簡介
公(gong)元420年(nian),劉裕代晉稱帝(di),建(jian)立劉宋王(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)。公(gong)元439年(nian)鮮卑族(zu)拓跋部建(jian)立的(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)魏(wei)王(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)結(jie)束(shu)了(le)十六國割(ge)據局面,統一(yi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)。由(you)此(ci)形成了(le)南北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)對(dui)峙局面,開始了(le)歷史上(shang)的(de)(de)南北(bei)(bei)(bei)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)時期。南朝(chao)(chao)(chao)指依次更替的(de)(de)宋、齊、梁(liang)、陳四(si)個(ge)王(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao);北(bei)(bei)(bei)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)指北(bei)(bei)(bei)魏(wei)、東魏(wei)、西(xi)魏(wei)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)齊、北(bei)(bei)(bei)周五個(ge)王(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)。南北(bei)(bei)(bei)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)分界大(da)致以秦(qin)嶺、淮河為(wei)界,對(dui)峙達170年(nian)之久(jiu)(jiu),直到隋文帝(di)楊堅統一(yi)為(wei)止。在(zai)南北(bei)(bei)(bei)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)時期建(jian)都陜(shan)西(xi)的(de)(de)有西(xi)魏(wei)和(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)周兩個(ge)王(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao),均為(wei)鮮卑族(zu)所建(jian)政權。鮮卑族(zu)拓跋部建(jian)立的(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)魏(wei)王(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao),曾統一(yi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)近100年(nian)之久(jiu)(jiu),但其(qi)后期階級矛盾(dun)和(he)民族(zu)矛盾(dun)十分尖銳,各地各族(zu)人民紛紛起義(yi)反抗。
西魏文帝永陵
致使王(wang)(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)內部分崩離析,一些王(wang)(wang)(wang)公貴族和軍隊首領(ling)起兵(bing)(bing)(bing)割(ge)據,大(da)(da)將高歡(huan)進兵(bing)(bing)(bing)洛陽(yang),把持朝(chao)(chao)政。北(bei)魏(wei)孝武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)元(yuan)(yuan)修(xiu)不甘心(xin)當(dang)高歡(huan)的(de)傀儡,于(yu)(yu)公元(yuan)(yuan)534年逃奔(ben)長(chang)安,投(tou)(tou)靠長(chang)安將領(ling)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)(tai)。高歡(huan)另立(li)北(bei)魏(wei)宗室元(yuan)(yuan)善見(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)傀儡皇帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),將都城遷往鄴城。從(cong)(cong)此,北(bei)魏(wei)一分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二,都鄴城者稱(cheng)東魏(wei),都長(chang)安者稱(cheng)西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)。西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)建立(li)不久,于(yu)(yu)公元(yuan)(yuan)535年7月宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)(tai)毒死(si)魏(wei)孝武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)元(yuan)(yuan)修(xiu),另立(li)其堂弟元(yuan)(yuan)寶(bao)炬(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)(tai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)丞相,尚書令(ling),獨攬朝(chao)(chao)政。元(yuan)(yuan)寶(bao)炬(ju)(公元(yuan)(yuan)507-551年),北(bei)魏(wei)節閔帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)孫(sun),京(jing)兆王(wang)(wang)(wang)元(yuan)(yuan)愉子,母楊氏(shi)。及(ji)長(chang),于(yu)(yu)530年封南陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。魏(wei)孝武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)時(shi),任(ren)太保、尚書令(ling)。公元(yuan)(yuan)534年隨孝武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)投(tou)(tou)奔(ben)關(guan)中(zhong),不久,孝武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)被害,宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)(tai)擁立(li)其為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。改(gai)元(yuan)(yuan)大(da)(da)統,都長(chang)安,有原(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)魏(wei)洛陽(yang)以西(xi)(xi)領(ling)土及(ji)益州,襄陽(yang)等地。西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)開國(guo),困難重重,舉(ju)步維艱,北(bei)有突厥,南有梁朝(chao)(chao),東有東魏(wei),處于(yu)(yu)四(si)面(mian)包圍之中(zhong)。元(yuan)(yuan)寶(bao)炬(ju)和宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)(tai)在(zai)此形勢(shi)下,決心(xin)實行改(gai)革(ge),振興關(guan)中(zhong),富國(guo)強兵(bing)(bing)(bing),改(gai)變不利(li)局勢(shi)。