具體情況
竇莊古建筑群(qun)位(wei)于(yu)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)省沁水縣東南竇莊村沁水河(he)(he)畔,為(wei)明萬歷二十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1592年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))進(jin)士(shi)、大(da)理(li)寺正卿(qing)張(zhang)(zhang)五典(dian)及其子(zi)孫(sun)所建。明崇(chong)禎(zhen)初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),陜(shan)西(xi)農民(min)軍(jun)王自(zi)用部屢次(ci)進(jin)攻山(shan)(shan)西(xi) ,張(zhang)(zhang)五典(dian)正是在(zai)此時構筑了(le)(le)竇莊村城(cheng)寨。竇莊的(de)地形(xing)(xing)與郭壁(bi)相似,背山(shan)(shan)面河(he)(he),位(wei)于(yu)河(he)(he)西(xi)。張(zhang)(zhang)五典(dian)之子(zi)張(zhang)(zhang)銓為(wei)明萬歷三十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1604年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))進(jin)士(shi),天啟元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1621年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))赴任(ren)監軍(jun)遼(liao)東,后金兵圍遼(liao)陽,張(zhang)(zhang)銓苦戰(zhan)被俘(fu)后壯烈殉國,竇莊及周(zhou)圍現存(cun)(cun)(cun)其衣冠冢。竇莊城(cheng)池、街道(dao)、院落修(xiu)建過程中(zhong),相傳當地有位(wei)出(chu)名的(de)“孝子(zi)”張(zhang)(zhang)烈功(gong),在(zai)京城(cheng)為(wei)官,為(wei)其母安排(pai)了(le)(le)仿京城(cheng)的(de)景致,故(gu)有“小北京”之稱(cheng)。傳說竇莊原有九門(men)九關,丁字街形(xing)(xing),也有牌樓及“四(si)大(da)四(si)小”建筑風格的(de)民(min)居。現僅(jin)存(cun)(cun)(cun)四(si)座(zuo)這樣的(de)民(min)居。城(cheng)墻(qiang)已(yi)毀,僅(jin)存(cun)(cun)(cun)南、北城(cheng)門(men)和殘破的(de)角樓。現存(cun)(cun)(cun)明萬歷年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(1573-1620年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))進(jin)士(shi)、御(yu)史張(zhang)(zhang)銓的(de)“尚(shang)書第”和“天 恩世(shi)錫(xi)”院,仍不失(shi)為(wei)高門(men)大(da)院, 眾(zhong)多(duo)的(de)磚、石、木雕(diao)保存(cun)(cun)(cun)至今。
古建筑
竇莊古村落,西(xi)依榼山,三(san)面(mian)環(huan)水,風景秀美,人(ren)文薈萃,民(min)風淳樸(pu),文化(hua)積淀深厚。于崇禎二年( 1629 年)歷時九(jiu)年告成(cheng)。現存古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑面(mian)積約40000平方(fang)米,80%的(de)(de)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑保(bao)存完好。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑除(chu)大量(liang)民(min)宅外,還有廟(miao)宇、樓(lou)閣、祠堂(tang)、書房(fang)、校場、法庭、地牢、城墻、城門樓(lou)、牌坊、店鋪和大量(liang)的(de)(de)碑刻等。除(chu)佛廟(miao)主(zhu)殿及配殿為(wei)(wei)元代遺(yi)構(gou),其它多為(wei)(wei)明、清(qing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑脈絡(luo)清(qing)晰,特色(se)鮮(xian)明,被前來考察的(de)(de)專(zhuan)家學者譽為(wei)(wei)研究明清(qing)時期北方(fang)民(min)居建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)最具典型代表作(zuo)。
竇莊(zhuang)古城堡(bao)開(kai)啟了鄉村(cun)城堡(bao)建筑的(de)先河,它是(shi)鄉村(cun)城堡(bao)建筑的(de)代(dai)表作, 是(shi)研(yan)究當地(di)社會生活、經(jing)濟發展、民俗民風的(de)重要物證。
