簡介
興(xing)隆山,又(you)稱東老(lao)爺山,地處陜甘寧(ning)(ning)三省(區(qu)(qu))交界處,甘肅省慶陽(yang)市環縣(xian)東北部四合原鄉,北接寧(ning)(ning)夏鹽池,東臨陜西定邊,自古(gu)有“雞鳴聽(ting)三省”之美譽,距(ju)縣(xian)城75公(gong)里,海(hai)拔1774米。現為國(guo)家AAA級旅(lv)游(you)景區(qu)(qu)、全國(guo)重點文物保(bao)護(hu)單位(wei)、省級森林公(gong)園。東老(lao)爺山古(gu)建(jian)筑群(qun)(qun),是慶陽(yang)境內古(gu)建(jian)筑中規模最(zui)大、藝(yi)術成(cheng)就最(zui)高、保(bao)存最(zui)完好的古(gu)建(jian)筑群(qun)(qun)落,是頗負盛名(ming)的道(dao)教名(ming)山。
作為隴(long)東現代(dai)革命圣地之(zhi)一(yi),1935年長征途中的(de)中央紅軍二、三(san)縱隊(dui)在(zai)此地宿營,司令部和電(dian)臺辦(ban)公(gong)室就設(she)在(zai)祖師(shi)殿內,葉劍英、鄧發(fa)、蔡(cai)樹藩、張(zhang)經武等領導在(zai)神龕下(xia)過夜。
興隆(long)山屬于子午(wu)嶺山脈的(de)北部余脈,海拔1774米,位于環縣(xian)四合塬鄉以東(dong)(dong)六(liu)公里(li)處,距縣(xian)城(cheng)75公里(li)。北與寧(ning)夏鹽池相望,東(dong)(dong)與陜(shan)西定(ding)邊毗鄰(lin),素有"雞鳴聽三省"之稱(cheng)。
歷史沿革
興隆山(shan)古建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun)始建(jian)于(yu)明(ming)代,清康熙、道光年間曾進行過兩(liang)次(ci)修(xiu)復和擴(kuo)建(jian),現存(cun)15座建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),占地(di)面積(ji)約40000平方米。劃分三(san)個(ge)區域(yu)(yu),一是(shi)東南(nan)峰外(wai)圍建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)區域(yu)(yu),現存(cun)有牛馬王(wang)廟(miao)(miao),城隍廟(miao)(miao);二是(shi)中峰東南(nan)坡(po)上(shang)(shang)分布的建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun),它們不規則地(di)分布在許(xu)多(duo)小(xiao)平臺上(shang)(shang),依次(ci)由下而上(shang)(shang)有前門(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)、碑坊、中門(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)、三(san)進門(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)、關(guan)帝(di)廟(miao)(miao)、藥王(wang)洞等建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu);最高處即(ji)是(shi)中峰峰頂主建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun),以無(wu)量祖師大殿、獻殿和山(shan)門(men)為(wei)中軸線,旁有佛殿、菩薩殿、鐘樓(lou)(lou)(lou)、鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)(lou),共同構成了對(dui)稱規整(zheng)布局。
歷史懸疑
東(dong)老爺山是否(fou)始建于北魏(386—534年)
至今仍完(wan)整(zheng)矗立在岳靈官(guan)樓后院牌坊之內的(de)(de)《無(wu)量(liang)(liang)祖師(shi)(shi)廟記》碑(bei)(bei)(bei),可(ke)算是(shi)探究東(dong)(dong)老(lao)(lao)爺(ye)山(shan)歷史的(de)(de)“活教(jiao)(jiao)材”。碑(bei)(bei)(bei)置(zhi)磚砌頂(ding)部為圓拱形的(de)(de)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)龕內,龕高225厘(li)(li)米,寬71厘(li)(li)米,進深61厘(li)(li)米,龕內鑲有(you)清道光二十年(nian)(1840年(nian))孟(meng)夏四月初一日立石碑(bei)(bei)(bei),黑青(qing)石材質,雕工精(jing)美(mei)。據作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)近期(qi)翻閱大(da)量(liang)(liang)資(zi)料,特(te)別(bie)是(shi)仔細研讀《無(wu)量(liang)(liang)祖師(shi)(shi)廟記》碑(bei)(bei)(bei)文(wen)(wen)后,關于東(dong)(dong)老(lao)(lao)爺(ye)山(shan)的(de)(de)建造時間和歷史上的(de)(de)重修擴(kuo)建,認為有(you)著詳(xiang)盡的(de)(de)記述(shu)。該碑(bei)(bei)(bei)撰文(wen)(wen)結(jie)構(gou)嚴謹,文(wen)(wen)采(cai)(cai)超然,堪稱迄今為止研究東(dong)(dong)老(lao)(lao)爺(ye)山(shan),特(te)別(bie)是(shi)研究確定其(qi)修建史實的(de)(de)基本資(zi)料。撰文(wen)(wen)者(zhe)(zhe)張毓秀,清代吏(li)部候選官(guan)、環(huan)縣拔貢、尊(zun)為教(jiao)(jiao)諭、道家弟子。從作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)經(jing)歷與(yu)學識來(lai)看,《無(wu)量(liang)(liang)祖師(shi)(shi)廟記》所記載的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)老(lao)(lao)爺(ye)山(shan)足可(ke)采(cai)(cai)信。碑(bei)(bei)(bei)文(wen)(wen)如下:
