感馱巖遺(yi)址位(wei)于廣西壯(zhuang)族自治區那坡縣城(cheng)北約(yue)500米的(de)后龍山下,為(wei)一洞穴遺(yi)址。現存遺(yi)址面積1200平方(fang)米,有400平方(fang)米文化(hua)堆積層(ceng)保(bao)護較好(hao)。
發(fa)(fa)現于20世(shi)紀50年代末,1997至2000年進(jin)行搶(qiang)救(jiu)性發(fa)(fa)掘,揭露面積380平方米,發(fa)(fa)現墓葬三(san)(san)座、灰坑一個、用火(huo)遺跡多處,完(wan)整的陶、石、骨(gu)、蚌、鐵(tie)(tie)器千余件,依地層疊壓(ya)關系及出土遺物(wu)的變化,感馱巖(yan)遺址的文化遺存可分為新石器時代晚期(qi)(qi)、青銅文化早期(qi)(qi)、鐵(tie)(tie)器時代文化遺存三(san)(san)期(qi)(qi)。
1987年(nian)劃為人民公園,為邊區文化旅游名(ming)勝風景區。
感馱巖(yan)遺(yi)址位于(yu)中越邊境(jing)的廣(guang)西那(nei)坡縣城北人民公園內(nei)后龍(long)山腳下的一個洞(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)內(nei),洞(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)南(nan)側有(you)一泉水(shui)流(liu)出,注入洞(dong)(dong)(dong)前人工圍造的團結湖。遺(yi)址所在洞(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)向西,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)高出湖面約(yue)5米(mi),洞(dong)(dong)(dong)高1-20、寬20-70、進深30-50米(mi)。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)室南(nan)部(bu)近洞(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)處為清代土司(si)衙署遺(yi)跡(ji)。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)和洞(dong)(dong)(dong)外現(xian)存遺(yi)址面積(ji)約(yue)1200平方米(mi),保存較好的文化堆積(ji)約(yue)400平方米(mi)。
感(gan)馱(tuo)巖的(de)發(fa)掘明確(que)了遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)堆積狀況和層位關(guan)系(xi),獲(huo)得了大量地層關(guan)系(xi)明確(que)的(de)重要(yao)的(de)文化(hua)和自然遺(yi)(yi)物(wu),包括陶器(qi)(qi)、石(shi)器(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)、蚌器(qi)(qi)、鐵器(qi)(qi)等人類生(sheng)活用(yong)具、生(sheng)產工(gong)具以(yi)及人類食用(yong)后遺(yi)(yi)棄的(de)水陸生(sheng)動物(wu)遺(yi)(yi)骸。依地層迭壓關(guan)系(xi)及出土(tu)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)的(de)變化(hua),感(gan)馱(tuo)巖遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)可分為三期。
第(di)一期(qi)為新石器時(shi)代(dai)晚期(qi)文化遺(yi)存。
出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)遺(yi)物(wu)包括(kuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及竹器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)手制的(de)(de)(de)夾砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),火(huo)候較高,部(bu)(bu)分器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)著火(huo)不均(jun),器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)表顏色(se)斑駁不一,陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)色(se)以灰色(se)、灰黑色(se)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),還有(you)(you)(you)紅褐(he)色(se)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)造型流行(xing)圈(quan)足、三足和圜底(di)。主(zhu)要(yao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形有(you)(you)(you)罐、釜(fu)、杯、杯形鼎(ding)等(deng)。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾以繩(sheng)(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),還有(you)(you)(you)籃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、乳(ru)釘紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、鋸齒狀附(fu)(fu)加(jia)(jia)堆紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、復線水波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、短(duan)線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、S形紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、戳印篦點紋(wen)(wen)(wen)和菱形鏤空(kong)等(deng)。繩(sheng)(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)以細繩(sheng)(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),有(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量中(zhong)繩(sheng)(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),大部(bu)(bu)分器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)繩(sheng)(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)滾壓(ya)而成(cheng),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾顯得零(ling)亂(luan),部(bu)(bu)分器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)拍印交(jiao)錯繩(sheng)(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。