富(fu)順文(wen)廟(miao)坐(zuo)北朝南,背靠神龜山(shan),面(mian)向沱江(jiang),不(bu)僅(jin)符合古(gu)代風(feng)水學的原則,還具有皇宮氣派。跟(gen)全國絕(jue)大多數文(wen)廟(miao)建在平地上不(bu)同,富(fu)順文(wen)廟(miao)從敬一亭(ting)到數仞宮墻,依次沿山(shan)坡(po)修下去(qu),面(mian)闊46米(mi),縱深160余(yu)米(mi),占(zhan)地10余(yu)畝。
富(fu)順文(wen)廟中保存(cun)年代(dai)(dai)早的建筑物要數敬一(yi)亭中那座孔子陰(yin)刻像石(shi)碑。據《富(fu)順縣志》記(ji)載,該像系唐代(dai)(dai)畫家吳道子所(suo)繪,南宋(song)紹興十(shi)五年(公元1145年)翻刻而成(cheng)。
富順(shun)文廟(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)格(ge)局(ju)跟全國絕大(da)多數(shu)文廟(miao)(miao)一樣,仿山(shan)東曲阜孔廟(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樣板而建(jian)(jian)(jian),即(ji)通(tong)過(guo)“數(shu)仞宮(gong)墻(qiang)”左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)“禮(li)門(men)”、“義(yi)路(lu)”或(huo)兩旁的(de)(de)(de)(de)“圣域(yu)”、“賢關(guan)”進入(ru)。首先映入(ru)眼簾的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“泮(pan)池”,跨過(guo)橫臥泮(pan)池上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“狀(zhuang)元橋”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)一座石(shi)坊建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑“欞(ling)星門(men)”,經過(guo)欞(ling)星門(men)進入(ru)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一個院(yuan)落,正面是(shi)(shi)(shi)“大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)”;從大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)再往(wang)里走(zou),便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第二個院(yuan)落,正面是(shi)(shi)(shi)整(zheng)個建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主殿“大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿”,大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿前有一個舉辦(ban)祭(ji)孔活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)月臺;繞過(guo)大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿,進入(ru)第三個院(yuan)落,正面是(shi)(shi)(shi)“崇圣祠”,再往(wang)里走(zou)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)后一座建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑“敬一亭”了。
整(zheng)個建筑群都凝(ning)聚著(zhu)博大(da)精深的(de)(de)儒(ru)家學(xue)說,如泮池、狀(zhuang)元橋(qiao)(qiao)以及欞(ling)(ling)星門(men)(men)。泮池就(jiu)(jiu)是學(xue)校的(de)(de)意思(si),意味著(zhu)進(jin)入孔子(zi)之門(men)(men)也就(jiu)(jiu)進(jin)入了讀書求(qiu)官(guan)之門(men)(men),如果有幸蟾宮折(zhe)桂,就(jiu)(jiu)可以從(cong)狀(zhuang)元橋(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)通過。欞(ling)(ling)星為(wei)天(tian)上(shang)文星,意思(si)是孔子(zi)是天(tian)上(shang)文星下凡,經(jing)過欞(ling)(ling)星門(men)(men)方才算正式進(jin)入了孔子(zi)門(men)(men)下。富順(shun)文廟(miao)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)元橋(qiao)(qiao)為(wei)九龍(long)鏤(lou)空(kong)石拱橋(qiao)(qiao),這跟許多(duo)文廟(miao)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)元橋(qiao)(qiao)為(wei)平(ping)板橋(qiao)(qiao)相比,更具特(te)色;欞(ling)(ling)星門(men)(men)由12根沖天(tian)石柱聯排構(gou)成,高的(de)(de)石柱達12.8米,超過曲阜孔廟(miao)欞(ling)(ling)星門(men)(men)10.34米的(de)(de)高度。大(da)成殿門(men)(men)前的(de)(de)九龍(long)丹陛,為(wei)三層鏤(lou)空(kong)九龍(long)石雕,可為(wei)富順(shun)文廟(miao)石刻代表。