興(xing)隆山(shan),蓋延(yan)慶重鎮也。其嶺(ling)□□,亙(gen)數(shu)余里,上結山(shan)峰,勢若捧笏,眾山(shan)繚繞,累(lei)(lei)累(lei)(lei)如(ru)貫珠;兩旁(pang)幽谷窈(yao)然(ran)(ran),而深谷中(zhong)有(you)泉(quan)翁然(ran)(ran)而出,泉(quan)水南北分流如(ru)往(wang)而復(fu)陡;其巔(dian)蔚然(ran)(ran)深秀,峰回路轉,往(wang)來行旅(lv)不(bu)絕。
朔方地脈之(zhi)靈(ling),莫勝于(yu)此山之(zhi)中(zhong)峰(feng)。祖師廟(miao)在正殿,旁有佛廟(miao)、觀音菩薩廟(miao)、百(bai)子閣、韋陀(tuo)廟(miao)。山門(men)之(zhi)外(wai)有黑虎廟(miao)、靈(ling)官廟(miao),左有關(guan)帝廟(miao)、藥王洞,右(you)有三官蟲王廟(miao),前門(men)有靈(ling)官樓,北峰(feng)則(ze)玉(yu)皇廟(miao),南(nan)峰(feng)則(ze)馬王牛王、城隍、土地廟(miao)也(ye)。追溯(su)所(suo)自,不(bu)知創于(yu)何(he)時?
洎(ji)乎(hu)國朝順治年間,仙人(ren)林公修煉此山(shan),重為建造,頗壯觀(guan)瞻。至康熙時,即得圣果,因建廟(miao)(miao)在山(shan),邑民李天(tian)柱(zhu)等捐割,環(huan)縣祥集里一甲佃(dian)地百余畝。□其(qi)所入,以(yi)招道(dao)流(liu),供香(xiang)火,鳴鐘磬。每歲春朔秋望,諸人(ren)士之祈(qi)福而來者,莫不感斯應昭其(qi)靈也(ye)。第(di)以(yi)峰(feng)巒高聳,風雨易于(yu)飄(piao)零,且歷年既久,廟(miao)(miao)宇見圮,登獻者以(yi)為嘆。
丁(ding)酉歲,主(zhu)持孫吉寧暨(ji)五官(guan)司(si)事諸(zhu)公,目(mu)擊凋零,毅然(ran)欲恢復之,而(er)竊(qie)慮其艱也。夫(fu)執事貴敬(jing),能敬(jing)必(bi)有德,有德故人(ren)和,人(ren)和則功易(yi),成而(er)神必(bi)享(xiang)。諸(zhu)公乃傾(qing)城募緣,估得(de)七百余(yu)金,以(yi)儲木材,征(zheng)工(gong)役,重修(xiu)祖師(shi)正(zheng)殿,改修(xiu)靈官(guan)樓(lou),創修(xiu)鐘(zhong)鼓樓(lou)二座、山門一座,上下右路(lu)并起(qi),丹(dan)漆黝堊(e),煥然(ran)聿新。若左右南北峰諸(zhu)廟(miao),雖乃夫(fu)舊,則有待(dai)于(yu)修(xiu)之司(si)事者也。其工(gong)肇于(yu)戊戌春(chun),中越己亥(hai)秋季告(gao)竣。
諸公屬(shu)余(yu)為記,余(yu)為之(zhi)(zhi)其登山,沐手焚香謁(ye)神(shen),牽牲捧帑,朝者(zhe)如云(yun)。僉曰:山之(zhi)(zhi)靈(ling)以(yi)(yi)神(shen)也,又曰:神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)靈(ling)以(yi)(yi)山也。仰知神(shen)有陰翊,斯(si)人之(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)。人有肅事(shi)(shi),其神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)禮。惟賴司事(shi)(shi)者(zhe)至誠感神(shen),而神(shen)乃靈(ling)應(ying)如斯(si)。司事(shi)(shi)者(zhe)誰?安化縣武(wu)(wu)生周殿福、環縣生員南丹穴、邑(yi)民李含章、縣學廩生敬爾位、武(wu)(wu)生韓中元(yuan)、定(ding)邑(yi)生員趙玉德、環縣居士(shi)孫吉財,主持孫吉寧、馬(ma)和順(shun)、蘇萬(wan)和、何明、司事(shi)(shi)墻功(gong)監生□明是也。
碑(bei)文(wen)首句“興隆山,蓋(gai)延(yan)(yan)(yan)慶重鎮也”。筆者認為(wei)(wei)(wei)反映的是東老爺(ye)山廟(miao)宇始(shi)建的時(shi)間(jian)問題。“延(yan)(yan)(yan)慶”是我(wo)國(guo)北(bei)朝時(shi)期建于(yu)慶陽的縣(xian)(xian)(xian)名。據《元(yuan)(yuan)和郡縣(xian)(xian)(xian)圖志》記(ji)載(zai),“延(yan)(yan)(yan)慶縣(xian)(xian)(xian),中南(nan)至(zhi)州(zhou)40里(li)。天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(742年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),改名延(yan)(yan)(yan)慶縣(xian)(xian)(xian)”。