冠山書(shu)院(第二批省保),位于(yu)平定縣冠山鎮后(hou)溝(gou)村(cun)西南,自古被歷代文人所(suo)仰慕,元朝中書(shu)左(zuo)丞相呂思(si)誠、明(ming)朝南京兵部尚(shang)書(shu)喬宇都曾(ceng)在(zai)冠山書(shu)院讀(du)書(shu)治學。明(ming)末清初民(min)族(zu)志士傅山也(ye)曾(ceng)隱居于(yu)此,這些志士豪杰都曾(ceng)留下了不朽詩(shi)作(zuo)。尤以喬宇詩(shi)碑、玄秘塔集五(wu)言刻石著名。
宋初,繼(ji)全(quan)國的(de)四大(da)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan):白鹿洞書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)、石(shi)鼓書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)、應天府(fu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)、岳麓書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)之后,北(bei)宋末年在(zai)平(ping)定(ding)州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)南八里,山(shan)明水秀的(de)冠(guan)(guan)山(shan)上(shang)建(jian)起了“冠(guan)(guan)山(shan)精(jing)舍(she)”,書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)屬民(min)間私辦。元初,中(zhong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)左丞(cheng)呂(lv)思城(cheng)(cheng)父祖數世讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)于此。元代,在(zai)“冠(guan)(guan)山(shan)精(jing)舍(she)”的(de)基礎上(shang),擴(kuo)建(jian)為“呂(lv)公書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)”(呂(lv)公即(ji)呂(lv)思城(cheng)(cheng)),亦稱“冠(guan)(guan)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)”,成為山(shan)西(xi)顯赫一(yi)時(shi)的(de)大(da)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)。
高(gao)嶺(ling)書(shu)院建(jian)于(yu)明代嘉靖(jing)九年(nian)(1530),時任臨洮太守的(de)孫杰(jie),字(zi)朝用,別號高(gao)嶺(ling),回歸(gui)故鄉后,寓(yu)居(ju)于(yu)冠(guan)山(shan)書(shu)院,每(mei)日聚朋邀友且(qie)吟且(qie)酌,見冠(guan)山(shan)山(shan)腰中(zhong)有一巨石(shi),即出(chu)資(zi)鑿石(shi)洞曰:“夫(fu)子(zi)洞”,供(gong)奉孔圣人,另鑿兩洞,供(gong)奉顏子(zi)、曾子(zi),在夫(fu)子(zi)洞的(de)左(zuo)面修(xiu)建(jian)了高(gao)嶺(ling)書(shu)院。聚書(shu)萬卷,校勘其間,從(cong)嚴規(gui)范(fan)以(yi)導迪子(zi)孫,亦稱(cheng)上書(shu)院。明代陸琛作《高(gao)嶺(ling)書(shu)院孔子(zi)調(diao)銘》今猶立于(yu)夫(fu)子(zi)洞院中(zhong)。
建于清乾隆年間(jian)(1736),郡人(ren)(ren)張佩芳任壽州時,與(yu)多(duo)人(ren)(ren)募資,在冠山(shan)資福寺東面修(xiu)建。起初欲名“梵宇書(shu)院”,因院內(nei)有古槐(huai)(huai)參天濃蔭蓋地(di)(di),山(shan)風時至(zhi)疑有絲竹音,直(zhi)隸總督(du)那(nei)彥(yan)成(cheng)題(ti)額“槐(huai)(huai)音書(shu)院”。自(zi)好之士,習靜之儒(ru),避城(cheng)市喧囂,本州外地(di)(di)好學(xue)之士接踵而至(zhi),多(duo)至(zhi)100余人(ren)(ren),每科名麗桂籍者,珠聯星耀不下數人(ren)(ren),亦(yi)稱(cheng)下書(shu)院。
