渠(qu)(qu)縣,古屬賨國,秦(qin)置宕渠(qu)(qu)縣。1376年(明洪武九年)更名(ming)渠(qu)(qu)縣。歷(li)年文風極盛(sheng),對孔(kong)子(zi)的尊奉特(te)別推崇。
渠縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)廟建于(yu)(yu)(yu)宋代嘉(jia)(jia)定(ding)以(yi)前,在渠縣(xian)城內西(xi)隅石于(yu)(yu)(yu)崗頂,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1297—1307年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(元(yuan)代大德年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間)重(zhong)修;公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1368—1398年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(明(ming)代洪(hong)武年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間),邑侯梁從義移(yi)建于(yu)(yu)(yu)縣(xian)城南外西(xi)巖側,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1621年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(明(ming)天(tian)啟元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))邑侯邸(di)居正(zheng)又于(yu)(yu)(yu)南郊將(jiang)文(wen)(wen)廟遷回(hui)舊址,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1643年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(明(ming)代祟禎(zhen)十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))九(jiu)(jiu)月初(chu)九(jiu)(jiu),文(wen)(wen)廟被(bei)農民起(qi)義軍焚(fen)毀。《渠縣(xian)志(zhi)》載:“癸(gui)未重(zhong)丸之交,‘賊’由(you)西(xi)城毀堞而入,學宮焚(fen)焉。”隔(ge)二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1663年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(清代康熙(xi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))再度興建。康雍(yong)、乾(qian)、嘉(jia)(jia)亦相繼(ji)修葺。后(hou)存的文(wen)(wen)廟建筑,是(shi)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1820年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(嘉(jia)(jia)慶二十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))動工(gong)重(zhong)修的。整個工(gong)程于(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1821年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(清道光元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))秋(qiu)季才(cai)告(gao)竣工(gong),前后(hou)歷(li)經康熙(xi)、雍(yong)正(zheng)、乾(qian)隆、嘉(jia)(jia)慶四個皇(huang)帝,費時(shi)達一(yi)百五(wu)十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之久(jiu)。 ?
2013年5月,渠縣文(wen)廟作(zuo)(zuo)為清代古(gu)建筑群被列入第七(qi)批全國重點文(wen)物(wu)保護單位。該(gai)縣文(wen)物(wu)部門正依照相關(guan)規定,認真做好文(wen)廟的規劃(hua)編制、保護維修、宣傳(chuan)展示、安全防護等工作(zuo)(zuo)。
