工程概況
小浪底水(shui)利樞紐位于(yu)三門峽(xia)水(shui)利樞紐下游130公里(li)(li)、河南省(sheng)洛陽市以北(bei) 40公里(li)(li)的黃河干流(liu)上,控(kong)制(zhi)流(liu)域面積69.4萬(wan)平(ping)方公里(li)(li),占黃河流(liu)域面積的92.3%。壩址所在地南岸為孟津縣小浪底村(cun)(cun),北(bei)岸為濟源(yuan)市蓼塢(wu)村(cun)(cun),是(shi)黃河中游最后一段峽(xia)谷的出口。
小浪(lang)底水(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐壩頂高程(cheng)(cheng)281m,正(zheng)常高水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)275m,庫(ku)容126.5億(yi)m3,淤沙庫(ku)容75.5億(yi)m3,調(diao)水(shui)(shui)調(diao)沙庫(ku)容10.5億(yi)立方米,長期(qi)有效庫(ku)容51億(yi)m3,千年(nian)一遇設計洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)洪(hong)(hong)量38.2億(yi)m3,萬年(nian)一遇校(xiao)核(he)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)洪(hong)(hong)量40.5億(yi)m3。死水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)230m,汛(xun)期(qi)防(fang)洪(hong)(hong)限(xian)制水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)254m,防(fang)凌限(xian)制水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)266m。防(fang)洪(hong)(hong)最大(da)泄量17000億(yi)m3/s,正(zheng)常死水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)泄量略大(da)于(yu)8000m3/s。小浪(lang)底水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)正(zheng)常蓄(xu)(xu)水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)時(shi)淹沒影(ying)響面積(ji)277.8km2,施工區占地23.33km2,共(gong)涉及河南(nan)、山西兩(liang)省的濟源、孟津、新安、澠(min)池(chi)、陜縣、平陸、夏縣、垣曲8縣(市)33個鄉(xiang)鎮,動遷年(nian)移民20萬人。 1991年(nian)9月,小浪(lang)底水(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐工程(cheng)(cheng)前(qian)期(qi)工程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)工。2009年(nian)4月,全(quan)部(bu)工程(cheng)(cheng)通過竣工驗收(shou),是國家(jia)“八五(wu)”重(zhong)點建設項目。
工程全(quan)部竣工后,水庫(ku)(ku)面積達(da)272.3平方公里,控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)流域面積69.42萬平方公里;總(zong)裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)(liang)為180萬千瓦,年(nian)平均發電(dian)量(liang)(liang)為51億千瓦時;每年(nian)可增加40億立(li)方米的(de)(de)供水量(liang)(liang)。小浪(lang)底水庫(ku)(ku)兩岸分別為秦嶺(ling)山(shan)(shan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)崤山(shan)(shan)、韶山(shan)(shan)和邙山(shan)(shan);中條山(shan)(shan)系(xi)(xi)、太行山(shan)(shan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)王屋山(shan)(shan)。它的(de)(de)建成將有效地(di)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)黃(huang)河(he)洪(hong)水,可使(shi)黃(huang)河(he)下游花園口的(de)(de)防洪(hong)標準由(you)六十(shi)年(nian)一(yi)遇提高到千年(nian)一(yi)遇,基(ji)本解除(chu)黃(huang)河(he)下游凌汛的(de)(de)威脅,減緩下游河(he)道(dao)的(de)(de)淤(yu)積,小浪(lang)底水庫(ku)(ku)還可以利用其(qi)長期有效庫(ku)(ku)容調節(jie)非(fei)汛期徑流,增加水量(liang)(liang)用于(yu)城(cheng)市及(ji)工業供水、灌溉(gai)和發電(dian)。它處在承上(shang)啟(qi)下控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)下游水沙的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)部位(wei),控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)黃(huang)河(he)輸沙量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)100%,可滯攔(lan)泥(ni)沙78億噸,相當于(yu)20年(nian)下游河(he)床不淤(yu)積抬(tai)高。
1994年9月主體工(gong)程開工(gong),1997年10月28日(ri)實現大河(he)截流(liu),1999年底第(di)一臺機(ji)組發電(dian),2001年12月31日(ri)全(quan)部竣工(gong),總工(gong)期(qi)11年,壩址控制流(liu)域(yu)(yu)面(mian)積69.42萬(wan)平方(fang)公里,占黃河(he)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)面(mian)積的92.3%。水庫(ku)總庫(ku)容(rong)126.5億立(li)方(fang)米,長期(qi)有(you)效(xiao)庫(ku)容(rong)51億立(li)方(fang)米。工(gong)程以(yi)防洪(hong)、減淤為主,兼顧供水、灌溉和發電(dian),蓄清排渾,除害興利,綜(zong)合利用。