富(fu)順(shun)文(wen)廟自北(bei)周武帝天和二年(nian)建縣(xian)(xian)至北(bei)宋(song)初年(nian)(567-960)的(de)近400年(nian)間,由于(yu)地處(chu)邊陲(chui),僚漢雜居,鹽業雖盛而(er)文(wen)風未開。宋(song)仁宗景祐三(san)年(nian)(1036),朝廷(ting)選派太常博士(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)學者周延(yan)俊來富(fu)順(shun)任(ren)知(zhi)監(jian),努力興(xing)教(jiao)化,辦學校(xiao),培育(yu)(yu)士(shi)(shi)(shi)子。在他任(ren)職的(de)第六(liu)年(nian),即慶(qing)歷二年(nian)(1042),富(fu)順(shun)縣(xian)(xian)終于(yu)出了第一個進(jin)士(shi)(shi)(shi)-李(li)冕,全縣(xian)(xian)士(shi)(shi)(shi)民無(wu)不歡欣慶(qing)幸。在周延(yan)俊的(de)倡導下(xia),人(ren)們集資(zi)于(yu)慶(qing)歷四年(nian)(1044),在縣(xian)(xian)城中心的(de)南(nan)門,建成一座文(wen)廟,主供(gong)孔子,時稱(cheng)"文(wen)宣網廟"。并(bing)在廟內立石質"雁塔(ta)碑(bei)",以刻(ke)全縣(xian)(xian)歷次中試者的(de)名(ming)字。此后,歷任(ren)富(fu)順(shun)知(zhi)監(jian),均熱(re)心教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)事業,親任(ren)儒學教(jiao)授,常在從政之余,來廟內為(wei)生員講(jiang)課,于(yu)是文(wen)風大(da)開。宋(song)代在雁塔(ta)刻(ke)名(ming)的(de)進(jin)士(shi)(shi)(shi)即有67人(ren)之多。
元代文廟(miao)改稱(cheng)"先圣廟(miao)"。至大四年(1311),富順知州任顯忠,建立戟門,安置(zhi)禮器,補修大成殿,為(wei)兩廡里柵欄。英宗時期,縣佐王(wang)納速建御書碑亭(ting)。
明(ming)(ming)(ming)太祖朱元璋平定(ding)江(jiang)(jiang)山,詔天下立學(xue)育(yu)士(shi),改先(xian)圣廟為"先(xian)師廟"。明(ming)(ming)(ming)朝洪武(wu)六年(nian)(1373)年(nian),知縣鐘鉉重整(zheng)廟壇,興建(jian)(jian)學(xue)校,砌石泮(pan)池。以后(hou)又經(jing)8次(ci)修補和小增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)成祖永(yong)樂年(nian)間始稱"文廟"。此后(hou),文風日盛,教育(yu)事(shi)業發達,入學(xue)中(zhong)舉(ju)者逐年(nian)增(zeng)多。有明(ming)(ming)(ming)一代,赴京會(hui)試,中(zhong)進士(shi)者達139人(ren),占四川省進士(shi)總數的十三(san)分之一,因而獲得"才子甲西(xi)蜀",富(fu)順才子內江(jiang)(jiang)官"的美(mei)譽。
明末清初,蜀中(zhong)大亂(luan)25年(nian)(nian),文(wen)廟失修,殘(can)破不(bu)(bu)堪。康熙二十一年(nian)(nian)(1682)年(nian)(nian),平定三藩后的第(di)一任富順知縣錢紹隆(long),重新整修文(wen)廟,修大成(cheng)殿明倫堂(tang),恢復(fu)祭祀和學校。乾隆(long)二十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(1764),知縣熊葵(kui)向集(ji)資(zi)修建文(wen)廟外墻(qiang),重建兩廡,并砌日月壇。至道光中(zhong)期,文(wen)廟雖(sui)經多次修葺,終屬小修小補,其破敗(bai)之(zhi)狀與以(yi)出(chu)才子名聞全川(chuan)的富順縣頗(po)不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)稱。清代立朝到道光中(zhong)期,富順僅出(chu)了11名進士,民間認(ren)為(wei)文(wen)章風水移動是因對孔(kong)圣不(bu)(bu)敬之(zhi)故。
道(dao)(dao)(dao)光(guang)十六年(1836),富(fu)(fu)順知縣鄧仁坤決定重(zhong)建文(wen)廟(miao),并與當時富(fu)(fu)順縣第一(yi)(yi)大財主、貢生肖永升商議。肖永升當即表示:為(wei)(wei)了(le)保住富(fu)(fu)順“文(wen)章(zhang)風水(shui)”,愿盡儒生之責(ze),獨肩重(zhong)建文(wen)廟(miao)之任。于(yu)是雇工請匠,立即拆除文(wen)廟(miao),特派(pai)專人(ren)前(qian)往山東曲(qu)阜縣,通(tong)過任澤區令的(de)(de)富(fu)(fu)順進士張震,取回建筑(zhu)(zhu)文(wen)廟(miao)的(de)(de)規制圖(tu)紙。又(you)從(cong)雷波(bo)、馬邊運回巨木,從(cong)江西(xi)景(jing)德(de)鎮定制琉(liu)璃(li)瓦,共費資三萬六千,歷時四年,于(yu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)光(guang)二十年(1840)建成。