介紹
灞(ba)陵橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),原名八(ba)里(li)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),在(zai)許(xu)昌市城西4公里(li)的(de)清(qing)(qing)泥(ni)河(he)上(shang),相傳為(wei)三(san)國(guo)名將(jiang)關(guan)羽辭(ci)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)挑(tiao)袍處(chu)(chu),灞(ba)陵橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)從此名揚。原橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)高(gao)于水面3米(mi)余,為(wei)三(san)孔青石(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面寬能并行兩(liang)車,橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)長90米(mi),兩(liang)岸楊柳成行,風(feng)(feng)(feng)景宜人,橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)旁有《漢(han)關(guan)帝(di)挑(tiao)袍處(chu)(chu)》石(shi)碑(bei)(bei),為(wei)明末將(jiang)領左良玉所立。另一通碑(bei)(bei)為(wei)辭(ci)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)書,保存完(wan)好,清(qing)(qing)代(dai)康熙、雍正、乾隆年(nian)(nian)間,又豎了四通碑(bei)(bei),文(wen)字(zi)清(qing)(qing)晰(xi),碑(bei)(bei)文(wen)論述(shu)關(guan)羽對曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操辭(ci)其金(jin)而挑(tiao)其袍的(de)過(guo)程,歌頌(song)他“依曹(cao)(cao)(cao)已久仍歸漢(han),留得英風(feng)(feng)(feng)在(zai)潁州”。說他視(shi)高(gao)官厚祿若糞土,褒他“情深(shen)義重(zhong)垂千秋,士民爭拜漢(han)云(yun)(yun)長”。清(qing)(qing)道光年(nian)(nian)間傅梓(zi)之《許(xu)州記(ji)》載甄汝舟(zhou)懷古詩句,云(yun)(yun):“野水四堤浸柳條(tiao),道邊殘碣記(ji)前朝。長髯(ran)勒(le)馬橫(heng)刀處(chu)(chu),萬古英風(feng)(feng)(feng)八(ba)里(li)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。”此橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)始建年(nian)(nian)代(dai)無考(kao),據(ju)1991年(nian)(nian)對原橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)遺址的(de)挖掘清(qing)(qing)理,橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)基為(wei)元代(dai)構件,上(shang)部為(wei)明、清(qing)(qing)建筑。原橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)青石(shi)灰磚結(jie)構,三(san)孔,通長17米(mi),高(gao)2.88米(mi)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)遺留構件有石(shi)雕欄板(ban)、戲(xi)水龍頭、望橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、石(shi)獅、石(shi)猴等(deng),都存放在(zai)關(guan)帝(di)廟內。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)北(bei)為(wei)明末總(zong)兵左良玉潑墨手(shou)書“漢(han)關(guan)帝(di)挑(tiao)袍處(chu)(chu)”的(de)巨型(xing)石(shi)碑(bei)(bei)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)南(nan)是《關(guan)王辭(ci)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操之圖(tu)》碑(bei)(bei)。
1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)重(zhong)新修建了這座仿漢(han)觀賞橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)長(chang)121米,單拱(gong)(gong)(gong)雙柱(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)承(cheng)櫨斗,支頂拱(gong)(gong)(gong)體。青(qing)石(shi)欄(lan)板上浮雕仿漢(han)畫像(xiang),內容有歷(li)史典故、神話(hua)傳說,大多是反映(ying)漢(han)代農桑狩(shou)獵(lie)、民俗天像(xiang)等(deng)現實生活。質(zhi)樸生動,令人(ren)退想。東閱臺的(de)正中入口處,立(li)有青(qing)石(shi)堆雕的(de)“關公勒馬(ma)(ma)挺風”巨像(xiang),通高9米,高大偉岸,給人(ren)以凌(ling)空立(li)馬(ma)(ma),虎(hu)視中原之勢(shi);西(xi)月臺南北對(dui)峙(zhi),高5.2米的(de)青(qing)石(shi)子母煙,代表著帝(di)王之儀(yi)。