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地理位置

普定穿洞(dong)遺址(zhi)位于貴州省普定縣(xian)城西 5公(gong)里處的一座孤山上。

歷史沿革

普(pu)定穿(chuan)洞遺址是舊石(shi)器時(shi)代晚期遺址。

1979 年5月(yue)試掘，獲得大量(liang)石(shi)器(qi)、骨器(qi)。

1981年5月(yue)，中(zhong)國科學院和貴州省(sheng)博(bo)物(wu)館聯合發掘(jue)，出土石器(qi)、骨器(qi)、動物(wu)化(hua)石和人(ren)類化(hua)石2000多件，為研究中(zhong)國西南原始社(she)會提(ti)供了豐(feng)富的實物(wu)資料。

迄今為(wei)止已發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)早(zao)、中(zhong)(zhong)、晚(wan)三個時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有50處(chu)，已正式發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)20多處(chu)，主要(yao)有黔西(xi)觀音洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、桐(tong)梓巖灰洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、水城硝灰洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、興義(yi)貓(mao)貓(mao)洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、普(pu)定穿(chuan)洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、六(liu)枝桃花(hua)洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，不僅出(chu)土(tu)了打制石(shi)器(qi)、骨器(qi)、哺乳動(dong)物化石(shi)，而且(qie)還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了一批人(ren)類牙(ya)齒、頜骨、股骨、頭骨等(deng)化石(shi)，分別被(bei)命名為(wei)“桐(tong)梓猿人(ren)”、“水城人(ren)”、“興義(yi)人(ren)”、“穿(chuan)洞(dong)(dong)人(ren)”。1982年(nian)至(zhi)1992年(nian)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)工作者在(zai)(zai)(zai)桐(tong)梓盤縣(xian)大洞(dong)(dong)舊(jiu)石(shi)器(qi)文(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國南(nan)方新(xin)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)類遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，被(bei)列為(wei)1993 年(nian)全國十大考(kao)古(gu)(gu)成果之首。其次是商(shang)周(zhou)至(zhi)秦漢時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)。主要(yao)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)有普(pu)定銅(tong)(tong)鼓山遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、赫章可(ke)樂墓(mu)群(qun)、安順(shun)寧谷墓(mu)群(qun)、興義(yi)萬(wan)屯漢墓(mu)群(qun)、興義(yi)交樂漢墓(mu)群(qun)、仁(ren)懷合馬(ma)東(dong)漢墓(mu)群(qun)。普(pu)定銅(tong)(tong)鼓山遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)冶銅(tong)(tong)坩鍋和一批石(shi)范石(shi)模，為(wei)研究貴州冶鑄發(fa)(fa)展史提供了戰(zhan)國至(zhi)秦漢之際的(de)(de)(de)實物依據。此(ci)外，在(zai)(zai)(zai)貴州還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了許多墓(mu)葬方式不同的(de)(de)(de)少數民族墓(mu)葬。

穿(chuan)洞(dong)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)類遺址經國(guo)家(jia)考(kao)古(gu)隊兩(liang)(liang)次發掘，出土(tu)人(ren)(ren)類完整頭(tou)(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)兩(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)，哺乳動物(wu)碎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)18,000件(jian)(jian)，單個牙齒500多枚，動物(wu)化石13個屬或(huo)種；出土(tu)石制器(qi)物(wu)20,000余件(jian)(jian)，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)1,000余件(jian)(jian)，以骨(gu)(gu)(gu)錐多，另有骨(gu)(gu)(gu)鏟、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)針、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)棒等。此外，發現(xian)(xian)用火(huo)遺跡多處。穿(chuan)洞(dong)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)類遺址一處發現(xian)(xian)兩(liang)(liang)具(ju)頭(tou)(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)至今國(guo)內無(wu)先(xian)例(li)，出土(tu)的骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)，超過全國(guo)發現(xian)(xian)總和30倍，一舉摘掉我國(guo)舊石器(qi)文(wen)化中(zhong)貧(pin)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)的帽子，世界罕見(jian)。穿(chuan)洞(dong)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)類遺址具(ju)有極其重要的考(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)價值，被中(zhong)科院(yuan)專家(jia)們(men)譽為“亞洲文(wen)明之(zhi)燈”，現(xian)(xian)擬(ni)建“穿(chuan)洞(dong)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)類遺址博物(wu)館”。1988年(nian)1月(yue)，經國(guo)務院(yuan)批準，公布為全國(guo)重點文(wen)物(wu)保護單位。