自崇(chong)(chong)(chong)圣(sheng)(sheng)祠(ci)(ci)、大成殿(dian)(dian)、月臺(tai)(tai)、兩(liang)廡、戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、更(geng)衣(yi)祭器(qi)所(suo)(suo)、下(xia)至(zhi)欞(ling)星門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、名(ming)宦鄉(xiang)賢祠(ci)(ci)、禮門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、義路、泮(pan)池(chi)、橋欄、宮(gong)(gong)墻(qiang)、外賢關(guan)、圣(sheng)(sheng)域門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)皆高廣堅致,逾(yu)舊數(shu)倍(bei)。共占地10余畝,建筑(zhu)(zhu)占地3000多(duo)平(ping)方米。廟(miao)正面為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)帶紅(hong)墻(qiang),上(shang)塑“數(shu)仞宮(gong)(gong)墻(qiang)”4個大字。左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)有(you)(you)(you)2門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),曰(yue)(yue)“圣(sheng)(sheng)域”、“賢關(guan)”,非(fei)祭祀不(bu)開。進門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)泮(pan)池(chi),池(chi)上(shang)架橋三座;中為(wei)(wei)九(jiu)龍(long)(long)橋,不(bu)通(tong)行(xing),左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)便橋,為(wei)(wei)祭祀過道(dao)(dao)(dao)。池(chi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)有(you)(you)(you)2門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),曰(yue)(yue)“禮門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)”、“義路”,為(wei)(wei)平(ping)日出入(ru)之門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),分別(bie)立有(you)(you)(you)“文(wen)官下(xia)轎”、“武官下(xia)馬”石(shi)(shi)碑。池(chi)后(hou)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)(shi)坊(fang)“欞(ling)星門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)”,有(you)(you)(you)3孔(kong)通(tong)入(ru),坊(fang)寬22.4米,高12.65米。再拾級(ji)為(wei)(wei)“明(ming)倫堂”-即戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)為(wei)(wei)“更(geng)衣(yi)祭器(qi)所(suo)(suo)”,戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)廣場,場后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)“日月壇”,中為(wei)(wei)九(jiu)龍(long)(long)鏤空浮雕,左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)梯(ti)登(deng)臺(tai)(tai)。臺(tai)(tai)后(hou)為(wei)(wei)文(wen)廟(miao)主體建筑(zhu)(zhu)“大成殿(dian)(dian)”,殿(dian)(dian)高35米,為(wei)(wei)明(ming)清(qing)(qing)時期典型斗拱結(jie)構,畫(hua)棟飛檐(yan),精巧華美,脊龍(long)(long)昂首,躍然(ran)欲(yu)飛,琉(liu)璃(li)金(jin)碧,映日生輝,壯麗凝重(zhong),古色古香。殿(dian)(dian)后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)院落為(wei)(wei)“泮(pan)宮(gong)(gong)”(“泮(pan)宮(gong)(gong)丹桂是富(fu)(fu)順八景(jing)之一(yi)(yi))。再往后(hou),是”崇(chong)(chong)(chong)圣(sheng)(sheng)殿(dian)(dian)“,左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)有(you)(you)(you)”龍(long)(long)池(chi)“、”風穴“,清(qing)(qing)泉常(chang)滿,大旱不(bu)涸。壁(bi)間在乾隆時鐫有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)刻”龍(long)(long)池(chi)“、”鳳(feng)穴“,筆力遒勁(jing),近代罕見。崇(chong)(chong)(chong)圣(sheng)(sheng)殿(dian)(dian)隆起(qi)的(de)(de)坎上(shang)建筑(zhu)(zhu)是孔(kong)子之”寢(qin)宮(gong)(gong)“。寢(qin)宮(gong)(gong)較小,只有(you)(you)(you)三楹中供木刻”空子神位“(宋代以前(qian)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)(shi)刻),情(qing)地金(jin)書孔(kong)子像,系(xi)唐吳道(dao)(dao)(dao)子所(suo)(suo)畫(hua),從(cong)曲(qu)阜拓(tuo)回。左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)廊廡,先(xian)后(hou)曾作生員(yuan)學舍、縣教諭署及名(ming)宦鄉(xiang)賢祠(ci)(ci)。