《元(yuan)(yuan)和郡縣(xian)(xian)(xian)圖志》寫于(yu)唐憲(xian)宗元(yuan)(yuan)和年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(806—820年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),當時(shi)正(zheng)處于(yu)藩(fan)鎮割(ge)據的混亂時(shi)期。“慶州(zhou),都(dou)督府(fu),古西(xi)戎地(di)春秋及戰國(guo)時(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)義渠(qu)戎國(guo),秦厲公伐義渠(qu)并之,虜其王。至(zhi)始(shi)皇時(shi)屬北(bei)地(di)郡。后(hou)魏文(wen)帝(di)大統(tong)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)置(zhi)朔州(zhou),周(zhou)武(wu)帝(di)保定元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)廢(fei)朔州(zhou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)周(zhou)武(wu)防,隋文(wen)帝(di)十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)割(ge)寧(ning)(ning)州(zhou)歸德縣(xian)(xian)(xian)置(zhi)慶州(zhou),義寧(ning)(ning)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)弘化郡,天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)改為(wei)(wei)(wei)安(an)化郡,至(zhi)德元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)改為(wei)(wei)(wei)順(shun)化郡,乾元(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)復為(wei)(wei)(wei)慶州(zhou)。州(zhou)境(jing):東西(xi)二百(bai)(bai)五十(shi)二里(li)。南(nan)北(bei)四百(bai)(bai)七十(shi)二里(li)”。“管縣(xian)(xian)(xian)十(shi):順(shun)化,樂蟠,馬(ma)領,合水,華池,同川(chuan),洛原(yuan),延(yan)(yan)(yan)慶,方渠(qu),懷安(an)”。又據顧祖(zu)禹(yu)《讀史方輿紀要》卷57記(ji)載(zai):“延(yan)(yan)(yan)慶城,府(fu)城東北(bei)三(san)十(shi)里(li),本漢郁(yu)郅縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di),后(hou)魏嘗置(zhi)延(yan)(yan)(yan)慶縣(xian)(xian)(xian),旋廢(fei)。劉咰曰(yue):唐武(wu)德六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),分合水縣(xian)(xian)(xian)置(zhi)白馬(ma)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),改為(wei)(wei)(wei)延(yan)(yan)(yan)慶縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。寶(bao)(bao)歷初廢(fei)。”
可見,北(bei)魏(wei)時期(qi)在(zai)今慶(qing)城置延(yan)慶(qing)縣,西(xi)魏(wei)大統十一(yi)年(nian)(545年(nian))置朔州(zhou)(zhou),乾元元年(nian)復為(wei)慶(qing)州(zhou)(zhou)。州(zhou)(zhou)境包(bao)括(kuo)東(dong)西(xi)252里,南北(bei)472里,下(xia)管十個縣,延(yan)慶(qing)、方(fang)渠(qu)是(shi)其中(zhong)之一(yi)。據1985年(nian)修(xiu)《環(huan)縣志》記載,唐高(gao)祖(zu)武德(de)二(er)年(nian)(619年(nian))前,環(huan)屬慶(qing)州(zhou)(zhou)方(fang)渠(qu)縣轄(《唐書》)。由此推斷,興隆(long)山(東(dong)老爺山)在(zai)北(bei)魏(wei)時期(qi)就是(shi)“延(yan)慶(qing)重(zhong)鎮”。
廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)宇建(jian)筑群(qun)包括“祖師廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)在(zai)正殿,旁有(you)佛廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、觀音(yin)菩薩廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、百子(zi)閣、韋陀廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。