文物價值

長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)三(san)峽地(di)(di)區(qu)目20世紀(ji)50年代發(fa)現長(chang)(chang)陽人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)后，相繼又(you)發(fa)現有建始人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、巫山(shan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、奉節人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)等8處(chu)古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)點(dian)，這使三(san)峽地(di)(di)區(qu)成為(wei)世界上人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)分布密集的地(di)(di)區(qu)之一。但是，由于三(san)峽人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)完(wan)整(zheng)程(cheng)度不太好(以前(qian)沒有出(chu)土較完(wan)整(zheng)的顱骨(gu)化(hua)石(shi)(shi))，導致(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)點(dian)的整(zheng)體研究(jiu)水(shui)平(ping)不夠深入，學(xue)術(shu)界一直(zhi)期待更完(wan)整(zheng)的人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)和更有學(xue)術(shu)意義(yi)的研究(jiu)成果。

2008年(nian)7月，重(zhong)慶師范大(da)學歷史與(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)博學院師生在(zai)三峽古人(ren)類(lei)資(zi)源(yuan)考察中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，于奉節(jie)縣云霧鄉穿(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)新(xin)發(fa)現(xian)一(yi)(yi)處(chu)古人(ren)類(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地點(dian)。初次(ci)考察和(he)試掘中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)l枚人(ren)類(lei)門(men)齒(chi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，以及3件(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)和(he)其(qi)他一(yi)(yi)些(xie)伴生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。2009年(nian)8月，在(zai)穿(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)試掘中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)又(you)發(fa)現(xian)一(yi)(yi)具完整的(de)(de)人(ren)類(lei)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，并(bing)(bing)有(you)(you)(you)多件(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)和(he)其(qi)+他動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)人(ren)類(lei)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)態(tai)(tai)完好，顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)形(xing)呈卵圓形(xing)：顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)底、枕骨(gu)(gu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)部(bu)位膠結(jie)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)層很薄的(de)(de)鈣質(zhi)礦物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)：顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)上(shang)的(de)(de)冠狀(zhuang)縫(feng)、矢(shi)狀(zhuang)縫(feng)、入字縫(feng)愈合程(cheng)度微弱；顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)寬處(chu)位于顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)頂中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)部(bu)；顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)額(e)結(jie)節(jie)和(he)項(xiang)結(jie)節(jie)較(jiao)顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)，矢(shi)狀(zhuang)脊略為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)凸起：枕骨(gu)(gu)后(hou)上(shang)部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)發(fa)髻狀(zhuang)結(jie)構(gou)，上(shang)項(xiang)線(xian)不大(da)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)；眉(mei)骨(gu)(gu)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粗壯，眉(mei)弓(gong)(gong)內側端與(yu)(yu)(yu)眶上(shang)緣(yuan)合并(bing)(bing)：眼眶呈長方形(xing)，眼眶外下緣(yuan)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圓鈍；鼻根點(dian)較(jiao)淺，鼻前棘高度適中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；顴(quan)(quan)(quan)弓(gong)(gong)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)細(xi)弱，乳(ru)突(tu)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粗大(da)，穿(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，，有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)形(xing)態(tai)(tai)表現(xian)出(chu)(chu)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)原始的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)面(mian)，如眉(mei)弓(gong)(gong)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粗壯，有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)晶矢(shi)狀(zhuang)脊，粗壯豹乳(ru)突(tu)，以及顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)頂較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)平坦等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。但(dan)該(gai)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)特(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)又(you)顯(xian)(xian)示出(chu)(chu)較(jiao)進步的(de)(de)～面(mian)，如顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)壁較(jiao)薄，顴(quan)(quan)(quan)弓(gong)(gong)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)細(xi)弱，顳(nie)骨(gu)(gu)和(he)鱗骨(gu)(gu)高度與(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)代(dai)人(ren)比較(jiao)接近等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。該(gai)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)這種原始特(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)進步特(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)鑲嵌的(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)，反映出(chu)(chu)其(qi)具有(you)(you)(you)晚期(qi)智(zhi)人(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。并(bing)(bing)且，該(gai)件(jian)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)特(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國其(qi)他晚期(qi)智(zhi)人(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具有(you)(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)相似現(xian)象(xiang)(如頂部(bu)前囟點(dian)位置與(yu)(yu)(yu)柳江人(ren)、資(zi)陽人(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)樣比較(jiao)靠后(hou))。顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)性(xing)別(bie)特(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方面(mian)，其(qi)額(e)結(jie)節(jie)和(he)頂結(jie)節(jie)較(jiao)顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)、顴(quan)(quan)(quan)弓(gong)(gong)細(xi)而平直等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)現(xian)象(xiang)，顯(xian)(xian)示該(gai)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)女性(xing)。在(zai)年(nian)齡鑒定方面(mian)，顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)上(shang)保(bao)存有(you)(you)(you)4枚完整的(de)(de)頰(jia)齒(chi)，分(fen)別(bie)是(shi)左Ml，右Pl、Ml、M2。顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)左、右Ml齒(chi)尖(jian)磨(mo)耗較(jiao)重(zhong)，齒(chi)質(zhi)點(dian)連接成片；右M2齒(chi)尖(jian)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)磨(mo)去，齒(chi)質(zhi)點(dian)暴露。考慮到_占代(dai)人(ren)咀嚼食物(wu)(wu)對(dui)牙齒(chi)磨(mo)損(sun)較(jiao)重(zhong)，推測該(gai)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)個體(ti)年(nian)齡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、青(qing)年(nian)階(jie)段。與(yu)(yu)(yu)穿(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)人(ren)類(lei)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)伴生的(de)(de)其(qi)他動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)種類(lei)有(you)(you)(you)魚、鱉、蝙蝠、豪豬、赤腹松鼠、大(da)熊貓(mao)、東方劍齒(chi)象(xiang)、華南巨貘、水鹿(lu)、青(qing)羊、蘇(su)門(men)羚(ling)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，屬于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國南方大(da)熊貓(mao)一(yi)(yi)劍齒(chi)象(xiang)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)群(qun)，其(qi)地質(zhi)時代(dai)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)更新(xin)世晚期(qi)。從穿(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)遺址出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)觀察，該(gai)遺址石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)以尖(jian)刃器(qi)(qi)、刮削器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，器(qi)(qi)體(ti)形(xing)態(tai)(tai)主(zhu)(zhu)要為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)型和(he)小(xiao)型。器(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)加工(gong)(gong)以使用石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錘進行復向(xiang)、正(zheng)向(xiang)加工(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)風格(ge)反映出(chu)(chu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國南方礫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)點(dian)，但(dan)同時也(ye)表現(xian)出(chu)(chu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國北方石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)(you)很強的(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流現(xian)象(xiang)。

