介紹
灞陵橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),原(yuan)名(ming)八(ba)里橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),在許昌市城(cheng)西4公里的清(qing)(qing)(qing)泥河上,相傳為三(san)(san)國名(ming)將關(guan)羽辭(ci)(ci)曹(cao)挑袍(pao)處,灞陵橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)從此名(ming)揚。原(yuan)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)高于(yu)水面(mian)3米余(yu),為三(san)(san)孔(kong)青(qing)石(shi)(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)寬能(neng)并行(xing)兩車(che),橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)長90米,兩岸楊柳(liu)成行(xing),風(feng)景宜(yi)人,橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)旁有(you)《漢(han)(han)關(guan)帝(di)挑袍(pao)處》石(shi)(shi)碑(bei),為明末將領左(zuo)良(liang)玉(yu)所(suo)立。另一(yi)通(tong)碑(bei)為辭(ci)(ci)曹(cao)書(shu),保存完好(hao),清(qing)(qing)(qing)代(dai)康(kang)熙、雍正、乾隆(long)年間(jian),又豎了四通(tong)碑(bei),文字清(qing)(qing)(qing)晰,碑(bei)文論述關(guan)羽對曹(cao)操辭(ci)(ci)其金(jin)而挑其袍(pao)的過程,歌頌他(ta)“依曹(cao)已久仍歸漢(han)(han),留得英風(feng)在潁州(zhou)(zhou)”。說他(ta)視高官(guan)厚祿若糞(fen)土,褒他(ta)“情(qing)深義重垂千秋,士(shi)民(min)爭拜漢(han)(han)云長”。清(qing)(qing)(qing)道光年間(jian)傅梓之(zhi)(zhi)《許州(zhou)(zhou)記》載(zai)甄汝舟懷(huai)古(gu)詩(shi)句(ju),云:“野水四堤浸(jin)柳(liu)條,道邊(bian)殘碣記前(qian)朝。長髯(ran)勒(le)馬橫(heng)刀(dao)處,萬(wan)古(gu)英風(feng)八(ba)里橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。”此橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的始建年代(dai)無考,據1991年對原(yuan)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)遺(yi)(yi)址的挖(wa)掘(jue)清(qing)(qing)(qing)理,橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)基(ji)為元代(dai)構(gou)件(jian),上部為明、清(qing)(qing)(qing)建筑。原(yuan)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)青(qing)石(shi)(shi)灰磚結(jie)構(gou),三(san)(san)孔(kong),通(tong)長17米,高2.88米。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上遺(yi)(yi)留構(gou)件(jian)有(you)石(shi)(shi)雕欄(lan)板(ban)、戲水龍頭、望橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、石(shi)(shi)獅、石(shi)(shi)猴等,都存放在關(guan)帝(di)廟內。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)北為明末總兵左(zuo)良(liang)玉(yu)潑墨手書(shu)“漢(han)(han)關(guan)帝(di)挑袍(pao)處”的巨型(xing)石(shi)(shi)碑(bei)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)南是《關(guan)王辭(ci)(ci)曹(cao)操之(zhi)(zhi)圖》碑(bei)。
1990年(nian)(nian)重新修(xiu)建了(le)這座仿漢(han)觀賞(shang)橋(qiao)。橋(qiao)長121米,單拱雙柱,柱承櫨斗(dou),支(zhi)頂(ding)拱體。青(qing)石欄板上(shang)浮雕仿漢(han)畫像(xiang)(xiang),內容(rong)有(you)(you)歷(li)史典故、神話傳說,大(da)多是反映漢(han)代(dai)農桑狩獵、民俗天像(xiang)(xiang)等現實生活。質(zhi)樸生動,令人退(tui)想。東閱(yue)臺的(de)(de)正(zheng)中入口(kou)處,立有(you)(you)青(qing)石堆雕的(de)(de)“關公勒馬挺風(feng)”巨(ju)像(xiang)(xiang),通高9米,高大(da)偉(wei)岸,給人以凌空立馬,虎視(shi)中原(yuan)之(zhi)勢(shi)(shi);西月臺南(nan)北對峙(zhi),高5.2米的(de)(de)青(qing)石子母(mu)煙,代(dai)表著帝王之(zhi)儀。