山門(men)(men)之(zhi)外有(you)黑虎廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、靈官廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),左有(you)關帝(di)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、藥王(wang)洞,右有(you)三(san)(san)(san)官蟲(chong)王(wang)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),前門(men)(men)有(you)靈官樓,北(bei)峰則(ze)玉皇(huang)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),南峰則(ze)馬王(wang)牛王(wang)、城隍、土地(di)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)也(ye)。追溯所(suo)自,不知創于(yu)何時(shi)(shi)?”碑文撰寫于(yu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)光(guang)二十年,撰者對(dui)上述(shu)建(jian)筑群(qun)的(de)起始年代提(ti)出了質(zhi)疑。但(dan)這(zhe)(zhe)里提(ti)供了一(yi)(yi)個信息,就(jiu)是(shi)釋(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)同山而居。這(zhe)(zhe)與北(bei)朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)期崇(chong)(chong)佛、崇(chong)(chong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)生態(tai)分(fen)不開(kai)的(de)。據《冊府元龜》卷五十三(san)(san)(san)載:“后魏(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)武帝(di)(拓(tuo)跋珪)好黃老(lao)之(zhi)言(yan),誦詠不倦,數召(zhao)諸王(wang)及(ji)朝(chao)臣親為(wei)說(shuo)之(zhi)”。大(da)興道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)法,皇(huang)帝(di)都(dou)要登壇受簶(lu)。“[始光(guang)間]崇(chong)(chong)尚天(tian)(tian)師,顯揚新法,宣布天(tian)(tian)下,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)業(ye)大(da)行(xing)……”(《魏(wei)書(shu)·釋(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)志》第(di)8冊第(di)3049頁(ye),中華書(shu)局1976年版),期望政(zheng)權鞏(gong)固,皇(huang)帝(di)康強。北(bei)魏(wei)拓(tuo)跋氏(shi)以少數民族身份(fen)入(ru)主中原,其(qi)統治(zhi)者對(dui)神(shen)仙方術興趣頗(po)隆,還把道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)定位國教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),對(dui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)極(ji)度(du)尊崇(chong)(chong)。修道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)講究環(huan)境清靜,自然優美,在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)個山勢奇特,天(tian)(tian)造地(di)設,“雞鳴聽三(san)(san)(san)省”的(de)地(di)方,天(tian)(tian)時(shi)(shi)地(di)利人和(he),尊神(shen)修廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),正合時(shi)(shi)宜。佛學(xue)(xue)在(zai)沒(mei)有(you)傳入(ru)華夏之(zhi)時(shi)(shi),本(ben)土的(de)宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)就(jiu)是(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),在(zai)中華傳統文化中,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)與儒學(xue)(xue)和(he)佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)(yi)起占據著主導地(di)位的(de)理論學(xue)(xue)說(shuo)。佛道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)曾經相爭,但(dan)又(you)互相包容(rong),和(he)諧共生。這(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)解(jie)釋(shi)(shi)(shi)東老(lao)爺山建(jian)筑和(he)塑(su)像為(wei)什么是(shi)以道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)主,又(you)兼(jian)容(rong)佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)內容(rong)的(de)緣故了。