小(xiao)浪底工程由攔河大(da)壩(ba)、泄洪建筑(zhu)物和引水(shui)發電(dian)系統組成。小(xiao)浪底工程攔河大(da)壩(ba)采(cai)用斜心墻堆石壩(ba),設計最(zui)(zui)大(da)壩(ba)高154米(mi)(mi),壩(ba)頂長(chang)度為1667米(mi)(mi),壩(ba)頂寬度15米(mi)(mi),壩(ba)底最(zui)(zui)大(da)寬度864米(mi)(mi)。壩(ba)體啟、填筑(zhu)量5l.85萬(wan)立方米(mi)(mi)、基(ji)礎混凝(ning)土防(fang)滲墻厚l.2米(mi)(mi)、深80米(mi)(mi)。其填筑(zhu)量和混凝(ning)土防(fang)滲墻均為國(guo)內之最(zui)(zui)。壩(ba)頂高程281米(mi)(mi),水(shui)庫(ku)正(zheng)常(chang)蓄水(shui)位275米(mi)(mi),庫(ku)水(shui)面(mian)積272平(ping)方公(gong)里(li),總庫(ku)容126.5億(yi)(yi)立方米(mi)(mi)。水(shui)庫(ku)呈東西帶(dai)狀(zhuang),長(chang)約(yue)130公(gong)里(li),上段(duan)(duan)較(jiao)窄,下段(duan)(duan)較(jiao)寬,平(ping)均寬度2公(gong)里(li),屬峽谷河道(dao)型水(shui)庫(ku)。壩(ba)址處多年平(ping)均流(liu)量1327立方米(mi)(mi)/秒,輸沙量16億(yi)(yi)噸,該壩(ba)建成后可控制全河流(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積的92.3%。
由于地形(xing)(xing)、地質條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)和進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)防淤堵等運用要求、泄(xie)(xie)洪(hong)、排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)沙、引(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)發(fa)電建(jian)筑物均布(bu)(bu)(bu)置在(zai)(zai)左岸,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)、洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)室(shi)群、出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)消力(li)塘集中(zhong)(zhong)布(bu)(bu)(bu)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點。在(zai)(zai)面(mian)(mian)積約(yue)1k㎡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)薄山體中(zhong)(zhong)集中(zhong)(zhong)布(bu)(bu)(bu)置了(le)各(ge)(ge)類洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)室(shi)100多條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。9條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)泄(xie)(xie)洪(hong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、6條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)引(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)發(fa)電洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)灌溉洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)組合(he)成(cheng)一字形(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)10座(zuo)進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塔(ta),其(qi)上游面(mian)(mian)在(zai)(zai)同(tong)一豎直面(mian)(mian)內,前緣總寬(kuan)276.4m,最大(da)高(gao)(gao)度113m。各(ge)(ge)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)錯開(kai)布(bu)(bu)(bu)置,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)高(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泄(xie)(xie)洪(hong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)污(wu),低水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泄(xie)(xie)洪(hong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)沙、中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)引(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)發(fa)電的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總體布(bu)(bu)(bu)局(ju),可(ke)防止進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)淤堵、降低洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內流速(su)、減(jian)輕流道磨蝕(shi)、提(ti)高(gao)(gao)閘門(men)運用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠性。