重慶(qing)(qing)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)智(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)和(he)相(xiang)(xiang)關文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，對促(cu)進中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)研(yan)究(jiu)有(you)重要意義。古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)學研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)關系、不同區域人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遷徙和(he)基(ji)因(yin)(yin)交(jiao)流等是重要課題。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)(yi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)智(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雖(sui)然已(yi)(yi)有(you)柳江人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、山頂洞(dong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、資(zi)陽人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)等顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)，但(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)對于(yu)該(gai)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)數量激(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)、分(fen)布區域擴大(da)(da)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)交(jiao)流增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)等事(shi)實(shi)，僅靠(kao)目前(qian)(qian)有(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)進行研(yan)究(jiu)還(huan)很不夠(gou)。重慶(qing)(qing)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)，其(qi)基(ji)本特(te)(te)征顯(xian)示具有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)演(yan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)點，如該(gai)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)與(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)部分(fen)智(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)～樣眼眶為長方(fang)(fang)形、眼眶外下緣較(jiao)為圓鈍、上(shang)(shang)面(mian)部(眉骨(gu)(gu)以上(shang)(shang)部分(fen))較(jiao)低等。但(dan)(dan)同時(shi)(shi)，穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)也(ye)存(cun)在(zai)有(you)與(yu)(yu)歐(ou)洲同期(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些(xie)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)，有(you)些(xie)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)暗示該(gai)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)歐(ou)洲晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)智(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)有(you)基(ji)因(yin)(yin)交(jiao)流(如沒有(you)印加(jia)骨(gu)(gu)，枕骨(gu)(gu)上(shang)(shang)有(you)發(fa)(fa)髻狀結(jie)構等)。穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)智(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)甚至還(huan)反映出與(yu)(yu)非(fei)洲化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)基(ji)因(yin)(yin)交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)，顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)寬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部位(wei)均在(zai)顱(lu)頂中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部，而穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)標本該(gai)特(te)(te)征卻與(yu)(yu)非(fei)洲發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同期(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)一樣，是在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部偏后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置等。綜合考(kao)察(cha)，穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)顱(lu)骨(gu)(gu)這種復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)質形態鑲嵌現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)，是更(geng)新(xin)世期(qi)(qi)(qi)間地(di)(di)球(qiu)上(shang)(shang)晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)智(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)廣(guang)泛擴散(san)(san)、基(ji)因(yin)(yin)交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)。這種現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)符合中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)學界(jie)提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)“連(lian)續(xu)(xu)進化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)附帶雜交(jiao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)西方(fang)(fang)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)因(yin)(yin)交(jiao)流在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)更(geng)新(xin)世時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)已(yi)(yi)經出現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。晚(wan)更(geng)新(xin)世時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)，由于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)生產能力進步(bu)和(he)控制(zhi)性用(yong)火(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普及等，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)已(yi)(yi)經擴散(san)(san)到地(di)(di)球(qiu)表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)部分(fen)陸地(di)(di)，并且在(zai)遙遠(yuan)陸地(di)(di)之間也(ye)存(cun)在(zai)著自身(shen)生物(wu)基(ji)因(yin)(yin)和(he)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)以前(qian)(qian)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藍田人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、大(da)(da)荔人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、馬壩人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)等，都在(zai)不同程度上(shang)(shang)保存(cun)有(you)歐(ou)洲某些(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)點。但(dan)(dan)是、因(yin)(yin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)和(he)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)物(wu)有(you)限(xian)，雖(sui)然我們已(yi)(yi)從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西方(fang)(fang)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)基(ji)因(yin)(yin)交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)許證據，但(dan)(dan)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊石(shi)(shi)器文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)上(shang)(shang)，卻沒有(you)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西方(fang)(fang)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)融合現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)。迄今為止，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)還(huan)沒有(you)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)一個(ge)兼具中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西方(fang)(fang)二元文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊石(shi)(shi)器時(shi)(shi)代典型遺(yi)址。