甘肅(su)渭(wei)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)縣城南,渭(wei)河三大源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)頭之一的(de)清(qing)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)河上,有一座氣(qi)(qi)勢(shi)恢宏的(de)木質(zhi)結構的(de)廊(lang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)——霸陵橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。紫紅色的(de)曲(qu)(qu)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)單孔橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),像(xiang)一彩虹橫跨清(qing)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)河上,為(wei)渭(wei)水第(di)一橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。霸陵橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)是明朝洪武元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1368年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))建設的(de),經(jing)清(qing)代同治年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間、1919年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、1932年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)四次大的(de)維修。1918年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)修建由當(dang)清(qing)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)鎮柯(ke)寨村何遇江、何遇海兩兄(xiong)弟參照蘭(lan)州雷(lei)河灘臥橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)式(shi)樣進行改(gai)進,形成如今純木懸臂曲(qu)(qu)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)、單孔廊(lang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)身由單梁變(bian)成疊梁,結構嚴密,氣(qi)(qi)勢(shi)雄偉,霸陵橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)全長(chang)40米,廊(lang)房15間,跨度27米,高15.4米,寬4.5米。
霸(ba)(ba)陵(ling)(ling)為古縣(xian)名,在(zai)西安市東(dong)(dong)。漢(han)(han)文(wen)帝9年(公元(yuan)171年),在(zai)其地(di)筑霸(ba)(ba)陵(ling)(ling),并命名為縣(xian)名。漢(han)(han)文(wen)帝死(si)后(hou)葬(zang)霸(ba)(ba)水(shui)(今(jin)霸(ba)(ba)河(he))旁。有一年渭河(he)水(shui)大,淹了霸(ba)(ba)陵(ling)(ling),渭河(he)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)頭(tou)渭源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)縣(xian)修的橋(qiao)就叫霸(ba)(ba)陵(ling)(ling)橋(qiao)。明朝大將徐達(da)與元(yuan)將李思齊激戰于此(ci)(ci),元(yuan)軍兵敗移至渭源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)城,且折掉(diao)了渭河(he)橋(qiao)。正值暴雨連(lian)天,河(he)水(shui)猛漲(zhang),無(wu)(wu)法過河(he),難(nan)以攻城。徐達(da)聽從(cong)他(ta)人建議,在(zai)木(mu)籠中裝石(shi)投入河(he)床,壘成(cheng)橋(qiao)墩(dun),終于建橋(qiao)成(cheng)功(gong)。元(yuan)兵看見明軍將士修好了橋(qiao),守城無(wu)(wu)望,只好投降(jiang)。徐達(da)揮筆(bi)提寫(xie)了“霸(ba)(ba)陵(ling)(ling)橋(qiao)”幾個大字。數(shu)百年來,歷(li)代(dai)政要、文(wen)人墨客,無(wu)(wu)不稱贊此(ci)(ci)橋(qiao),左宗(zong)棠題(ti)寫(xie)“南谷源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)(chang)”、蔣介石(shi)提寫(xie)“綰(wan)轂(gu)秦(qin)隴”、于右任“大道(dao)之行”。楊(yang)虎城將軍題(ti)詞(ci)是(shi)(shi):“鳥鼠(shu)溯(su)靈源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),雪浪云濤(tao),東(dong)(dong)行匯徑瀆黃河(he),漢(han)(han)關紫氣(qi);隴秦(qin)資(zi)利涉,月環虹跨,西望是(shi)(shi)金城楊(yang)柳,玉塞萄(tao)(tao)萄(tao)(tao)”。清(qing)代(dai)詩人楊(yang)景熙在(zai)“渭水(shui)東(dong)(dong)注”一詩中贊美此(ci)(ci)橋(qiao)是(shi)(shi):“閑(xian)眺城邊渭水(shui)流,長(chang)(chang)虹一道(dao)臥橋(qiao)頭(tou)”。