竇莊古村落,西(xi)依(yi)榼(ke)山,三(san)面環水,風(feng)(feng)(feng)景秀(xiu)美(mei),人文(wen)薈(hui)萃(cui),民(min)風(feng)(feng)(feng)淳樸,文(wen)化積淀深厚。于崇禎二年( 1629 年)歷時九年告成。現存(cun)古建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積約40000平方米,80%的古建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)保存(cun)完好(hao)。建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)除大量民(min)宅外(wai),還(huan)有廟宇、樓閣、祠堂、書(shu)房、校場、法(fa)庭、地牢、城(cheng)(cheng)墻、城(cheng)(cheng)門樓、牌(pai)坊、店(dian)鋪(pu)和(he)大量的碑(bei)刻等。除佛廟主殿及配殿為(wei)(wei)元代遺構,其它多(duo)為(wei)(wei)明(ming)(ming)、清建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)脈(mo)絡清晰,特色(se)鮮明(ming)(ming),被(bei)前來考察的專(zhuan)家學者譽(yu)為(wei)(wei)研(yan)究(jiu)明(ming)(ming)清時期(qi)北方民(min)居建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的最具典型代表(biao)作(zuo)。竇莊古城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)開啟了鄉(xiang)村城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的先河,它是鄉(xiang)村城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的代表(biao)作(zuo), 是研(yan)究(jiu)當(dang)地社會生(sheng)活、經濟發展、民(min)俗民(min)風(feng)(feng)(feng)的重要物證。
竇莊古(gu)堡,東(dong)西、南北(bei)(bei)(bei)各長(chang)均500米,修筑(zhu)城(cheng)墻2000余米,整(zheng)體布局呈"卍(wan)"萬(wan)字形,分東(dong)、西、南、北(bei)(bei)(bei)四(si)條(tiao)街和(he)四(si)條(tiao)小巷(xiang),在街、巷(xiang)與城(cheng)墻交(jiao)接處設城(cheng)門(men)樓,東(dong)、西、南、北(bei)(bei)(bei)四(si)大四(si)小共建(jian)有八(ba)座城(cheng)門(men)樓,加(jia)上祖居(ju)尚書(shu)府(fu)所修小城(cheng)--"甕城(cheng)",共九(jiu)門(men),故(gu)有九(jiu)關,合(he)稱九(jiu)門(men)九(jiu)關。因城(cheng)堡布局形狀類似紫禁城(cheng),故(gu)當地人(ren)俗稱其為"小北(bei)(bei)(bei)京"。現存古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)積約40000余平方(fang)(fang)米,80%的(de)(de)古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)保存完好(hao)。建(jian)筑(zhu)除(chu)大量(liang)民宅(zhai)外,還有廟(miao)宇(yu)、樓閣、祠(ci)堂(tang)、書(shu)房(fang)、校(xiao)場、法庭、地牢、城(cheng)墻、城(cheng)門(men)樓、牌坊、店鋪和(he)大量(liang)的(de)(de)碑(bei)刻等。除(chu)佛廟(miao)主殿及配殿為元(yuan)代建(jian)筑(zhu)外,其余大部分為明、清建(jian)筑(zhu)。建(jian)筑(zhu)脈絡清晰,特色鮮(xian)明,被前來考察的(de)(de)專(zhuan)家學者(zhe)譽為研究(jiu)明清時期北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)民居(ju)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)最(zui)具(ju)典型代表之作。
竇莊古堡(bao)周長約(yue)2000米,高約(yue)12米,墻頭(tou)寬約(yue)1.5米。城(cheng)(cheng)墻各拐角(jiao)及城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)處建(jian)(jian)有(you)角(jiao)樓、樓門(men)(men)。城(cheng)(cheng)墻下(xia)為條石,上(shang)為青磚(zhuan)(zhuan),內添(tian)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)、土。部(bu)分(fen)城(cheng)(cheng)段修有(you)暗道與城(cheng)(cheng)內建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)及城(cheng)(cheng)外建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)相(xiang)連同,便于防守、出(chu)入。現存城(cheng)(cheng)墻500余米,南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)一(yi)(yi)座,小北門(men)(men)一(yi)(yi)座。南(nan)門(men)(men)為明(ming)兵(bing)部(bu)尚書(shu)張五(wu)典為避兵(bing)禍于天啟年(nian)間筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)同建(jian)(jian),整體高三丈,下(xia)建(jian)(jian)拱頂(ding)門(men)(men),門(men)(men)頭(tou)鑲嵌磚(zhuan)(zhuan)匾上(shang)刻"南(nan)門(men)(men)"二字(zi),城(cheng)(cheng)樓頂(ding)建(jian)(jian)有(you)炮臺瞭望孔。前挖深壕用(yong)以排放村西之山(shan)洪(hong),也為護城(cheng)(cheng)河,并設有(you)吊橋相(xiang)通。整個建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)巍峨(e)屹立,頗(po)為壯觀。