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)6條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)引(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)發(fa)電洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)沙洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)共組成(cheng)3座(zuo)發(fa)電進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塔(ta),每(mei)座(zuo)塔(ta)布(bu)(bu)(bu)置兩條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)發(fa)電洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)進(jin)(jin)口(kou),其(qi)下(xia)部中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)為一條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)進(jin)(jin)口(kou),高(gao)(gao)差15—20m,可(ke)使粗沙經排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)沙洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)下(xia)泄(xie)(xie),減(jian)少對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)輪機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磨蝕(shi)。9條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)泄(xie)(xie)洪(hong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)沙洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)由3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)導流隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)改建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)孔板洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)明流洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)沙洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)組成(cheng),與1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)溢(yi)洪(hong)道在(zai)(zai)平面(mian)(mian)上平行(xing)布(bu)(bu)(bu)置,其(qi)出(chu)口(kou)處(chu)設總寬(kuan)356米(mi)、總長210米(mi)、最大(da)深度28米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2級消力(li)塘,對(dui)以上10股水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流集中(zhong)(zhong)消能,經泄(xie)(xie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠與下(xia)游黃河連接(jie)。進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塔(ta)和消力(li)塘開(kai)挖形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)出(chu)口(kou)高(gao)(gao)邊坡(po)最高(gao)(gao)達120米(mi)。為保證(zheng)高(gao)(gao)邊坡(po)穩定,采用了(le)減(jian)載、排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)及1100多根預應力(li)錨索支護、豎直抗滑(hua)樁加(jia)固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)治理(li)措(cuo)施,取得了(le)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。
引水(shui)發(fa)電(dian)系統也布(bu)置在(zai)樞紐(niu)左岸。包括6條發(fa)電(dian)引水(shui)洞(dong)、地下(xia)廠房(fang)、主變室(shi)、閘(zha)門室(shi)和3條尾(wei)水(shui)隧洞(dong)。廠房(fang)內安裝6臺30萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦混流式水(shui)輪發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組,總裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)180萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦,多年(nian)平均年(nian)發(fa)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)45.99億千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦.時/58.51億千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦.時(前10年(nian)/后10年(nian))。
小(xiao)浪(lang)底(di)水利樞紐主體工程建設采用國際招標,以意(yi)大(da)利英(ying)波吉羅公(gong)(gong)司(si)為責(ze)任方(fang)(fang)的黃河承包(bao)商中大(da)壩標,以德(de)國旭普林公(gong)(gong)司(si)為責(ze)任方(fang)(fang)的中德(de)意(yi)聯營(ying)(ying)體中進水口(kou)泄洪(hong)洞和(he)溢洪(hong)道群(qun)標,以法(fa)國杜美茲公(gong)(gong)司(si)為責(ze)任方(fang)(fang)的小(xiao)浪(lang)底(di)聯營(ying)(ying)體中發電系統標。1994年7月16日合(he)同簽字(zi)儀式在北京舉行(xing)。
開(kai)發(fa)目標以防洪(防凌)、減淤(yu)為主,兼顧供水、灌溉和發(fa)電(dian),蓄清排渾,除害興(xing)利,綜(zong)合利用。小浪底水利樞(shu)紐戰略地位(wei)重要(yao),工程規模(mo)宏大,地質條(tiao)(tiao)件復雜,水沙(sha)條(tiao)(tiao)件特殊,運(yun)用要(yao)求嚴格(ge),被中外水利專家稱為世界上最復雜的(de)水利工程之(zhi)一(yi)。
大壩設計
小浪(lang)底水(shui)(shui)利(li)樞(shu)紐(niu)主(zhu)壩(ba)為(wei)壤土(tu)斜(xie)(xie)心墻土(tu)石壩(ba),上游圍堰為(wei)壩(ba)體的一(yi)部(bu)分,壩(ba)基(ji)采用(yong)混凝(ning)土(tu)防(fang)(fang)滲(shen)墻,工(gong)程初步設計為(wei)斜(xie)(xie)墻壩(ba)型,后優化為(wei)斜(xie)(xie)心墻壩(ba)型,兩者的主(zhu)要區別(bie)在于前(qian)者以(yi)水(shui)(shui)平防(fang)(fang)滲(shen)為(wei)主(zhu),垂直防(fang)(fang)滲(shen)為(wei)輔(fu);后者以(yi)垂直防(fang)(fang)滲(shen)為(wei)主(zhu),水(shui)(shui)平防(fang)(fang)滲(shen)為(wei)輔(fu)。大壩(ba)的設計有以(yi)下幾個(ge)特點:
1、適度地考(kao)慮了庫區淤積的防滲作用,使壩基(ji)防滲效果(guo)更為可靠;
2、上爬的內鋪(pu)蓋改(gai)善了(le)上游壩坡的抗滑穩(wen)定性(xing),既實現了(le)庫區淤積(ji)的連接,又不會(hui)對壩坡產生太(tai)大的影響;
3、減少了上游圍堰的(de)土方填筑量及基礎處理(li)工程量,使截流后比較緊張的(de)工期得以緩解;
4、與斜墻(qiang)壩相比,混凝土防滲墻(qiang)受力有所(suo)惡(e)化,且造(zao)墻(qiang)難(nan)度增加(jia)。
工程任務
減淤
小(xiao)浪底水利樞紐采用“人工擾(rao)沙(sha)(sha)”方式,即借助河(he)(he)水已有的勢能,輔以人工擾(rao)動河(he)(he)床(chuang)(chuang)土(tu)質(zhi),促進(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)床(chuang)(chuang)泥沙(sha)(sha)啟動,實現河(he)(he)床(chuang)(chuang)下(xia)(xia)切、輸(shu)(shu)沙(sha)(sha)入(ru)海。簡單地說(shuo),就是通過攪動讓河(he)(he)底淤(yu)(yu)沙(sha)(sha)上浮,使其(qi)與自然(ran)水流一起下(xia)(xia)泄,從(cong)而達到清淤(yu)(yu)輸(shu)(shu)沙(sha)(sha)的目的。第三次(ci)調水調沙(sha)(sha)試驗共設3個擾(rao)沙(sha)(sha)點,分別位于小(xiao)浪底庫尾、河(he)(he)南范縣李橋河(he)(he)段、山東梁(liang)山縣小(xiao)路口河(he)(he)段。以上方法,可(ke)使黃河(he)(he)下(xia)(xia)游河(he)(he)床(chuang)(chuang)20年(nian)內(nei)不淤(yu)(yu)積抬高。非汛期(qi)下(xia)(xia)泄清水挾沙(sha)(sha)入(ru)海以及人造峰(feng)沖淤(yu)(yu),對(dui)下(xia)(xia)游河(he)(he)床(chuang)(chuang)有進(jin)(jin)一步減淤(yu)(yu)作用。
發電
小(xiao)浪底水(shui)利樞紐裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機6臺(tai),每臺(tai)30萬kw,總裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機容量180萬kw,額定水(shui)頭(tou)112m,是河南電網理(li)想(xiang)的調峰電站。電廠以220kV一級電壓(ya)送出(chu)(chu),出(chu)(chu)線6回,4回至(zhi)洛北(bei)5000kV升壓(ya)站,1回至(zhi)豫北(bei),1回備用(yong),220kV側為(wei)比母線分(fen)段(duan)(duan),左段(duan)(duan)接2臺(tai)機,2回出(chu)(chu)線,右段(duan)(duan)接4臺(tai)機,4回出(chu)(chu)線。
防洪防凌
水(shui)文氣象資料分析表明,黃(huang)河可(ke)能(neng)出現55000m3/s的特大洪(hong)水(shui),即(ji)使經過(guo)三(san)門峽、陸渾、故縣等水(shui)庫(ku)攔蓄后,花園(yuan)口(kou)站(zhan)的洪(hong)峰流量仍將達到42000m3/s。黃(huang)河下游防(fang)洪(hong)工程的設防(fang)標準(zhun)僅為22000m3/s(花園(yuan)口(kou)站(zhan)),不到百年一(yi)遇。三(san)門峽水(shui)庫(ku)對控(kong)制(zhi)凌汛期(qi)流量起到了一(yi)定的作用(yong),但由于可(ke)利(li)用(yong)庫(ku)容過(guo)小,防(fang)凌效果有限(xian)。
小浪底水(shui)利樞(shu)紐(niu)與(yu)已建的(de)三(san)門峽、陸渾(hun)、故縣水(shui)庫聯合(he)運(yun)用,并(bing)利用東(dong)平(ping)湖分(fen)洪(hong),可使黃河下(xia)游(you)防(fang)(fang)洪(hong)標準(zhun)提高到千年一遇。千年一遇以下(xia)洪(hong)水(shui)不(bu)再使用北(bei)金堤滯洪(hong)區(qu),減(jian)輕(qing)常遇洪(hong)水(shui)的(de)防(fang)(fang)洪(hong)負擔。與(yu)三(san)門峽水(shui)庫聯合(he)運(yun)用,共同調蓄凌汛期水(shui)量,可基本解除黃河下(xia)游(you)凌汛威脅。
供水灌溉
黃(huang)河下游控制灌(guan)溉(gai)面積約4000萬畝,每年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)(jun)實灌(guan)面積1760萬畝,年(nian)(nian)引水(shui)(shui)(shui)量80~100億(yi)m3,由于黃(huang)河來(lai)(lai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)豐枯不勻,又缺乏足夠的水(shui)(shui)(shui)量調節能力,灌(guan)溉(gai)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)保證率(lv)僅32%。二十世(shi)紀七十年(nian)(nian)代(dai)以(yi)來(lai)(lai),沿河工農業(ye)迅猛發展,城(cheng)市供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)需(xu)求急劇增長。自1987年(nian)(nian)之后,山東利(li)津至入海口河段幾乎(hu)每年(nian)(nian)斷流,水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源供(gong)需(xu)矛盾十分突出。小(xiao)浪底水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐可減少(shao)下游斷流的機率(lv),平均(jun)(jun)每年(nian)(nian)可增加20億(yi)m3的調節水(shui)(shui)(shui)量,滿(man)足下游灌(guan)溉(gai)與(yu)城(cheng)市用水(shui)(shui)(shui),提(ti)高(gao)灌(guan)溉(gai)保證率(lv)。
工程建設