部(bu)(bu)分器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)上(shang)飾有(you)(you)(you)多種紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾,如陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)釜(fu),口沿按壓(ya)花邊,沿下(xia)穿一圈(quan)小(xiao)孔,小(xiao)孔之下(xia)依(yi)次飾弦紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、短(duan)刻劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、鋸齒狀附(fu)(fu)加(jia)(jia)堆紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)磨制,主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)錛、有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)有(you)(you)(you)段(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)杵及有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)玉斧(fu)等(deng)。另外(wai),出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)竹質(zhi)編(bian)織(zhi)物(wu)殘片,經緯交(jiao)錯,編(bian)織(zhi)簡單(dan),在(zai)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代文化(hua)中(zhong)還是發現。該期還發現墓葬(zang)一座,葬(zang)式為(wei)(wei)仰身直肢(zhi),在(zai)胸(xiong)部(bu)(bu)壓(ya)一塊(kuai)不規(gui)則小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)板,隨(sui)葬(zang)兩件石(shi)(shi)(shi)杵。從出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu),尤其是從陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形及紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾看,該期陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與廣(guang)(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代晚期的(de)(de)(de)平南石(shi)(shi)(shi)腳山(shan)遺(yi)址、大新(xin)(xin)(xin)哥壽巖遺(yi)址出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相似,與南寧地區新(xin)(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代中(zhong)晚期貝丘遺(yi)址出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)如頂螄(si)山(shan)遺(yi)址第(di)四期也有(you)(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)淵源關系。該期文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)發現,對了解廣(guang)(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)史(shi)前文化(hua)面貌和構(gou)建廣(guang)(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)史(shi)前文化(hua)發展的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)框(kuang)架具有(you)(you)(you)重要(yao)意義(yi)。
第二期為(wei)青銅文化(hua)早期遺(yi)存。
出(chu)土(tu)遺物(wu)(wu)包(bao)括(kuo)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)均為(wei)(wei)手制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao),部分器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)候很高。陶(tao)(tao)色(se)以(yi)(yi)灰色(se)、灰黑色(se)為(wei)(wei)主,還(huan)(huan)有紅褐色(se),陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)造型流行圈足、圜(yuan)底,不見三(san)足器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)增(zeng)多,包(bao)括(kuo)罐、釜、杯、盆、壺、簋、尊等(deng),另外(wai)還(huan)(huan)發現(xian)了數量較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)刻(ke)劃(hua)同(tong)心圓紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)紡(fang)輪。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)(yi)繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)主,戳印篦點紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)增(zeng)多,附加堆紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)少見,表面磨光的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)量出(chu)現(xian),保(bao)留(liu)在繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)上施(shi)(shi)刻(ke)劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風格,新(xin)出(chu)現(xian)彩繪和戳印、刻(ke)劃(hua)組(zu)合紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)以(yi)(yi)交錯(cuo)拍(pai)印為(wei)(wei)主,滾壓而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)依(yi)然存在。