由此(ci),從(cong)區域設置、歷史背景,以及自然形(xing)態分(fen)析,我們能否由此(ci)推斷:東(dong)老(lao)爺山始建于(yu)魏晉南北朝時期的北魏,距今約(yue)(yue)1600多年,比元明時期早約(yue)(yue)900年。但由于(yu)現(xian)存可查證的資料(liao)并(bing)不(bu)多,留待史學家(jia)去進一步去考證。
基本情況
前門(men)樓(lou)是興隆山第一(yi)道門(men),為(wei)純(chun)磚(zhuan)發券砌(qi)成的(de)二層樓(lou)閣,上層為(wei)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)仿木歇山頂(ding),下層為(wei)卷頂(ding)形(xing)門(men)洞,其(qi)頂(ding)部(bu)為(wei)四(si)(si)(si)檐出水短(duan)坡(po),以屋(wu)脊(ji)(ji)代回廊欄桿(gan)。下層墻(qiang)(qiang)體為(wei)四(si)(si)(si)方(fang)形(xing),每邊長6米,檐高(gao)4.6米,中開(kai)(kai)拱(gong)券頂(ding)門(men)洞,高(gao)3.1米,寬1.8米。門(men)洞內有(you)暗(an)道式樓(lou)梯(ti),隱在(zai)門(men)樓(lou)第一(yi)層的(de)側墻(qiang)(qiang)內,樓(lou)梯(ti)踏步(bu)23級,曲(qu)折(zhe)而上至(zhi)第二層屋(wu)內。第一(yi)層四(si)(si)(si)面(mian)(mian)坡(po)短(duan)檐下有(you)二層雕花磚(zhuan)刻,圖案有(you)“琴棋書畫(hua)(hua)”、“建(jian)筑四(si)(si)(si)寶”等(deng),還有(you)較為(wei)少(shao)見的(de)人(ren)面(mian)(mian)龍(long)和(he)人(ren)面(mian)(mian)鳥。上層墻(qiang)(qiang)體也是正方(fang)形(xing),每邊長3.75米,高(gao)3.9米,園券頂(ding)門(men)開(kai)(kai)東(dong)南向(xiang),上層屋(wu)頂(ding)為(wei)仿木歇山頂(ding),共有(you)13條脊(ji)(ji),14個獸。屋(wu)內有(you)神壇,塑(su)像已佚,僅存部(bu)分繪有(you)屏風(feng)人(ren)物的(de)壁畫(hua)(hua)。
碑(bei)坊為磚砌(qi)仿(fang)木(mu)歇山(shan)頂(ding)(ding),通高4.4米(mi)(mi),寬3.64米(mi)(mi),進(jin)深1.77米(mi)(mi),頂(ding)(ding)部結構和前門樓上(shang)層屋頂(ding)(ding)結構相似,但略(lve)小點(dian)。檐(yan)下有(you)橫匾楷體(ti)陽刻“蟠龍泊(bo)鳳”四字,兩側各有(you)兩幅(fu)磚雕(diao)人物圖案,工藝屬(shu)淺浮雕(diao)。橫匾下有(you)兩個并列神龕(kan),高2.52米(mi)(mi),寬0.71米(mi)(mi),進(jin)深0.61米(mi)(mi)。其中一(yi)龕(kan)內(nei)有(you)鑲石碑(bei)一(yi)通,即(ji)清道光(guang)二十年的《無量(liang)祖師廟記》碑(bei)。
中門樓亦是兩(liang)層(ceng)純磚樓閣結構,通高8.4米。下層(ceng)為(wei)正方形,邊長4.45米,高3.7米,有發券門洞,高1.68米,寬(kuan)1.43米,下層(ceng)出檐(yan)為(wei)兩(liang)層(ceng)平砌素磚,每(mei)面均(jun)有兩(liang)個仿(fang)木倒掛垂蓮柱,四(si)角(jiao)有仿(fang)木角(jiao)科式挑角(jiao)。上層(ceng)為(wei)歇山(shan)頂,結構與前門樓相似,正脊(ji)中有一(yi)站獅。東南開圓(yuan)拱門,兩(liang)側雕有對(dui)聯(lian)一(yi)副(fu),“金(jin)磚有眼不垯善,鋼鞭無情自逐兇”屋內有神壇,塑(su)像已佚,兩(liang)壁(bi)各尚存山(shan)水畫四(si)條副(fu)。
三進門(men)樓與前門(men)樓結構相似,通高9.35米(mi)。下(xia)層(ceng)正(zheng)方形邊(bian)長4.32米(mi),檐(yan)下(xia)有兩層(ceng)雕(diao)花(hua)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)和一(yi)層(ceng)云紋雕(diao)花(hua)仿木雀替磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan),磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)圖(tu)案為琴棋書畫和暗八(ba)仙題材。上層(ceng)為純磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)發券結構的(de)歇山頂,正(zheng)脊中(zhong)有團龍,龍上有鐵制變形壽(shou)字裝(zhuang)飾(shi)。檐(yan)下(xia)亦(yi)有兩層(ceng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)圖(tu)案和仿木吉祥草紋樣雀替,四角有簡式角科,正(zheng)面開(kai)門(men),門(men)兩側檐(yan)下(xia)和后檐(yan)檐(yan)下(xia)各(ge)有一(yi)方蒙古裝(zhuang)男(nan)士磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao),神態威武強(qiang)悍。