他們極力推行漢(han)化政策(ce),吸(xi)收漢(han)族知識分子從(cong)(cong)政,破(po)格(ge)提拔(ba)重用武(wu)功(gong)名門漢(han)蘇武(wu)之后蘇綽為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)行臺右丞,度(du)支尚書兼司農卿、領(ling)著作(zuo)郎,身兼數職,總管國(guo)家財政、農業及(ji)朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting)樞密事務,位在(zai)群臣之上(shang)。元(yuan)(yuan)寶(bao)炬(ju)和宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)(tai)得到蘇焯(zhuo)的(de)才華(hua)如魚得水,銳意(yi)推新政,采納(na)蘇綽籌劃,建立(li)計帳(zhang)(租賦予算)、戶(hu)籍制度(du);創立(li)府兵(bing)(bing)(bing)制;整頓吏治,裁(cai)減冗(rong)員,改(gai)定官制。又(you)提出(chu)六(liu)條為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)官原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze):“先修(xiu)心(xin),敦教化,盡地利(li),擢賢良(liang),恤刑獄,均賦役(yi)”,令(ling)官吏熟(shu)記,不通(tong)者,不得為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)官。又(you)置鼓、筆、紙(zhi)于(yu)(yu)宮城門外,以求(qiu)過失,讓百姓提意(yi)見(jian)。
經(jing)過(guo)這些改革和整頓,關中地區的(de)農業生產很快得(de)到恢復和發展,遂使(shi)西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)的(de)財政收入(ru),經(jing)濟實力,軍事力量大(da)(da)大(da)(da)加強,不但鞏(gong)固(gu)了(le)(le)政權,而(er)且已經(jing)具備了(le)(le)抵御(yu)外侵的(de)能力。公元537年十(shi)月東魏(wei)高(gao)歡(huan)(huan)(huan)親率20萬(wan)大(da)(da)軍分三路攻打(da)西(xi)(xi)魏(wei),宇(yu)文(wen)泰(tai)以一萬(wan)精兵迎戰,血(xue)戰沙(sha)苑(yuan)(今大(da)(da)荔(li)縣南(nan)(nan)(nan)),一舉(ju)打(da)敗高(gao)歡(huan)(huan)(huan)。使(shi)東魏(wei)一蹶不振(zhen),元氣(qi)大(da)(da)傷,徹(che)底消滅(mie)了(le)(le)高(gao)歡(huan)(huan)(huan),占領(ling)關中,西(xi)(xi)取(qu)長(chang)安(an),滅(mie)亡西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)的(de)夢(meng)想。而(er)東魏(wei)在沙(sha)苑(yuan)戰后(hou)卻(que)是(shi)國力強威,蒸蒸日上,一派欣欣向榮的(de)形勢。宇(yu)文(wen)泰(tai)乘勝率兵東進,占領(ling)了(le)(le)山西(xi)(xi)、河南(nan)(nan)(nan)東魏(wei)的(de)大(da)(da)片地區。此后(hou)又趁南(nan)(nan)(nan)方的(de)梁朝(chao)內亂,攻取(qu)了(le)(le)巴(ba)蜀和江陵,使(shi)西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)疆域擴大(da)(da)到四川和湖北一帶。公元551年三月元寶(bao)炬病死于長(chang)安(an)乾安(an)殿,終年45歲,葬永陵。謚文(wen)皇(huang)帝。元寶(bao)炬在位期間(jian),名為皇(huang)帝實行(xing)傀儡(lei),但他能夠和宇(yu)文(wen)泰(tai)默契配(pei)合,使(shi)西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)很快富(fu)強起來,也算是(shi)一點功績。
西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝元(yuan)寶炬永(yong)(yong)陵,位于今富平縣(xian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)留古(gu)鄉何家村東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)。冢(zhong)高(gao)13米,周長230米,陵園地面建筑無存,僅有(you)古(gu)獸(shou)一(yi)對(獬豸),位于冢(zhong)南200米處,西(xi)(xi)側的(de)頭向東(dong)(dong)(dong),高(gao)1.9米,身(shen)長1.93米,胸(xiong)闊0.72米,東(dong)(dong)(dong)側的(de)已遷展在西(xi)(xi)安(an)碑林石(shi)刻(ke)館內。據(ju)傳(chuan)還有(you)古(gu)人(ren)及(ji)其它(ta)石(shi)刻(ke),現已毀(hui)。這對石(shi)獸(shou)是我國早期的(de)重(zhong)要藝術作品,在古(gu)代石(shi)雕刻(ke)藝術史上占(zhan)有(you)重(zhong)要地位。與文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝合葬(zang)者有(you)皇后郁久閭氏和工(gong)弗氏。距永(yong)(yong)陵東(dong)(dong)(dong)25米處有(you)陪(pei)冢(zhong)一(yi)座,高(gao)5米,周長112米,已遭破壞。陪(pei)葬(zang)者是誰(shui),說(shuo)法不一(yi),有(you)說(shuo)是帝妹(mei)平原公(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)明月(yue)的(de),有(you)說(shuo)是廢帝元(yuan)欽的(de)。據(ju)永(yong)(yong)陵附近(jin)民(min)(min)間傳(chuan)說(shuo),文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝安(an)葬(zang)時,平原公(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)送(song)葬(zang),不幸(xing)暴(bao)葬(zang)陵前(qian),即陪(pei)葬(zang)陵側。由(you)此,至今當(dang)地鄉俗認(ren)為(wei)(wei)姊妹(mei)為(wei)(wei)弟兄(xiong)送(song)葬(zang)不吉(ji)。永(yong)(yong)陵目(mu)前(qian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)尚好,1956年(nian)陜西(xi)(xi)省人(ren)民(min)(min)政府公(gong)布為(wei)(wei)省級重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)單位,1996年(nian)11月(yue)20日國務院公(gong)布為(wei)(wei)全(quan)國第(di)四(si)批(pi)重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)單位。并(bing)劃(hua)有(you)一(yi)定保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)范圍,由(you)縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物局、文(wen)(wen)(wen)化館專職(zhi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)。