冠山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan),舊址在平定(ding)師范禮堂附近,清代官(guan)辦書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)。建(jian)于清乾(qian)(qian)(qian)隆(long)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(1751),知(zhi)(zhi)州王祖庚,勸(quan)捐銀(yin)2683兩,以利息作為(wei)師生費用,借用上(shang)城州署西(xi)部學(xue)(xue)院(yuan)行署為(wei)講學(xue)(xue)所(suo),因上(shang)城為(wei)漢淮陰侯韓信下趙駐兵處(chu),舊稱(cheng)榆(yu)關(guan),故初取名“榆(yu)關(guan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)”。乾(qian)(qian)(qian)隆(long)三十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(1765),知(zhi)(zhi)州陶易奉禮部咨查各省書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)名目,以榆(yu)關(guan)名義未確,思及嘉(jia)水貫通山(shan)城,始自嘉(jia)山(shan)源遠(yuan)流(liu)長,改稱(cheng)“嘉(jia)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)”,咨部纂入《大清一統志》。乾(qian)(qian)(qian)隆(long)五十(shi)(shi)年(nian),學(xue)(xue)使戴衢亨易名“冠山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)”,有(you)房屋50余間,規模宏大極一時之盛。現僅存零星碑(bei)記石刻(ke),為(wei)山(shan)西(xi)省重點文物保護(hu)單位。。
崇(chong)(chong)古(gu)冠(guan)山(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan),創建(jian)(jian)年代不(bu)詳,清嘉(jia)慶十一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(1806),奉直大(da)夫孫裕重建(jian)(jian)。書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)坐西(xi)朝東(dong)靠山(shan)(shan)臨谷建(jian)(jian)于冠(guan)山(shan)(shan)腹部(bu),隨地勢(shi)分(fen)上(shang)、下(xia)兩(liang)院(yuan)(yuan),占地面積為(wei)737平方(fang)米。內(nei)院(yuan)(yuan)正面月臺(tai)上(shang)有(you)西(xi)窯(yao)五(wu)(wu)眼(yan),居(ju)(ju)中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)明兩(liang)暗(an)稱(cheng)崇(chong)(chong)古(gu)洞(dong)(dong)。月臺(tai)下(xia)南窯(yao)三眼(yan),中(zhong)窯(yao)壁嵌(qian)集柳公(gong)權(quan)玄秘(mi)塔(ta),五(wu)(wu)言(yan)詩(shi)石刻(ke)十六塊,窯(yao)門額書(shu)(shu)“廣業”。北(bei)窯(yao)三眼(yan)額書(shu)(shu)“新(xin)德”也為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)明兩(liang)暗(an)。外(wai)(wai)院(yuan)(yuan)有(you)窯(yao)洞(dong)(dong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)孔(kong)為(wei)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)仆役居(ju)(ju)室(shi),外(wai)(wai)形為(wei)瓦房(fang),內(nei)部(bu)為(wei)窯(yao)洞(dong)(dong),冬暖(nuan)夏涼。里院(yuan)(yuan)月臺(tai)下(xia)立有(you)明代嘉(jia)靖年間,喬尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)(喬宇)的(de)《雪(xue)中(zhong)訪左丞(cheng)呂公(gong)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)舊址》詩(shi)碑曰(yue):“峻嶺(ling)崇(chong)(chong)罔冒雪(xue)來,冠(guan)山(shan)(shan)遙(yao)在白云隈。松(song)盤厚地蜿蜒(yan)出,花散諸天縹(piao)緲開。傍(bang)險欲尋(xun)歸隱洞(dong)(dong),凌高還(huan)上(shang)讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)臺(tai)。