光緒二(er)十二(er)年(1896),縣人張(zhang)世(shi)芳(fang)將先世(shi)所(suo)捐學田(tian)2處,改(gai)捐作維修文廟之業田(tian)。光緒33年(1907),詔生孔子(zi)大(da)祀(si)。于是改(gai)崇圣寺及宮墻為黃瓦(wa)(wa)(原只有大(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)、大(da)成(cheng)門準用(yong)黃瓦(wa)(wa)。
抗(kang)日戰(zhan)爭時期(qi)中,日本飛機炸毀大(da)成殿(dian)一角及西廊廡(wu),后(hou)雖經修復,但技藝低下,終不復原(yuan)。解(jie)放后(hou),曾(ceng)于1958年前后(hou),對文廟粉飾(shi)一。1980年7月,富順(shun)文廟列為(wei)四(si)川省文物(wu)保(bao)護單位后(hou),省府又撥專(zhuan)款,予以修葺、粉飾(shi),現(xian)在基本保(bao)持(chi)原(yuan)貌,并增添服(fu)務設施,長(chang)年開(kai)放,供人(ren)民游覽憑(ping)吊,2001年又被列為(wei)國家重點文物(wu)保(bao)護單位。
富(fu)順(shun)(shun)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)有(you)(you)“五(wu)(wu)絕”。一(yi)是欞星(xing)門由3組(zu)石(shi)(shi)坊(fang)組(zu)成(cheng),中(zhong)間一(yi)組(zu)石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)高達12.65米(mi)(mi)(mi),為(wei)各地(di)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)所罕見。二是大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)殿面積532平方米(mi)(mi)(mi),共用大(da)(da)(da)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)50根,殿高30米(mi)(mi)(mi),整個梁枋(fang)、檐板(ban)都(dou)是精雕的(de)龍鳳麟獅(shi)、蟲魚花鳥。三是孔子石(shi)(shi)刻像(xiang)奇(qi)。此(ci)像(xiang)不(bu)著冕旒,線條簡潔明朗(lang),衣著飄逸自然、形象逼真,是稀世(shi)珍品(pin)。四是龍的(de)世(shi)界。文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)內有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)小(xiao)各具形態的(de)雕龍300多條,有(you)(you)浮騰在(zai)20余米(mi)(mi)(mi)高空的(de)巨(ju)龍,有(you)(you)蜿蜒(yan)于泮(pan)池“狀元(yuan)橋”上的(de)九龍,大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)殿屋(wu)脊上有(you)(you)飛龍。五(wu)(wu)是崇(chong)(chong)圣祠上裸(luo)體男(nan)陶人(ren)(ren)之“謎”。在(zai)1986年翻修富(fu)順(shun)(shun)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)崇(chong)(chong)圣祠屋(wu)面時,發現(xian)正脊梁三重琉璃(li)亭塔式寶鼎中(zhong)有(you)(you)一(yi)尊古(gu)銅色裸(luo)體男(nan)陶像(xiang),其身高25厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),肩寬(kuan)10厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),右手向上舉過頭頂,左手自然垂(chui)下(xia),五(wu)(wu)官清晰,下(xia)身男(nan)性(xing)特征明顯,制作細膩(ni),造(zao)型生動,給在(zai)封建意識濃厚的(de)北宋(song)時代興建的(de)富(fu)順(shun)(shun)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)披上了神秘色彩。這(zhe)個被列為(wei)“巴蜀之謎”的(de)發現(xian),引起學(xue)術界和(he)新聞(wen)媒(mei)體的(de)極大(da)(da)(da)關注和(he)震驚,新華社、中(zhong)央(yang)電(dian)視(shi)臺(tai)、《四川(chuan)日報(bao)》、《華西都(dou)市(shi)報(bao)》、四川(chuan)電(dian)視(shi)臺(tai)和(he)各省市(shi)電(dian)視(shi)臺(tai)、各大(da)(da)(da)晚報(bao)以及海(hai)外媒(mei)體、互聯網等紛紛加以報(bao)道。不(bu)少專家學(xue)者對此(ci)十分感興趣,有(you)(you)的(de)人(ren)(ren)迷(mi)惑不(bu)解(jie),有(you)(you)的(de)進行探索研究,紛紛發表文(wen)(wen)(wen)章,欲(yu)解(jie)這(zhe)個謎團。