租維修廟宇(yu)的(de)工程記載。仙(xian)翁(weng)(weng)廟管(guan)理廟宇(yu)之法值(zhi)得研討。
謎題
《高(gao)(gao)平(ping)縣志》、《中國名勝詞典》(1981年)記載:仙(xian)翁(weng)(weng)廟(miao)(miao)位于高(gao)(gao)平(ping)市區(qu)西(xi)北8公里的寺(si)莊鎮(zhen)伯方(fang)村(cun),廟(miao)(miao)內(nei)建(jian)有(you)仙(xian)翁(weng)(weng)殿,內(nei)供八(ba)仙(xian)之一呂洞賓,被尊稱“仙(xian)翁(weng)(weng)”,故名仙(xian)翁(weng)(weng)廟(miao)(miao)。建(jian)筑規(gui)模宏大(da),結構嚴謹,東、西(xi)、北三面內(nei)壁(bi)上繪有(you)精美(mei)的壁(bi)畫(hua),內(nei)容為八(ba)仙(xian)人(ren)物故事,保(bao)存基本完好(hao),始建(jian)年代(dai)無考,有(you)元代(dai)建(jian)筑風(feng)韻。
經考證(zheng),仙(xian)翁主人不是呂洞賓,而是倒騎毛驢的張(zhang)果老。大殿西(xi)(xi)側現存一塊明(ming)成化(hua)七(qi)年《重修(xiu)總圣仙(xian)翁廟記》載(zai):“高平之(zhi)邑,其(qi)來尚矣,境(jing)內多有(you)名(ming)山大川(chuan),古(gu)廟靈祠(ci),四方往來顧瞻者莫不嘉其(qi)山清(qing)水秀(xiu)(xiu),地(di)界秀(xiu)(xiu)麗。本(ben)村之(zhi)西(xi)(xi)有(you)一名(ming)山清(qing)意蘸財山,此山巔之(zhi)上有(you)一平地(di),方圓可有(you)數十畝,上有(you)古(gu)跡,總圣仙(xian)翁廟在(zai)焉,即古(gu)真仙(xian)景也(ye),古(gu)人云,仙(xian)翁即世所謂張(zhang)果老是也(ye)。”
大(da)殿東側現存(cun)明嘉靖四十四年《重修仙翁祠》碑(bei)文記載(zai):“余考王屋山石洞(dong)記云:張果隱于穎(ying)州,常往(wang)來汾水(shui)(shui),乘(cheng)白驢日(ri)行千里,休(xiu)則疊之(zhi),其厚如(ru)紙,置巾箱中,乘(cheng)則以水(shui)(shui)噴之(zhi)如(ru)故(gu)。唐玄宗(zong)譴人迎之(zhi)累呈仙術(shu),封(feng)其所居山日(ri),時立廟祀之(zhi),吾泫(xuan)伯(bo)方(fang)村(cun)故(gu)有祠。”顯而易(yi)見,在(zai)明成(cheng)化,嘉靖之(zhi)前伯(bo)方(fang)村(cun)“故(gu)有祠”祀之(zhi)張果老。
《高平縣(xian)志(zhi)》載(zai)(zai)“始(shi)建(jian)年代(dai)無考,有(you)(you)元(yuan)代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)風韻(yun)”。據(ju)大(da)殿東(dong)(dong)側明景泰六年《重(zhong)修總圣(sheng)仙(xian)翁廟(miao)》碑(bei)(bei)文記載(zai)(zai):“考古(gu)迄今,黎(li)庶耄耋之年不(bu)計(ji)年矣,在拆(chai)修西(xi)南果(guo)角時發現檁(lin)木內寫有(you)(you)皇慶二(er)年社長張伯溫等創建(jian)東(dong)(dong)廡”的記載(zai)(zai)。故《高平縣(xian)志(zhi)》“有(you)(you)元(yuan)代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)風韻(yun)”不(bu)足為怪。在皇慶(元(yuan)朝(chao)中(zhong)期)二(er)年之前“東(dong)(dong)廡”完(wan)成,說明此廟(miao)主(zhu)要建(jian)筑(zhu)已經(jing)完(wan)成,據(ju)明成化(hua)七年《重(zhong)修總圣(sheng)仙(xian)翁廟(miao)》碑(bei)(bei)文記載(zai)(zai):“自(zi)唐(tang)宋至我(wo)朝(chao),其廟(miao)感應之靈驗(yan)不(bu)計(ji)年矣”。“自(zi)唐(tang)宋至我(wo)朝(chao)”的記載(zai)(zai)較為準(zhun)確(que)。
總圣是誰?