平生仰止(zhi)鄉賢意,莫遺遺蹤悶草萊。”筆者幼(you)年時(shi),經常聽老人們(men)叨(tao)咕,喬尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)在冠(guan)山(shan)(shan)上(shang)讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)時(shi),夜遇(yu)狐(hu)(hu)仙(xian)伴讀(du)(du),星空淡月下(xia),孤燈苦(ku)讀(du)(du)的(de)喬尚(shang)書(shu)(shu),每(mei)當夜深人靜,饑渴(ke)(ke)難忍時(shi),青青松(song)濤中(zhong),總有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)仙(xian)女飄然(ran)而至,到(dao)身邊伴讀(du)(du),適時(shi)送上(shang)明珠一(yi)(yi)(yi)顆(ke)為(wei)他解饑止(zhi)渴(ke)(ke),喬尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)為(wei)獲取功名(ming),怕墜入愛(ai)河,與狐(hu)(hu)仙(xian)女情斷意決(jue)后,狐(hu)(hu)仙(xian)女在一(yi)(yi)(yi)棵歪脖子古(gu)松(song)上(shang)吊死。這些美(mei)麗的(de)傳說,在兒時(shi)記憶中(zhong)留下(xia)許許多(duo)多(duo)神秘(mi)的(de)想象(xiang)。
資福寺(si)(si)為(wei)一單進四合院,占(zhan)地面積(ji)1470平方米。寺(si)(si)坐北(bei)朝南,中軸線上(shang)有(you)山門、正(zheng)殿,兩側有(you)鐘(zhong)、鼓(gu)二樓對峙(zhi),正(zheng)殿東西為(wei)配殿三間,建筑形制為(wei)清代風格(ge),寺(si)(si)內存清碑8通、元(yuan)碑1通。
文(wen)昌(chang)閣和呂祖(zu)洞(dong),依(yi)地勢分(fen)上、下兩層,坐西朝東,上為文(wen)昌(chang)閣,下層為呂祖(zu)洞(dong),均為單開(kai)(kai)間磚(zhuan)結構拱券式窯洞(dong)。夫子洞(dong)位居冠(guan)山(shan)山(shan)腰上部,為一(yi)組砂石質(zhi)石窟。開(kai)(kai)鑿于明嘉靖五年(1526年),窟檐外平面利用天然石略加修飾形成一(yi)坐北朝南的單進四合院落。
呂思(si)城,字仲實(1293———1357),平定(ding)人。泰(tai)定(ding)元年中(zhong)進(jin)士(shi),后擢升為翰林國(guo)(guo)史院(yuan)檢閱官及編修。順帝初,拜監察御史、侍(shi)御史、集(ji)(ji)賢院(yuan)侍(shi)講學士(shi)兼國(guo)(guo)子祭酒、湖廣參政、中(zhong)書參知政事(shi)、左(zuo)丞轉御史中(zhong)丞等(deng)職。有《介軒集(ji)(ji)》、《兩漢通紀》、《正典舉(ju)要》、《嶺(ling)南集(ji)(ji)》等(deng)著作傳世。他性情剛直、體察民(min)情、秉公(gong)辦事(shi),倡(chang)導破除迷信,不畏權(quan)勢(shi),直言進(jin)諫(jian)。在任翰林院(yuan)期(qi)間(jian),曾總(zong)裁宋、遼(liao)、金三史,病逝后贈齊國(guo)(guo)公(gong),謚忠肅。
“呂公(gong)書院”雖系官辦,但實成(cheng)于(yu)呂思城之(zhi)手,因而得(de)名。志(zhi)載:左丞(cheng)呂思城,以(yi)元世祖(zu)“先儒過化(hua)之(zhi)地(di),名賢經(jing)(jing)化(hua)之(zhi)所”立書院令,并(bing)奏(zou)請賜額,造燕(yan)居殿,設宣圣孔夫子(zi)肖像,以(yi)顏子(zi)與(yu)曾子(zi)配(pei)祭,另(ling)筑(zhu)會(hui)經(jing)(jing)堂,以(yi)及德本(ben)、行源齋舍,書院藏御賜經(jing)(jing)籍、圖書萬卷。
石樓(lou)書院建于明代正統年間(1436—1449),學正,夏廷器修建,系官辦。舊址在(zai)今(jin)平定(ding)縣圣廟大(da)成殿東側(ce),相(xiang)對城(cheng)南10公(gong)里的(de)石樓(lou)山。
名賢(xian)書院建(jian)于明代弘治(zhi)十(shi)一年(1489),知州吳賢(xian)在冠(guan)山(shan)(shan)呂公(gong)書院遺址的石洞前構筑正堂叫“名賢(xian)書院”,時任山(shan)(shan)西布政司左參汪藻在弘治(zhi)十(shi)三年立有(you)贊頌呂左丞(cheng)詩碑:“冠(guan)山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)勢(shi)碧棱(leng)曾,駐節來游吊(diao)左丞(cheng)。十(shi)里紅塵飛不到,百年青(qing)史(shi)價(jia)先增。”