小(xiao)北(bei)門(men)與城同筑(zhu),磚圈拱頂并裝有鐵(tie)門(men),開(kai)門(men)出(chu)入(ru)方便(bian),閉(bi)門(men)無處可通(tong)(tong),小(xiao)門(men)即內城門(men),此(ci)所(suo)謂外城門(men)通(tong)(tong)街,內城門(men)通(tong)(tong)巷(xiang),與小(xiao)北(bei)門(men)所(suo)通(tong)(tong)者為九宅(zhai)巷(xiang),即小(xiao)北(bei)關(guan),為九門(men)九關(guan)之(zhi)一(yi)關(guan)。在祠廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)建筑(zhu)方面,竇莊(zhuang)古堡共(gong)有古代廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)宇(yu)13處,分別為大(da)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、烈公廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、佛(fo)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、財神(shen)(shen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、北(bei)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、火(huo)星(xing)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、觀音廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、閻王廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、霸王廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、黑虎廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、五道寺。廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)宇(yu)規模大(da)小(xiao)不一(yi),現(xian)在尚存的有佛(fo)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、財神(shen)(shen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、火(huo)星(xing)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、觀音堂等。
佛(fo)廟建(jian)于(yu)元至(zhi)正六年,為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)進院(yuan)落(luo),有(you)正殿(dian)(dian)三(san)間(jian)、耳殿(dian)(dian)及東西配(pei)殿(dian)(dian)、大(da)門(men)(men)樓(lou)。明(ming)、清又有(you)擴建(jian)并多次維修。正殿(dian)(dian)坐(zuo)北(bei)面南三(san)開間(jian),前出(chu)廊(lang)(lang),懸山頂。前施四根小(xiao)八角石柱,上施大(da)額枋,額枋之上施平(ping)板枋,施柱頭斗(dou)(dou)拱四垛,明(ming)間(jian)補間(jian)斗(dou)(dou)拱一(yi)垛,為(wei)(wei)(wei)單翹單昂(ang)斗(dou)(dou)拱,昂(ang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)真昂(ang)。門(men)(men)枕有(you)元至(zhi)正六年(1346年)落(luo)款。值得一(yi)提的是(shi)吏(li)治(zhi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)"古公(gong)堂(tang)",該建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)位于(yu)村北(bei)。由公(gong)堂(tang)和地(di)牢兩(liang)部(bu)組成。中央(yang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)廳(ting)堂(tang)式建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),走(zou)廊(lang)(lang)寬闊,石柱支撐斗(dou)(dou)拱飛檐,左右廂房高(gao)于(yu)主(zhu)大(da)廳(ting)。前面布局門(men)(men)小(xiao)窗大(da),中央(yang)主(zhu)大(da)廳(ting)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)審廳(ting),兩(liang)側建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)"和議廳(ting)"。距(ju)廳(ting)堂(tang)20米西南地(di)下5米處(chu)有(you)磚拱窯洞(dong)8孔,為(wei)(wei)(wei)牢獄(yu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。內置石磨,墻上置有(you)鐵(tie)環,通道口高(gao)處(chu)修筑(zhu)(zhu)磚堡以看(kan)守牢內要犯。
據我國著名專家梁思成先生(sheng)之(zhi)助手陳(chen)志華、樓慶西考證(zheng),此(ci)類建(jian)筑早于洪洞(dong)蘇(su)三監獄,是我國現存非常(chang)罕(han)見的(de)一(yi)處吏治(zhi)類古代建(jian)筑。