文(wen)廟氣(qi)勢雄(xiong)(xiong)偉,構思(si)精(jing)(jing)巧(qiao)(qiao)別致,建筑工藝精(jing)(jing)湛(zhan),文(wen)化(hua)氣(qi)氛(fen)濃郁(yu),布(bu)局(ju)嚴謹有(you)序,保存(cun)基本完(wan)好(hao),堪稱巴(ba)蜀一(yi)絕。文(wen)廟大(da)門(men)雄(xiong)(xiong)偉壯觀(guan),朱紅照壁,十分(fen)耀眼(yan)。正北面(mian)“宮墻萬仞(ren)”四個遁勁有(you)力的(de)(de)(de)楷(kai)書(shu)鎏(liu)金大(da)字(zi),相傳(chuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)康熙皇帝手書(shu)。宮墻兩(liang)邊大(da)門(men)懸(xuan)匾,左有(you)“圣域”、右有(you)“賢(xian)關”,即(ji)圣賢(xian)所(suo)能至。橋(qiao)護欄雕(diao)(diao)刻文(wen)房四寶、花鳥蟲魚、祥云(yun)怪獸等。中橋(qiao)兩(liang)頭為(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)(jing)雕(diao)(diao)蟠龍(long)(long),只(zhi)有(you)狀元衣錦還鄉才可過(guo)(guo)此(ci)橋(qiao),寓意(yi)金榜題名(ming),獨(du)占鰲頭。兩(liang)旁的(de)(de)(de)二橋(qiao),也只(zhi)有(you)功成(cheng)名(ming)就的(de)(de)(de)讀書(shu)人(ren),才夠(gou)資(zi)格過(guo)(guo)一(yi)趟(tang),稱做“游(you)泮”,且要舉行一(yi)定儀(yi)式,即(ji)所(suo)謂“泮水生香”,始能走過(guo)(guo)。過(guo)(guo)了泮池,則(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)砂細石(shi)砌(qi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)“欞星(xing)門(men)”牌坊,高大(da)壯觀(guan)、精(jing)(jing)巧(qiao)(qiao)絕倫。牌坊上的(de)(de)(de)“二龍(long)(long)戲珠”、“雙(shuang)鳳(feng)朝(chao)陽”、“仙鶴(he)祥云(yun)”、“五蝠歸真”、“麒麟送書(shu)”、“魚跳龍(long)(long)門(men)”等浮(fu)雕(diao)(diao)圖案,皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)上好(hao)石(shi)料(liao),精(jing)(jing)雕(diao)(diao)細刻而(er)成(cheng),被譽(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)巴(ba)蜀牌坊之首。能工巧(qiao)(qiao)匠砌(qi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)“寶珠山”、七(qi)個小巧(qiao)(qiao)玲瓏的(de)(de)(de)八(ba)角亭以及宛如玉帶、碧波蕩漾的(de)(de)(de)渠(qu)江盡收眼(yan)底,使人(ren)遙思(si)無限、心(xin)曠(kuang)神怡。后來的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)廟,通過(guo)(guo)當地政府維修(xiu),既(ji)保持古樸典雅的(de)(de)(de)風貌(mao),又成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)全縣人(ren)民(min)開展各(ge)種(zhong)文(wen)化(hua)娛樂(le)活動的(de)(de)(de)中心(xin)。
走進文廟,引人注目(mu)的(de)(de)是(shi)雄(xiong)偉壯觀的(de)(de)的(de)(de)朱紅(hong)甬壁,正背兩面皆(jie)書鎏金大字(zi)(zi)(zi)“宮(gong)墻(qiang)(qiang)萬(wan)仞(ren)”,其(qi)正面四字(zi)(zi)(zi),相傳(chuan)為(wei)康熙皇帝(di)手書。宮(gong)墻(qiang)(qiang)建成于公元1794年(清乾隆五十九年)。“宮(gong)墻(qiang)(qiang)萬(wan)仞(ren)”四字(zi)(zi)(zi),來源(yuan)于《論(lun)語(yu)·子張篇》,“夫子之墻(qiang)(qiang)數(shu)仞(ren);不得其(qi)門而入,不見宗(zong)廟之美……。”古代人們(men)以七尺或八尺為(wei)一仞(ren),“萬(wan)仞(ren)”是(shi)形容高的(de)(de)意思。宮(gong)墻(qiang)(qiang)兩邊(bian)的(de)(de)大門左邊(bian)懸(xuan)扁額為(wei)“圣(sheng)域”二字(zi)(zi)(zi),右邊(bian)為(wei)“賢關”即(ji)圣(sheng)賢所在之地(di),門前一眼石(shi)井,曾立有石(shi)碑一塊,上刻行(xing)書“文武官(guan)員到此(ci)下馬”諸(zhu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)。