小浪(lang)底(di)水利樞紐工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)1991年9月12日(ri)開(kai)(kai)始進行前期(qi)準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),1994年9月1日(ri)主體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)正式開(kai)(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),1997年10月28日(ri)截(jie)流,2000年初第一臺機(ji)組投產發電,2001年底(di)主體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)全部完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。取得(de)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)提(ti)前,投資節約,質(zhi)量優量的好成(cheng)績(ji)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)可以劃分(fen)為準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、國際招標(biao)、主體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、尾工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四個階段。
準備工程施工
小浪底工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)前期(qi)準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)包括外線公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、內線公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、黃河公(gong)路橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、留莊(zhuang)鐵路轉運站(zhan)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)供電工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)供水工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、通訊工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、砂石(shi)骨料(liao)試開采、臨時房(fang)屋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、導(dao)流洞施(shi)工(gong)(gong)支洞工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)區移民安置工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。
樞紐(niu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)采用(yong)分期導(dao)(dao)流(liu),一期導(dao)(dao)流(liu)圍(wei)右岸施(shi)工(gong)(gong),原河床(chuang)過流(liu);二期上、下游圍(wei)堰擋水(shui),主河槽施(shi)工(gong)(gong),同時進行左岸導(dao)(dao)流(liu)洞(dong)和(he)其(qi)他建筑物(wu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。在截(jie)(jie)流(liu)時主體(ti)土建工(gong)(gong)程已完成土石方(fang)(fang)開挖85%,土石方(fang)(fang)填筑總量的32%,混凝土和(he)鋼筋混凝土總量48%。截(jie)(jie)流(liu)后,隨大壩升(sheng)高和(he)泄(xie)洪排沙建筑物(wu)逐(zhu)步建成,泄(xie)洪能力(li)逐(zhu)漸加強,各年(nian)度(du)汛標準逐(zhu)步提(ti)高。
樞紐主體工(gong)程(cheng)量(含前期(qi)準(zhun)備工(gong)程(cheng)):土石方(fang)(fang)開挖6027萬(wan)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),土石方(fang)(fang)填(tian)筑5574萬(wan)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),混凝土及鋼筋混凝土354萬(wan)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),金屬結構(gou)安裝(zhuang)3.26萬(wan)噸(dun),機(ji)電設(she)備安裝(zhuang)3.09萬(wan)噸(dun)。工(gong)程(cheng)總投資(zi)347.46億元(yuan),其中水庫淹沒(mei)處(chu)理和移民費用86.75億元(yuan)。水庫淹沒(mei)耕地(di)1.4萬(wan)hm,移民安置人(ren)口18.97萬(wan)人(ren)。
施工道路建設
為了減少截流(liu)前占直(zhi)線工期(qi)的(de)施工項目的(de)壓力,節約外資,在進(jin)行準備工程施工的(de)同時,進(jin)行了右岸主(zhu)壩防滲墻(qiang)、導流(liu)洞(dong)、上中導洞(dong)、進(jin)水(shui)口(kou)開挖(wa)(wa)、出水(shui)口(kou)開挖(wa)(wa)等主(zhu)體工程項目施工。
施工專用黃河公路大橋
準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)從1991年9月(yue)(yue)12日(ri)起至1994年4月(yue)(yue)18日(ri)水利部對(dui)前期(qi)準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行驗收為止,歷(li)時2年7個月(yue)(yue),完(wan)成了(le)所有水、電、路、通訊、營(ying)地、鐵路轉運站(zhan)等準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),完(wan)成了(le)施工(gong)(gong)區移民安置及庫區移民安置試點工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),完(wan)成了(le)招標文件中(zhong)承(cheng)諾(nuo)的右岸主(zhu)(zhu)壩防(fang)滲墻、導(dao)流洞(dong)(dong)施工(gong)(gong)支洞(dong)(dong)、上中(zhong)導(dao)洞(dong)(dong)、進(jin)(jin)水口開挖、出水口開挖等主(zhu)(zhu)體工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目應實(shi)現的形象。