關帝廟為(wei)(wei)磚木結構硬山頂,前廊有兩(liang)明柱,面(mian)闊(kuo)4.1米(mi),進深5米(mi),通(tong)高4.8米(mi)。在兩(liang)山墻上施以(yi)貼墻柁(tuo)(tuo)(tuo),大柁(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)與二柁(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)間以(yi)金瓜(gua)柱相承。屋(wu)頂為(wei)(wei)青色板瓦、簡瓦覆(fu)頂,5脊6獸。正脊為(wei)(wei)鏤空雙龍雙鳳(feng)脊圖(tu)案,脊中有寶珠(zhu),形(xing)成二龍戲(xi)珠(zhu),寶珠(zhu)上有獅馱寶塔。4個垂脊末端亦(yi)為(wei)(wei)張口龍獸。
藥王(wang)洞位于中峰東(dong)南(nan)山(shan)坡中部南(nan)側,屬黃土窯洞建(jian)筑,外加簡(jian)易雨棚,洞高(gao)2.3米,寬2.2米,進深3.1米。
山門(men)為(wei)單間磚木結構歇山頂(ding),面闊3米,柱高3.3米。門(men)匾墨(mo)書(shu)“興隆寶山”四(si)字(zi)。山門(men)四(si)角(jiao)柱露明,上托角(jiao)科,下座鼓形基石。前(qian)檐檐枋、額枋均彩(cai)繪,額枋下面為(wei)鏤空二龍(long)戲珠圖案的騎馬雀替(ti)(ti),雀替(ti)(ti)下為(wei)云角(jiao)。梁架結構為(wei)四(si)角(jiao)亭式結構,屋頂(ding)青色板(ban)瓦、簡(jian)瓦覆頂(ding),中脊(ji)(ji)、垂脊(ji)(ji)、戧脊(ji)(ji)均為(wei)堆(dui)花(hua)脊(ji)(ji),脊(ji)(ji)上均為(wei)張口龍(long)獸。
鐘(zhong)樓(lou)和鼓樓(lou)位(wei)于(yu)山(shan)門(men)內兩側,這兩座建(jian)筑造(zao)型和大小完全相同,均(jun)為(wei)高(gao)臺基二層(ceng)(ceng)建(jian)筑,歇山(shan)頂(ding)。臺階(jie)高(gao)1.3米(mi),平面(mian)為(wei)四方形,邊長(chang)3.3米(mi),檐高(gao)2.8米(mi),頂(ding)高(gao)1米(mi),通高(gao)5.1米(mi)。向山(shan)門(men)處開拱(gong)券門(men)洞,高(gao)1.83米(mi),寬0.69米(mi)。二層(ceng)(ceng)圍墻其余三面(mian)均(jun)有圓形窗。木(mu)制窗欞為(wei)“八字連(lian)環(huan)”式,窗周飾(shi)以(yi)“鵲(que)雀撣梅”或(huo)梔子花圖案。
獻殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)木(mu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)卷(juan)棚(peng)頂過庭,與大殿(dian)(dian)相通(tong)。兩(liang)山墻(qiang)(qiang)飾以博風,頂有(you)(you)螻蛄垂脊和龍(long)獸。墀頭(tou)頂部(bu)裝飾成四(si)面坡屋頂的牌樓形,平身科、如意科、平板枋、檐(yan)枋、檐(yan)檁(lin)以及椽和飛頭(tou)等仿木(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件樣樣俱(ju)全,還有(you)(you)仿木(mu)雀替和倒掛垂蓮柱等裝飾磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕。在戧磚(zhuan)(zhuan)位置(zhi)有(you)(you)三層磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕,上下均為(wei)條磚(zhuan)(zhuan)所刻(ke),上為(wei)雙鶴,下位單鹿,中間(jian)(jian)為(wei)方(fang)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕刻(ke)的麒(qi)麟圖案(an)(an)。獻殿(dian)(dian)三開間(jian)(jian),面闊6.92米(mi)(mi),明間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)寬(kuan)2.36米(mi)(mi),稍間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)寬(kuan)2.28米(mi)(mi),檐(yan)高2.8米(mi)(mi),進(jin)深6.27米(mi)(mi)。正門和隔扇均為(wei)六抹(mo),條形板、隔心、裙板遍(bian)施彩(cai)繪。廊進(jin)深1米(mi)(mi),兩(liang)邊(bian)廊墻(qiang)(qiang)上各有(you)(you)屏風形磚(zhuan)(zhuan)刻(ke)。東廊墻(qiang)(qiang)上部(bu)展示“琴、棋、書、畫”四(si)樣文(wen)化生(sheng)活(huo);下部(bu)為(wei)“四(si)福(fu)降臨”圖案(an)(an)。西廊墻(qiang)(qiang)上部(bu)則為(wei)“耕、讀、漁、樵(qiao)”,四(si)種經濟生(sheng)活(huo)方(fang)式,下部(bu)為(wei)“丹(dan)鳳(feng)賜福(fu)”圖案(an)(an)。獻殿(dian)(dian)屋架結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)為(wei)三架梁結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou),斗拱結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)為(wei)一斗二(er)升交麻葉。