中(zhong)華人(ren)民共和(he)國(guo)成(cheng)立后，特別是(shi)近20年來，貴州考古發掘(jue)成(cheng)效顯著。首先是(shi)舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器考古。迄今為止已(yi)發現的(de)(de)早、中(zhong)、晚三個時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器時代遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)有50處，已(yi)正式(shi)發掘(jue)20多(duo)處，主要有黔西觀音(yin)洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)、桐(tong)梓巖(yan)灰洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)、水(shui)城(cheng)硝灰洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)、興(xing)義(yi)貓貓洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)、普定穿(chuan)洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)、六(liu)枝桃花洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)發掘(jue)的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，不僅出(chu)土了打制石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器、骨(gu)器、哺乳(ru)動物化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，而且(qie)還發現了一批(pi)人(ren)類(lei)牙齒、頜(he)骨(gu)、股骨(gu)、頭骨(gu)等(deng)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，分別被命名為“桐(tong)梓猿人(ren)”、“水(shui)城(cheng)人(ren)”、“興(xing)義(yi)人(ren)”、“穿(chuan)洞(dong)人(ren)”。1982年至(zhi)1992年考古工作(zuo)者在(zai)桐(tong)梓縣九壩鄉巖(yan)灰洞(dong)發現的(de)(de)猿人(ren)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，是(shi)繼云南(nan)元謀猿人(ren)之后西南(nan)地(di)區再次發現的(de)(de)猿人(ren)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。盤(pan)縣大洞(dong)舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)南(nan)方新發現的(de)(de)古人(ren)類(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)，被列為1993年全國(guo)十大考古成(cheng)果之首。其次是(shi)商周至(zhi)秦漢(han)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)考古。主要發掘(jue)的(de)(de)有普定銅(tong)鼓山遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)、赫(he)章可樂墓(mu)群(qun)(qun)、安順寧谷墓(mu)群(qun)(qun)、興(xing)義(yi)萬屯漢(han)墓(mu)群(qun)(qun)、興(xing)義(yi)交樂漢(han)墓(mu)群(qun)(qun)、仁懷(huai)合(he)馬東(dong)漢(han)墓(mu)群(qun)(qun)。普定銅(tong)鼓山遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)土的(de)(de)冶(ye)銅(tong)坩鍋和(he)一批(pi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)模，為研究貴州冶(ye)鑄發展史提供了戰國(guo)至(zhi)秦漢(han)之際(ji)的(de)(de)實(shi)物依據。此外，在(zai)貴州還發現了許多(duo)墓(mu)葬方式(shi)不同的(de)(de)少數民族墓(mu)葬。

人(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)石(shi)上(shang)出現有中兩(liang)方基(ji)因交(jiao)流現象，石(shi)器(qi)文化(hua)上(shang)卻(que)缺少中西(xi)方文化(hua)碰(peng)撞和兼容，這種(zhong)復雜的人(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)演(yan)化(hua)和文化(hua)傳(chuan)播(bo)過程顯(xian)然需(xu)要不斷補充新證據并加(jia)強研究。重(zhong)慶穿洞古人(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)石(shi)和石(shi)器(qi)文化(hua)的發現，是揭示三峽(xia)地區人(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和文化(hua)演(yan)進(jin)的珍貴材料，而且對(dui)研究中國(guo)乃至(zhi)世界范圍(wei)內的人(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)基(ji)因交(jiao)流和文化(hua)傳(chuan)播(bo)將產生積極(ji)影響。