甘肅渭源縣城南(nan),渭河三大(da)源頭之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)源河上(shang),有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)座氣(qi)勢(shi)(shi)恢宏(hong)的(de)(de)木質(zhi)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)廊(lang)橋(qiao)——霸陵橋(qiao)。紫紅(hong)色的(de)(de)曲(qu)拱單孔橋(qiao),像(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)彩虹橫(heng)跨清(qing)(qing)源河上(shang),為渭水第一(yi)(yi)橋(qiao)。霸陵橋(qiao)是明朝洪(hong)武元年(nian)(nian)(公元1368年(nian)(nian))建設的(de)(de),經清(qing)(qing)代(dai)同治年(nian)(nian)間(jian)、1919年(nian)(nian)、1932年(nian)(nian)、1984年(nian)(nian)四次大(da)的(de)(de)維(wei)修(xiu)。1918年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)修(xiu)建由當清(qing)(qing)源鎮柯(ke)寨(zhai)村何遇江、何遇海兩兄弟參照蘭州雷河灘臥橋(qiao)式樣進(jin)(jin)行改(gai)進(jin)(jin),形成如今純木懸臂曲(qu)拱、單孔廊(lang)橋(qiao)。橋(qiao)身由單梁變成疊梁,結(jie)構(gou)嚴密,氣(qi)勢(shi)(shi)雄偉(wei),霸陵橋(qiao)全長40米,廊(lang)房(fang)15間(jian),跨度27米,高15.4米,寬4.5米。
霸(ba)(ba)(ba)陵(ling)為古(gu)縣名,在(zai)(zai)(zai)西安市東。漢(han)文(wen)帝(di)(di)9年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)171年(nian)),在(zai)(zai)(zai)其地筑霸(ba)(ba)(ba)陵(ling),并命名為縣名。漢(han)文(wen)帝(di)(di)死后(hou)葬(zang)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)水(今霸(ba)(ba)(ba)河(he)(he)(he))旁。有一(yi)年(nian)渭(wei)河(he)(he)(he)水大(da),淹了霸(ba)(ba)(ba)陵(ling),渭(wei)河(he)(he)(he)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)頭渭(wei)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)縣修(xiu)(xiu)的橋(qiao)就叫(jiao)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)陵(ling)橋(qiao)。明(ming)朝大(da)將(jiang)徐達與元(yuan)(yuan)將(jiang)李思齊激戰于(yu)此(ci),元(yuan)(yuan)軍兵敗移至渭(wei)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),且折掉了渭(wei)河(he)(he)(he)橋(qiao)。正(zheng)值暴雨連(lian)天,河(he)(he)(he)水猛漲,無法過河(he)(he)(he),難(nan)以攻城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。徐達聽從(cong)他人建議(yi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)木籠中裝石投(tou)入河(he)(he)(he)床,壘成(cheng)(cheng)橋(qiao)墩,終于(yu)建橋(qiao)成(cheng)(cheng)功。元(yuan)(yuan)兵看見明(ming)軍將(jiang)士修(xiu)(xiu)好(hao)(hao)了橋(qiao),守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)無望,只好(hao)(hao)投(tou)降。徐達揮筆提寫(xie)了“霸(ba)(ba)(ba)陵(ling)橋(qiao)”幾個大(da)字。數百年(nian)來,歷(li)代政要、文(wen)人墨客,無不稱(cheng)贊此(ci)橋(qiao),左宗(zong)棠題寫(xie)“南谷源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)”、蔣介石提寫(xie)“綰轂秦(qin)隴(long)”、于(yu)右任“大(da)道(dao)之行(xing)”。楊(yang)虎(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)將(jiang)軍題詞是:“鳥(niao)鼠溯(su)靈(ling)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),雪(xue)浪云濤(tao),東行(xing)匯徑(jing)瀆(du)黃河(he)(he)(he),漢(han)關(guan)紫氣;隴(long)秦(qin)資利(li)涉(she),月環虹跨,西望是金(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)楊(yang)柳,玉(yu)塞萄萄”。清(qing)代詩人楊(yang)景(jing)熙(xi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)“渭(wei)水東注”一(yi)詩中贊美此(ci)橋(qiao)是:“閑眺城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)邊(bian)渭(wei)水流,長(chang)虹一(yi)道(dao)臥(wo)橋(qiao)頭”。