國(guo)際承(cheng)包商進(jin)(jin)場(chang)時稱贊,小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)底(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)他們所見到的最好進(jin)(jin)場(chang)條件。準備(bei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)期(qi)間(jian),基(ji)本(ben)確(que)立了(le)小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)底(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)各(ge)方之間(jian)的關系,尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)單位(wei)和設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單位(wei)之間(jian)的關系,即:小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)底(di)建(jian)管局代表國(guo)家管理(li)小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)底(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),對(dui)進(jin)(jin)度、質(zhi)(zhi)量、安全、投資全面負責;小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)底(di)建(jian)管局和設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)院(yuan)是(shi)甲乙方合同關系,設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)院(yuan)在設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)量上對(dui)小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)底(di)建(jian)管局負責,小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)底(di)建(jian)管局對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量負責。這(zhe)在當時是(shi)基(ji)建(jian)體制(zhi)(zhi)改革的重要舉(ju)措(cuo),為小(xiao)(xiao)浪(lang)底(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)行業主(zhu)(zhu)負責制(zhi)(zhi)打下了(le)基(ji)礎。
準備工程(cheng)(cheng)施工期(qi)間,組(zu)建了(le)(le)工程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)理(li)單位,比照FIDIC條件的要(yao)求開展(zhan)工作,為(wei)主體工程(cheng)(cheng)開工后全面(mian)進(jin)行工程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)理(li)積累了(le)(le)經驗。
前(qian)期(qi)準備工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)組織緊扣主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進行(xing)(xing)國際招標的(de)(de)要(yao)求展開,時(shi)間安排(pai)以(yi)滿(man)足利用世行(xing)(xing)貸(dai)款的(de)(de)時(shi)間要(yao)求為前(qian)提(ti);施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項目安排(pai)力(li)爭多揭示地(di)質條件,提(ti)前(qian)進行(xing)(xing)關鍵線(xian)路(lu)上的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),減輕直線(xian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)壓力(li);將人(ren)力(li)分(fen)成(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)和招標兩部(bu)分(fen),兩項工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)并行(xing)(xing)不悖;管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)比照FIDIC合(he)同(tong)條件要(yao)求進行(xing)(xing)。上述一系列工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)為主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設順利實施(shi)打下了(le)良好的(de)(de)基礎。
生態效益
黃河(he)作為中華民(min)族的(de)母親河(he),以占全(quan)國河(he)川(chuan)徑流(liu)2%的(de)有限水(shui)資源(yuan),擔負(fu)著全(quan)國12%的(de)人口、17%的(de)耕地和(he)沿黃50多座大(da)中型城市的(de)供水(shui)任務(wu)。自上(shang)世(shi)紀(ji)90年代以來,黃河(he)飽受斷流(liu)之痛(tong)(tong)、淤積之痛(tong)(tong)。
隨著(zhu)黃河陷入(ru)“生存險境”,中國的治(zhi)黃理(li)念由“控(kong)制洪水”轉變為(wei)“維持(chi)河流健康生命”,小浪底工程的投(tou)入(ru)使用(yong),成為(wei)這(zhe)一“生態治(zhi)黃”理(li)念得以實現(xian)的關鍵所在。
坐落(luo)在晉(jin)陜(shan)峽(xia)谷出口處的小(xiao)浪底水庫(ku),就像一(yi)個大“水盆”,既可以(yi)(yi)攔蓄上(shang)游洪(hong)水,使黃河下(xia)游防洪(hong)標準由60年(nian)(nian)一(yi)遇(yu)提高到千(qian)年(nian)(nian)一(yi)遇(yu),又可以(yi)(yi)利(li)用水庫(ku)蓄水人(ren)工制造洪(hong)峰(feng),減輕水庫(ku)淤積,沖刷下(xia)游河道。
2003年,黃河發生(sheng)歷(li)史(shi)罕見(jian)的秋汛,黃河防(fang)總啟用小浪底水(shui)庫(ku)攔蓄十多場洪水(shui),避免了黃河下(xia)游出現大面(mian)積漫(man)灘災害,同時,使近(jin)百(bai)億立方米的洪水(shui)變成水(shui)資源存(cun)入水(shui)庫(ku)。