祖師(shi)(shi)大殿(dian)與(yu)獻(xian)殿(dian)的開間、面闊、檐高完全相同,兩(liang)(liang)者(zhe)左右山(shan)(shan)墻(qiang)也在(zai)一條(tiao)線上(shang),前后檐緊接,之間有(you)50厘米寬的小天(tian)井。大殿(dian)為歇山(shan)(shan)頂,各脊均為團花脊,正脊中(zhong)部有(you)三層樓閣式(shi)天(tian)宮(gong)。四個翼(yi)角均有(you)套獸(shou)。屋頂為青灰(hui)板瓦、簡瓦覆頂,大殿(dian)各檐下的斗(dou)(dou)(dou)拱(gong)為“單斗(dou)(dou)(dou)只替”,屋架結構為“穿斗(dou)(dou)(dou)式(shi)”結構。大殿(dian)兩(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)墻(qiang)上(shang)有(you)無(wu)量祖師(shi)(shi)成(cheng)道的連(lian)環畫彩繪(hui)壁畫。
佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)位于大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)左側(ce)3米(mi)(mi)處,坐北(bei)面(mian)(mian)南(nan)。單間歇山(shan)頂(ding)建筑,面(mian)(mian)闊5米(mi)(mi),進深4.8米(mi)(mi),通高(gao)6.1米(mi)(mi)。圓券頂(ding)板門,高(gao)2.82米(mi)(mi),寬1.14米(mi)(mi)。門兩側(ce)各(ge)鑲石碑一塊,高(gao)1.02米(mi)(mi),寬53厘米(mi)(mi),左為(wei)(wei)(wei)《興(xing)隆山(shan)地形(xing)碑記(ji)》,右為(wei)(wei)(wei)功德碑。佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)四面(mian)(mian)平砌(qi)磚墻(qiang),用5層疊澀(se)出檐。屋頂(ding)用青(qing)灰(hui)板瓦、簡瓦覆蓋(gai),正吻為(wei)(wei)(wei)龍形(xing)獸,正脊(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)堆花(hua)脊(ji),中部有(you)立獅,左為(wei)(wei)(wei)狻猊,右為(wei)(wei)(wei)天馬(ma)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內有(you)西(xi)游記(ji)故事彩繪壁(bi)畫。
菩薩殿位于(yu)祖師大殿右(you)側,坐北(bei)面南,磚(zhuan)(zhuan)木硬山(shan)頂(ding)結(jie)構,面闊7米(mi),進(jin)深8米(mi),通高5.5米(mi),原為(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)架梁,前帶廊子(zi)。因后改(gai)造,前廊、前檐(yan)用磚(zhuan)(zhuan)墻包砌,用五(wu)層疊澀出(chu)檐(yan),再用磚(zhuan)(zhuan)件刻出(chu)仿木椽(chuan)頭(tou)和飛(fei)頭(tou)。面墻有(you)圓券頂(ding)板(ban)門(men),門(men)高1.66米(mi),寬0.83米(mi),門(men)兩側有(you)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)刻對聯(lian)(lian)一副:“擺動慈云救八(ba)難,施行法雨淋蒼生”,對聯(lian)(lian)外側各(ge)有(you)一直徑為(wei)(wei)(wei)88厘(li)米(mi)的(de)圓形窗。屋頂(ding)也是(shi)青灰板(ban)瓦和簡瓦覆頂(ding),五(wu)脊(ji)六獸(shou)(shou),正(zheng)(zheng)脊(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)堆花脊(ji),脊(ji)中有(you)輪狀(zhuang)裝飾(shi),正(zheng)(zheng)吻和垂(chui)獸(shou)(shou)均為(wei)(wei)(wei)龍形。
牛(niu)馬(ma)(ma)王(wang)廟(miao)(miao)位(wei)于東南峰,這(zhe)里地形平(ping)緩、開闊(kuo),原有(you)建筑較(jiao)多,現僅(jin)存牛(niu)馬(ma)(ma)王(wang)廟(miao)(miao)和城隍廟(miao)(miao)兩座建筑。牛(niu)馬(ma)(ma)王(wang)廟(miao)(miao)為(wei)純(chun)磚發券相砌的歇(xie)山頂(ding)單間(jian)建筑,面闊(kuo)3.7米(mi)(mi),進深3.7米(mi)(mi),通高(gao)5.2米(mi)(mi),檐下高(gao)3.45米(mi)(mi),出檐是以多層疊澀成形,再施以仿木椽頭和飛頭磚件(jian),前檐下有(you)磚雕裝飾,面墻正中開券形門,高(gao)1.6米(mi)(mi),寬0.95米(mi)(mi)。屋頂(ding)也是灰色板瓦(wa)、簡瓦(wa)覆頂(ding),正脊為(wei)堆(dui)花(hua)脊,正吻(wen)、垂獸(shou)和戧獸(shou)均為(wei)龍形。
城(cheng)隍廟(miao)與(yu)牛馬(ma)王(wang)廟(miao)距離(li)10米(mi),為(wei)純磚(zhuan)發券成(cheng)四(si)角(jiao)攢尖 的單間建筑,攢頂(ding)為(wei)兩層塔式(shi)樓閣天(tian)宮,天(tian)宮兩層均為(wei)八角(jiao)形,每面開圓拱門或金錢圓形窗(chuang),頂(ding)部有蓮座和寶珠。通高5.7米(mi),面闊4米(mi),進深4米(mi),檐(yan)高3.9米(mi)。四(si)檐(yan)均以五層疊(die)澀(se)(se)磚(zhuan)件和仿(fang)木(mu)椽、飛龍(long)條磚(zhuan)砌成(cheng),疊(die)澀(se)(se)磚(zhuan)下為(wei)雕花(hua)條磚(zhuan)砌成(cheng),疊(die)澀(se)(se)磚(zhuan)組成(cheng)檐(yan)枋,四(si)角(jiao)出角(jiao)昂和云形耍頭(tou)。坐北面南,面墻開圓拱頂(ding)門,門兩側(ce)磚(zhuan)刻對聯(lian):“舉念奸邪任爾(er)焚香無益(yi),存志正直見吾不拜何妨”。