進門后為泮(pan)池(chi),呈半月形(xing),池(chi)上三橋九洞,橋下(xia)游(you)鱗戲(xi)水,碧波盈盈。正中橋頭(tou)為精雕蟠龍,封建社會時只(zhi)有(you)狀元(yuan)衣錦還(huan)鄉才(cai)得(de)過,乃是(shi)一種“獨占(zhan)鰲(ao)頭(tou)”的特殊(shu)榮譽。就是(shi)兩旁(pang)二橋,也只(zhi)是(shi)有(you)了“功名”的讀(du)書人才(cai)能(neng)走得(de)一趟,稱做“游(you)泮(pan)’,還(huan)有(you)一定(ding)的儀式,即所(suo)謂“泮(pan)水生香”。泮(pan)池(chi)建于公(gong)元(yuan)1783年(清乾隆(long)四十八年)。
過了泮池側為(wei)青砂石“欞(ling)星門牌(pai)坊”三(san)(san)楹(ying),高大(da)壯觀,精巧絕(jue)倫。牌(pai)坊建(jian)于公元1794年(nian)(nian)(清乾隆五十九年(nian)(nian))。石料采自(zi)渠縣三(san)(san)江小山峽,用大(da)船從渠江水運。當(dang)時(shi)無大(da)型起重(zhong)器械(xie)似用“壘土法”豎立而(er)(er)成;石條全用接榫,雖近兩百(bai)年(nian)(nian)日(ri)曬夜露,風(feng)吹雨打,而(er)(er)今(jin)基(ji)本完好,沒有(you)走(zou)性。牌(pai)坊頂端是六條蟠(pan)龍,昂首(shou)朝天,奮欲入(ru)云,栩栩如(ru)(ru)生,正中刻(ke)“欞(ling)星門”三(san)(san)字(zi)。牌(pai)坊的(de)石刻(ke)作品皆為(wei)鏤空雕(diao),具(ju)有(you)很(hen)強的(de)立體感,如(ru)(ru)“二龍戲珠(zhu)”、“雙(shuang)鳳(feng)朝陽”,“仙鶴穿(chuan)云”,“五蝠歸真”,“麒麟送書(shu)”、“魚躍龍門”等圖案,生動活潑,端莊和(he)諧(xie),曾被(bei)譽為(wei)“蜀(shu)中牌(pai)坊之(zhi)首(shou)”《渠縣志(zhi)》載(zai):“欞(ling)星門揀(jian)選石材美而(er)(er)巨(ju),雕(diao)刻(ke)尤精,絕(jue)川中未曾有(you)之(zhi)”。1926年(nian)(nian)(民國十五年(nian)(nian)),商務印書(shu)館編輯的(de)《東(dong)方(fang)雜志(zhi)》曾載(zai)專文(wen)和(he)圖片于以(yi)介紹。
文(wen)廟(miao)建筑(zhu)群(qun)落(luo)成階梯狀,工程浩(hao)大(da),廂(xiang)(xiang)房亭(ting)閣(ge)渾然一體,坐北朝南,金(jin)(jin)碧(bi)輝煌,氣(qi)勢雄偉。文(wen)廟(miao)主(zhu)(zhu)體建筑(zhu)為大(da)成殿(dian)(dian),高峨莊嚴。脊頂為江西景(jing)德(de)鎮燒制(zhi)的臥龍(long)兩條,殿(dian)(dian)頂純為金(jin)(jin)黃琉璃瓦(wa)鋪蓋,殿(dian)(dian)堂正(zheng)中原(yuan)供奉孔子(zi)本主(zhu)(zhu),本主(zhu)(zhu)上有九(jiu)龍(long)捧圣(sheng)的浮雕,正(zheng)中用金(jin)(jin)底紅字書寫“大(da)成至圣(sheng)先(xian)師孔子(zi)神位”,八(ba)卦藻(zao)井(jing)下懸(xuan)掛(gua)著“萬世(shi)師表”的扁額(e),東西兩廂(xiang)(xiang)還供奉有“四配”、嚴十哲(zhe)”先(xian)賢牌位。
大成殿雕(diao)花石(shi)臺之下為祠的東西(xi)兩(liang)原,供奉所謂“先賢(xian)”七十九人(ren),“先儒”七十五人(ren),東西(xi)兩(liang)原為碧綠琉璃(li)瓦(wa)鋪(pu)蓋,壁上(shang)浮(fu)雕(diao)文房四寶(bao)及祥云怪(guai)獸,木雕(diao)穿(chuan)花,窗欞門扇(shan),典雅莊重。
再下幾級石階就是(shi)戟(ji)門,列二(er)十四戟(ji)(古兵(bing)器),使(shi)人屏(ping)聲息(xi)氣,派顯赫森嚴的氣勢。
門下有四祠:有所謂“以道為君(jun),澤及庶(shu)民者(zhe)入(ru)祀”的名宦祠,有“言行(xing)端莊者(zhe)入(ru)祀”的鄉賢(xian)祠,有“忠義激烈(lie)者(zhe)入(ru)祀”的昭忠祠,有“節女、孝子入(ru)祀”的節孝祠,都(dou)是供奉一些封建統治階(jie)級(ji)視為“忠、孝、節、義”的代表人物。但可惜以上四祠及戟門已在文革中毀壞(huai)了。
大成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)后還有崇圣祠(又(you)名(ming)崇圣殿(dian)(dian)),是供奉孔子父母、祖先(xian)的(de)地方。站在大成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)門首,可(ke)以(yi)下視(shi)各祠及牌坊、泮(pan)池、宮(gong)墻。抬眼望去(qu),正面(mian)可(ke)見距(ju)文(wen)廟一百公尺開外(wai)人工堆砌而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)“珠寶山”和(he)山上小巧玲(ling)瓏的(de)八角亭。東邊可(ke)望一瀉千里(li)的(de)藍色(se)渠江(jiang),西面(mian)可(ke)望龍盤(pan)虎踞的(de)青黛(dai)色(se)馬鞍山。