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基本介紹

北戴河近代建筑建設可追溯到，1917年在此修建了中國第一條旅游鐵路支線后就進入繁榮時期，七年間共增建別墅273幢。北戴河(he)(he)(he)近(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群。加上以(yi)前三十多年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)253幢(chuang)，到1924年(nian)(nian)北戴河(he)(he)(he)海濱有(you)中(zhong)外(wai)別墅樓526幢(chuang)，其中(zhong)中(zhong)國人的(de)(de)別墅占(zhan)四(si)分(fen)之一；以(yi)后的(de)(de)二(er)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)間，又建(jian)(jian)(jian)新別墅193幢(chuang)，中(zhong)國人的(de)(de)占(zhan)了一半。這(zhe)些建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)分(fen)布在北戴河(he)(he)(he)海濱自西聯峰山到鴿子窩沿海，總面(mian)積18平方公里。如(ru)喬和別墅，又名瑞士小姐樓，位于(yu)北戴河(he)(he)(he)安二(er)路5號，今水利部北戴河(he)(he)(he)療養院內。建(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)20世(shi)紀20年(nian)(nian)代(dai)，坐北向(xiang)南，為地下一層，地上兩層，毛(mao)石基礎，墻體為磚砌水刷石貼面(mian)，局部為毛(mao)石壘砌，歐(ou)式堡壘建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。該建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)造(zao)型獨特，風格優雅(ya)，占(zhan)地面(mian)積較大，有(you)附屬花園，園內種(zhong)有(you)珍(zhen)奇(qi)花木，環境優美，是目前北戴河(he)(he)(he)優秀近(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。

北(bei)戴(dai)河(he)近代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設，最早可以追溯到19世(shi)紀末，自1917年(nian)北(bei)戴(dai)河(he)海(hai)(hai)濱(bin)修建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國第(di)一條旅(lv)游鐵路(lu)支線后就(jiu)進入(ru)繁榮時(shi)期。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)1917年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)13幢(chuang)(chuang)，1918年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)39幢(chuang)(chuang)，1919年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)32幢(chuang)(chuang)，1920年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)16幢(chuang)(chuang)，1921年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)57幢(chuang)(chuang)，1922年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)80幢(chuang)(chuang)，1923年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)36幢(chuang)(chuang)，7年(nian)間共增(zeng)(zeng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)273幢(chuang)(chuang)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)上以前30多(duo)(duo)年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)253幢(chuang)(chuang)，到1924年(nian)北(bei)戴(dai)河(he)海(hai)(hai)濱(bin)有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)外別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)樓(lou)526幢(chuang)(chuang)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)占四(si)分之一，以后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)24年(nian)間，又建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)新別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)193幢(chuang)(chuang)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占了(le)一半。但從總數看，中(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)還是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)少(shao)于外國人(ren)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)。別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)樓(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數字變化(hua)，也(ye)反映了(le)北(bei)戴(dai)河(he)海(hai)(hai)濱(bin)自1898年(nian)被清(qing)政府辟為"允中(zhong)(zhong)外人(ren)士雜居"的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)避(bi)暑(shu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展過程(cheng)。這些(xie)形(xing)(xing)式各異且具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)某些(xie)共同特(te)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)樓(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計者(zhe)，多(duo)(duo)為外國人(ren)，而建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造者(zhe)則都是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)。北(bei)戴(dai)河(he)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)包工頭以草廠村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)闞向(xiang)舞最為有(you)(you)(you)名，他因與德國建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設計師魏迪錫及蓋林合作(zuo)承包了(le)不少(shao)工程(cheng)而發(fa)了(le)大(da)(da)財。這些(xie)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)分布在北(bei)戴(dai)河(he)海(hai)(hai)濱(bin)自西(xi)聯峰山至鴿子窩沿海(hai)(hai)三(san)里范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)，總面(mian)(mian)積18平方公(gong)里。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)多(duo)(duo)為西(xi)式別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)，北(bei)戴(dai)河(he)近代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為稍有(you)(you)(you)變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矩形(xing)(xing)平面(mian)(mian)，也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)變化(hua)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平面(mian)(mian)；多(duo)(duo)為單層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，部(bu)分為二、三(san)層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)；簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)式四(si)坡屋頂；一面(mian)(mian)、二面(mian)(mian)、三(san)面(mian)(mian)或者(zhe)四(si)面(mian)(mian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)外廊(lang)，外廊(lang)進深很大(da)(da)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)占地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積大(da)(da)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物居中(zhong)(zhong)，周圍(wei)空地(di)(di)(di)多(duo)(duo)，院(yuan)內(nei)廣植(zhi)花草樹(shu)木，環境良好，非常(chang)適(shi)宜(yi)休閑(xian)避(bi)暑(shu)。這種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)是(shi)(shi)西(xi)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在殖(zhi)民地(di)(di)(di)尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)(shi)熱帶地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)根據當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)氣候、居住(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)，結合當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)(xing)式形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)通風(feng)良好，適(shi)宜(yi)室外長廊(lang)活動，這在有(you)(you)(you)關北(bei)戴(dai)河(he)近代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文獻(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)屢屢提(ti)到，北(bei)戴(dai)河(he)大(da)(da)部(bu)分近代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為這種殖(zhi)民式建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)(xing)式。北(bei)戴(dai)河(he)還有(you)(you)(you)一些(xie)近代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)量較(jiao)大(da)(da)，設計優(you)美，現(xian)狀(zhuang)保存良好，這些(xie)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)是(shi)(shi)將西(xi)式各種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)相(xiang)融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折衷主義建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)。已(yi)經申(shen)報為全國重點(dian)文物保護單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)近代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。