縱觀興隆山古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群整體(ti)布局和建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑風格,至少可追溯到元明時期(qi),而現(xian)存的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑基本上屬于清(qing)代(dai),清(qing)代(dai)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑雖然不(bu)能用歷(li)史悠久來概括,但其歷(li)史價值是不(bu)容忽視(shi)的(de),因(yin)為(wei)它代(dai)表著一個(ge)時代(dai)的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑風格,同(tong)時也反(fan)映著這一時期(qi)的(de)文化(hua)藝術、科(ke)技經(jing)濟(ji)、乃(nai)至軍事(shi)政(zheng)治諸(zhu)領域(yu)的(de)社會(hui)現(xian)實(shi)。
興隆山(shan)(shan)(shan)古建筑造型雖不(bu)是(shi)(shi)宏(hong)偉(wei)高大(da),但趨(qu)向小巧玲瓏。從總體(ti)效果看,布局(ju)疏密(mi)有(you)致,巧妙(miao)地利用了自然地貌(mao),呈(cheng)不(bu)規則分布,人工(gong)(gong)雕(diao)琢與山(shan)(shan)(shan)形(xing)地貌(mao)結合(he)得(de)天衣無(wu)縫(feng),體(ti)現出我(wo)國傳統的“天人合(he)一”文化思維。造型除獻(xian)殿為卷棚頂外,其(qi)(qi)余多(duo)為單體(ti)歇山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂或(huo)硬山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂建筑;結構(gou)多(duo)為磚(zhuan)木結構(gou)或(huo)純磚(zhuan)結構(gou)。另外壁畫(hua)精(jing)美,情節連環、形(xing)神畢肖、寓意深刻(ke)。 每座(zuo)單體(ti)建筑檐(yan)下都有(you)三至五層以(yi)寫實手(shou)法構(gou)圖(tu)、深淺浮雕(diao)制作的精(jing)工(gong)(gong)磚(zhuan)雕(diao),如此精(jing)美造型和精(jing)湛(zhan)雕(diao)琢工(gong)(gong)藝以(yi)及保(bao)存(cun)完好的磚(zhuan)雕(diao)是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)他古建筑少有(you)的,體(ti)現了了清(qing)代環慶(qing)地區藝術流(liu)派和思潮。
興隆山古建(jian)筑(zhu)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)科學價值(zhi)主要(yao)表(biao)現(xian)在建(jian)筑(zhu)布(bu)局與自然環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)有機結(jie)合(he)和建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)與用(yong)(yong)途的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理結(jie)合(he)這兩個方(fang)面(mian)。從建(jian)筑(zhu)學角(jiao)度看,它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一處規(gui)劃設計(ji)完(wan)善、施工規(gui)范,又具(ju)有創造(zao)(zao)和發(fa)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)。主要(yao)體現(xian)在三方(fang)面(mian):1、建(jian)筑(zhu)為歇山頂磚(zhuan)木結(jie)構(gou),架構(gou)采用(yong)(yong)無梁穿斗式(shi);2、多采用(yong)(yong)純磚(zhuan)發(fa)券結(jie)構(gou);3、純磚(zhuan)疊澀仿(fang)木出(chu)檐(yan)與磚(zhuan)混造(zao)(zao)型(xing)假(jia)歇山頂結(jie)合(he)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種發(fa)明,而用(yong)(yong)于廟宇實(shi)屬興隆山首創。這些(xie)珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)遺產和科技(ji)實(shi)物(wu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)明清(qing)時期環慶地區勞動(dong)人民智慧和文明的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)不可多得的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)神財富。