石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)磨制精細(xi),刃部鋒利,器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)類豐富,包(bao)括(kuo)斧、錛、鑿、杵、鏃、戈、鉞(yue)、璜、 “T”形(xing)(xing)環、鐲、管(guan)、范(fan)等(deng),有肩有段(duan)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)基本(ben)消失。骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量也十分豐富,包(bao)括(kuo)牙(ya)璋(zhang)、鏟、錐、匕、簪等(deng)。此外(wai),還(huan)(huan)發現(xian)了大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炭化(hua)(hua)稻(dao)、炭化(hua)(hua)粟等(deng)。墓葬僅(jin)發現(xian)一座,為(wei)(wei)仰身直肢,無隨葬品(pin)。該期(qi)(qi)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)壺與廣(guang)西武鳴縣芭馬山巖洞葬所(suo)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)相(xiang)同(tong),尊與廣(guang)東東莞村頭遺址所(suo)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)類器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)似性;在繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)上加刻(ke)劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和在打磨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)表上刻(ke)劃(hua)各(ge)種圖案(an),并填充細(xi)密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戳印篦點紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或(huo)彩繪等(deng)裝飾(shi)風格也見于越南(nan)馮原(yuan)文化(hua)(hua)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。依(yi)據陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua),結(jie)合石(shi)(shi)范(fan)、石(shi)(shi)戈及骨牙(ya)璋(zhang)等(deng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)判(pan)斷,該期(qi)(qi)文化(hua)(hua)應屬廣(guang)西青(qing)銅時(shi)代(dai)早期(qi)(qi),年代(dai)約(yue)相(xiang)當于中(zhong)原(yuan)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夏商時(shi)期(qi)(qi)。
第三期為鐵器時(shi)代(dai)文化遺存。
僅發現墓(mu)葬(zang)一(yi)座(zuo)。仰身直(zhi)肢隨葬(zang)鐵匕首(shou)、蚌器各一(yi)件及一(yi)些穿(chuan)孔(kong)骨(gu)片(pian)。年(nian)代(dai)約相當于戰(zhan)國時期。
感馱(tuo)巖(yan)遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)發(fa)掘,出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物不僅數量多(duo),而且風(feng)格(ge)獨特的(de)(de)牙(ya)璋、炭化粟等(deng)在廣西(xi)史前考古中還是發(fa)現(xian)。牙(ya)璋的(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian),證明(ming)感馱(tuo)巖(yan)遺(yi)址(zhi)與中原地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)古代文(wen)(wen)(wen)化有比較密(mi)切的(de)(de)聯系(xi)。感馱(tuo)巖(yan)遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)發(fa)掘填補(bu)了(le)(le)廣西(xi)史前文(wen)(wen)(wen)化空白(bai),為(wei)研究華南乃至東南亞地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)古代社會面貌及古代文(wen)(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)互動(dong)關系(xi)提供了(le)(le)極為(wei)珍(zhen)貴的(de)(de)資料。
感馱巖遺(yi)址2000年(nian)被列(lie)為自治區重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護單位(wei)。
2006年國(guo)務院(yuan)公布(bu)為第六批全(quan)國(guo)重點文物保護(hu)單位(wei)。
感(gan)馱巖又(you)是古鎮安官署重地(di),史(shi)書有(you)(you)載(zai):“鎮安以洞(dong)(dong)為(wei)城”之城,世(shi)俗尊為(wei)圣(sheng)地(di)。依山臨水(shui),幽雅開闊,自然的(de)鐘(zhong)乳石(shi)(shi)造(zao)型(xing)、盤托連坐(zuo),構成自然浮雕,洞(dong)(dong)口(kou)石(shi)(shi)壁(bi)、風雨渲染(ran)而(er)成的(de)彩(cai)畫,如花(hua)似(si)錦(jin),甚為(wei)壯觀,巖洞(dong)(dong)分前(qian)(qian)后廳兩層,中(zhong)間(jian)隔(ge)石(shi)(shi)景蓮臺,洞(dong)(dong)口(kou)建有(you)(you)正殿大門、側(ce)(ce)墻走廊龍門、月臺等古建筑設(she)施,沿(yan)左側(ce)(ce)一(yi)泓清水(shui)出(chu),至洞(dong)(dong)口(kou)與孟河、勞水(shui)、龍泉三水(shui)匯合。1980年于(yu)沿(yan)前(qian)(qian)筑堤積水(shui)為(wei)湖,更添(tian)巖景秀色。感(gan)馱巖歷(li)為(wei)邊陲風景游覽(lan)勝地(di),歷(li)史(shi)上不少賢達募捐集資修飾保護,文(wen)人墨客(ke)亦于(yu)石(shi)(shi)壁(bi)上詠詩題詞鐫刻,以舒感(gan)懷,如“馱巖滴翠”、“福蔭邊陲”、“群蛙泰和”、“吸盡云(yun)天(tian)”、“別有(you)(you)洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)”、“一(yi)線天(tian)”等大量(liang)石(shi)(shi)刻及記載(zai)史(shi)料(liao),古鎮安世(shi)襲(xi)岑(cen)氏土司(si)譽(yu)為(wei)鎮陽八景之一(yi)。