《高(gao)(gao)平縣志(zhi)》載:廟(miao)(miao)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)廟(miao)(miao)”。在(zai)(zai)景泰(tai)6年、成化(hua)7年、嘉靖44年等多塊碑(bei)文中稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)廟(miao)(miao)”,而不單稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)廟(miao)(miao)”。稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)廟(miao)(miao)應有(you)(you)其(qi)命名的(de)(de)道(dao)理。有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)張(zhang)(zhang)果老就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)“總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”,還有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)說(shuo)(shuo)孔(kong)(kong)子就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)“總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”。對此傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)筆者存(cun)有(you)(you)異議。據(ju)史料記(ji)載:民間(jian)神話傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)中的(de)(de)八仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為張(zhang)(zhang)果老、鐵(tie)拐李(李鐵(tie)拐)、漢鐘(zhong)(zhong)離(鐘(zhong)(zhong)離漢)、何仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)姑、藍采(cai)和、呂洞賓、韓湘子、曹(cao)國舅。八仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)故事多出現(xian)于唐(tang)(tang)、宋、元(yuan)、明記(ji)載。八仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)不一(yi),姓名很不固(gu)定,早在(zai)(zai)唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)(dai)已有(you)(you)“唐(tang)(tang)八仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”。至明吳元(yuan)泰(tai)《八仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出處(chu)東游記(ji)傳(chuan)(chuan)》面世之后,才確定了八仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)姓名。《舊唐(tang)(tang)書(shu)》有(you)(you)張(zhang)(zhang)果傳(chuan)(chuan)曰(yue)“則王時(shi)隱于中條(tiao)山,往來汾(fen)晉(jin)間(jian),時(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)傳(chuan)(chuan)其(qi)有(you)(you)長年秘術,自(zi)云年數百歲(sui)矣,則天(tian)譴(qian)使召之,果佯死不赴。開元(yuan)21年玄宗(zong)令通事舍人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)裴晤(wu)往迎(ying)之,果對使絕氣(qi)如(ru)死,良久漸(jian)蘇,晤(wu)不敢逼,馳還奏狀,又譴(qian)中書(shu)舍人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)徐嶠齋圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)書(shu)以邀迎(ying)之,果乃隨(sui)嶠至東都。玉真公主(zhu)早歲(sui)好(hao)道(dao),欲降先生,果大(da)笑竟(jing)不奉(feng),屢(lv)辭(ci)歸山。因下制曰(yue):“恒州(zhou)張(zhang)(zhang)果先生游外方者也,跡先高(gao)(gao)尚,深入(ru)窈(yao)冥,今特(te)行朝(chao)禮,爰畀寵命可銀(yin)青(qing)光(guang)祿(lu)大(da)夫,號曰(yue)通元(yuan)先生,賜以衣服、雜彩等便放歸山,乃入(ru)恒山,不知所(suo)之。”可見仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不是(shi)(shi)“圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”,圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)古代(dai)(dai)有(you)(you)嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)界定。孔(kong)(kong)子在(zai)(zai)唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)貞觀(guan)年,唐(tang)(tang)太(tai)宗(zong)下詔(zhao)尊“孔(kong)(kong)子為宣(xuan)父(fu)”,在(zai)(zai)兗州(zhou)特(te)設(she)廟(miao)(miao)殿。武則天(tian)自(zi)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“三(san)(san)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”,麟德元(yuan)年元(yuan)旦(dan)泰(tai)山封禪時(shi),回駕途經(jing)曲阜縣,幸(xing)孔(kong)(kong)子廟(miao)(miao)時(shi)追(zhui)尊為“太(tai)師(shi)”。所(suo)以在(zai)(zai)唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)孔(kong)(kong)子僅稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“宣(xuan)父(fu)”、“太(tai)師(shi)”,未達(da)到“孔(kong)(kong)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)度。圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),舊指品德智慧極高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),古代(dai)(dai)對帝王的(de)(de)尊稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)或指臣民對君(jun)主(zhu)的(de)(de)尊稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。經(jing)過(guo)反復(fu)考證:“總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)廟(miao)(miao)”奉(feng)祀的(de)(de)不是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)上(shang),仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)在(zai)(zai)次。仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)殿東西(xi)兩(liang)側(ce)壁畫中的(de)(de)帝王畫像唐(tang)(tang)玄宗(zong)李隆基,正是(shi)(shi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。唐(tang)(tang)玄宗(zong)借鑒武則天(tian)“三(san)(san)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”之稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),自(zi)封“圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)皇”“總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”為圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)表。
壁(bi)畫(hua)主要謳歌(ge)的(de)(de)是唐(tang)(tang)玄宗和(he)張果老(lao),正殿(dian)中央(北(bei)墻(qiang))為張果老(lao)像,兩側侍(shi)女(nv)陪伴,唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)文武百官畢(bi)恭畢(bi)敬、頂(ding)禮膜拜。東、西(xi)墻(qiang)主要是唐(tang)(tang)玄宗泰山封(feng)禪圖(tu)。三墻(qiang)壁(bi)總面(mian)(mian)積130.46平方米(mi),計(ji)125個人像、飛(fei)(fei)(fei)仙(xian)、飛(fei)(fei)(fei)禽走獸、龍飛(fei)(fei)(fei)虎躍、仙(xian)鶴降書(shu),侍(shi)女(nv)俊(jun)俏、文官嚴整、武士雄威,西(xi)墻(qiang)壁(bi)畫(hua)李(li)隆基表情略顯焦(jiao)慮微(wei)瘦,明顯有(you)一(yi)(yi)路風(feng)塵(chen)仆仆之感(gan)。東墻(qiang)壁(bi)畫(hua)唐(tang)(tang)玄宗氣(qi)色明顯神采奕(yi)(yi)奕(yi)(yi),容光煥發(fa),一(yi)(yi)派“得(de)道志滿、榮歸(gui)故(gu)里”的(de)(de)帝王風(feng)范(fan)(fan)。身后(hou)有(you)仙(xian)人為其奏樂歡送(song)、迎面(mian)(mian)有(you)地方官員夾道相逢(feng),場面(mian)(mian)宏(hong)大,十分壯觀。經與史書(shu)記載“儀(yi)范(fan)(fan)偉麗,有(you)非常之表”和(he)《中國(guo)史通》收載的(de)(de)唐(tang)(tang)玄宗畫(hua)像核對無異。