小浪底水(shui)利樞紐投入運營以(yi)來,黃河(he)連(lian)續13年不斷流(liu),先后完成7次引(yin)黃濟津、12次引(yin)黃濟青(qing)、5次引(yin)黃濟淀等跨流(liu)域應急調水(shui)任(ren)務;還實(shi)現了黃河(he)下(xia)游連(lian)續13年安全度汛,基本解除(chu)了黃河(he)下(xia)游凌汛威脅(xie);有效(xiao)改善了小浪底庫(ku)區和下(xia)游地(di)區的生態(tai)環境(jing)。
移民安置
小(xiao)浪底工(gong)(gong)(gong)程庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)移民(min)(min)分三(san)期(qi)進行(xing)。第(di)一期(qi)為(wei)(wei)180米(mi)高(gao)程以(yi)下及受影(ying)響(xiang)的4.6萬(wan)移民(min)(min)。從1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)到1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)6月(yue)底完(wan)成(cheng)。第(di)二期(qi)為(wei)(wei)180-265米(mi)高(gao)程區(qu)(qu)間及受影(ying)響(xiang)的12.6萬(wan)移民(min)(min),從1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)到2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)結束(shu)。第(di)三(san)期(qi)為(wei)(wei)265-275米(mi)高(gao)程區(qu)(qu)間及受影(ying)響(xiang)的1.7萬(wan)移民(min)(min),從2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)到2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)完(wan)成(cheng)。一期(qi)移民(min)(min)于1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)6月(yue)底按計(ji)劃完(wan)成(cheng),為(wei)(wei)按期(qi)截流(liu)創造了條(tiao)件(jian)。截流(liu)后以(yi)及1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)移民(min)(min)安置進度有所拖后,1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)5日,水利(li)部(bu)、河南省政府(fu)、山西省政府(fu)在北京(jing)召(zhao)開(kai)(kai)部(bu)省聯席(xi)會議,布置移民(min)(min)安置工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,解決(jue)有關問題。6月(yue)30日,215米(mi)高(gao)程以(yi)下移民(min)(min)按計(ji)劃搬離庫(ku)區(qu)(qu),移民(min)(min)人(ren)數4.5萬(wan)人(ren),為(wei)(wei)下閘蓄水創造了條(tiao)件(jian)。2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)底前(qian)265米(mi)高(gao)程以(yi)下移民(min)(min)搬遷完(wan)畢,使得小(xiao)浪底工(gong)(gong)(gong)程能夠正(zheng)常發(fa)揮攔洪效益。
社會經濟
農業
小(xiao)浪底(di)水(shui)庫淹(yan)沒(mei)(mei)影響到(dao)河南、山西兩省三市一地區的(de)八個(ge)(ge)縣(xian)(市),29個(ge)(ge)鄉(鎮),涉及人口(kou)(kou)16萬(wan)人,淹(yan)沒(mei)(mei)土地總(zong)面積為(wei)42萬(wan)畝,其中(zhong)耕地面積20萬(wan)畝。該區域(yu)人口(kou)(kou)分布不均(jun),東部大于西部,平(ping)均(jun)人口(kou)(kou)密度(du)330人/平(ping)方公里,人均(jun)耕地約1.25畝。淹(yan)沒(mei)(mei)區每(mei)年的(de)農(nong)業總(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)值1.2億(yi)元。 農(nong)作(zuo)物夏糧以小(xiao)麥為(wei)主,秋糧以玉(yu)米、谷子、紅薯為(wei)主。農(nong)作(zuo)物產(chan)(chan)(chan)量水(shui)田畝產(chan)(chan)(chan)超過1000斤,旱田畝產(chan)(chan)(chan)500~900斤,棉花(hua)畝產(chan)(chan)(chan)50~150斤。
工業
各(ge)縣(市(shi))的(de)工礦企業(ye)(ye)只有少(shao)部分分布在小浪底區域(yu)(yu)(yu)內,1996年區域(yu)(yu)(yu)內六(liu)縣(市(shi))的(de)工業(ye)(ye)總產值(zhi)為(wei)5億(yi)元,而(er)其(qi)全部工業(ye)(ye)總產值(zhi)為(wei)86.5億(yi)元。從區域(yu)(yu)(yu)內的(de)工業(ye)(ye)產值(zhi)分布來看(kan),垣曲(qu)縣最(zui)大,占區域(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)46%;新安次之(zhi),占31.6%,其(qi)它(ta)縣(市(shi))較少(shao),均(jun)小于8.0%。
布設情況
小浪底的環境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)主要(yao)分三個(ge)(ge)(ge)部分,即(ji)庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)、施工(gong)區(qu)(qu)、移民區(qu)(qu),各部分監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)項(xiang)目(mu)、斷面(mian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)布設、監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)頻(pin)率各不相同。庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)包(bao)括地面(mian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)14個(ge)(ge)(ge)斷面(mian),底質(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)4個(ge)(ge)(ge)斷面(mian);施工(gong)區(qu)(qu)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)包(bao)括地表水(shui)(shui)(shui)干支流(liu)6個(ge)(ge)(ge)斷面(mian)、生活用水(shui)(shui)(shui)37個(ge)(ge)(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)、河流(liu)底質(zhi)(zhi)12個(ge)(ge)(ge)點(dian)(dian)(dian)、生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)生產廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)17個(ge)(ge)(ge)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)、大氣(qi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)、噪(zao)聲12個(ge)(ge)(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian);移民區(qu)(qu)包(bao)括生活飲用水(shui)(shui)(shui)28個(ge)(ge)(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)土壤28個(ge)(ge)(ge)采(cai)樣點(dian)(dian)(dian)。根據實際情況,監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)時斷面(mian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)數和(he)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)項(xiang)目(mu)有所調(diao)整。
地位作用
小浪底工(gong)程是三門峽以下唯一能(neng)夠(gou)取得(de)較(jiao)大庫(ku)容(rong)的(de)控制性工(gong)程,處在控制黃河下游水沙的(de)關(guan)鍵部(bu)位(wei),也是唯一能(neng)夠(gou)擔負下游防(fang)洪、防(fang)凌、兼顧工(gong)農業(ye)供(gong)水、發電的(de)綜(zong)合水利樞紐,具(ju)有優(you)越的(de)自然條件和(he)重要的(de)戰略地位(wei)。
三(san)門峽工程(cheng)的(de)(de)負面影響,其主要表現在(zai);大壩抬高(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位后降低了流(liu)速,加速上(shang)游(you)淤積,從而加劇了上(shang)游(you)渭河(he)地區(qu)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)災。小浪底工程(cheng)的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)則充分(fen)汲取三(san)門峽工程(cheng)的(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)教訓(xun)。三(san)門峽工程(cheng)在(zai)泥(ni)(ni)沙(sha)問題上(shang)的(de)(de)最大教訓(xun)是(shi)(shi)對上(shang)游(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)土保持攔(lan)沙(sha)作用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)估(gu)計(ji),以及水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)過(guo)分(fen)樂觀,而預計(ji)的(de)(de)入庫(ku)(ku)泥(ni)(ni)沙(sha)量偏低。三(san)門峽工程(cheng)的(de)(de)第二個教訓(xun),就是(shi)(shi)在(zai)泥(ni)(ni)沙(sha)比率高(gao)的(de)(de)河(he)流(liu)建了水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)之后,不能(neng)(neng)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)高(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位的(de)(de)蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)運行(xing)方式,而應(ying)該采(cai)用(yong)(yong)“蓄清排渾”的(de)(de)方式,在(zai)汛期低水(shui)(shui)(shui)位時,建筑物要有(you)足夠的(de)(de)泄洪排沙(sha)能(neng)(neng)力。小浪底水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)區(qu)為(wei)峽谷河(he)段,有(you)利(li)(li)于保持較大的(de)(de)長(chang)期有(you)效庫(ku)(ku)容,可以長(chang)期發揮(hui)調水(shui)(shui)(shui)調沙(sha)、興利(li)(li)除(chu)害(hai)的(de)(de)效益,防(fang)洪運用(yong)(yong)比較可靠,不僅可以攔(lan)蓄特大洪水(shui)(shui)(shui),還可以根據下游(you)防(fang)洪需(xu)要適當控(kong)制(zhi)中小型(xing)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)其它工程(cheng)措施所不能(neng)(neng)比擬的(de)(de)。
小浪底(di)水(shui)庫攔(lan)調(diao)泥(ni)沙,能夠減(jian)緩黃河下(xia)游河道淤(yu)積(ji),還可以通過人(ren)造洪峰、調(diao)水(shui)調(diao)沙等運用方(fang)式,長期發揮較大的減(jian)淤(yu)作用,與其它減(jian)淤(yu)措施(shi)相(xiang)比,在(zai)減(jian)淤(yu)效果、減(jian)淤(yu)單位投資、影響人(ren)口等方(fang)面,小浪底(di)工(gong)程都明顯比三門峽(xia)水(shui)利工(gong)程優勝。
小(xiao)浪(lang)底水(shui)利(li)樞紐在保證下游(you)防洪、滿足下游(you)減淤的(de)前提(ti)下,還可(ke)以(yi)調節徑(jing)流,為下游(you)工農業用水(shui)增(zeng)加可(ke)利(li)用的(de)水(shui)源,發電(dian)(dian)調峰可(ke)以(yi)改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)運行條件。綜(zong)合各方面因素(su),小(xiao)浪(lang)底水(shui)利(li)樞紐是(shi)黃(huang)河下游(you)防洪減淤工程中最佳(jia)方案。