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簡要介紹

新(xin)安櫻(ying)桃，又名珠(zhu)(zhu)桃、含桃，具(ju)有早熟、高產、優(you)質、色艷(yan)等特(te)點。它先(xian)百果(guo)(guo)而熟，立(li)夏(xia)前后即可(ke)成(cheng)熟上市(shi)；產量(liang)高，樹(shu)齡長(chang)，成(cheng)樹(shu)每(mei)株(zhu)產400公(gong)斤以上；果(guo)(guo)味酸(suan)甜可(ke)口，既能生食，又可(ke)釀造，營(ying)養豐(feng)富，且有調中(zhong)、益脾等醫(yi)療保(bao)健功能；果(guo)(guo)形珠(zhu)(zhu)圓紅艷(yan)，有“如珠(zhu)(zhu)未穿孔，似(si)火(huo)不(bu)燒(shao)人”的美譽。洛陽盆地四周，溝(gou)壑縱橫，清溪環繞，向(xiang)陽背風(feng)處最宜(yi)櫻(ying)桃生長(chang)。洛陽櫻(ying)桃產量(liang)豐(feng)富，味道(dao)極佳。古(gu)人曾贊曰：“雨(yu)飛新(xin)綠嫩(nen)，風(feng)動(dong)野花香，赤玉妝(zhuang)盈村，紅珠(zhu)(zhu)摘滿筐”。每(mei)年公(gong)歷四月份，是洛陽櫻(ying)桃的上市(shi)季節(jie)。

特色

唐太宗《賦得(de)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)》詩云(yun)："華林(lin)滿芳景(jing)，洛(luo)陽遍陽春。朱(zhu)顏含遠日，翠色(se)影長津。喬柯囀(zhuan)嬌鳥，低(di)枝(zhi)映美人。昔作園(yuan)中實(shi)，今(jin)為(wei)席上珍。"洛(luo)陽櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)，個大(da)肉肥(fei)、色(se)紅潤(run)、味甘(gan)美。洛(luo)陽櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)，歷史悠久(jiu)，歷代人民都很重視栽培。秦漢(han)以(yi)來，又被移植在御道旁、皇宮內、花(hua)園(yuan)中。北(bei)邙(mang)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou)，是洛(luo)陽櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)盛產之地。每當開(kai)花(hua)季節，又形成洛(luo)陽一大(da)景(jing)觀。

史料記載

古代不少人寫(xie)(xie)下了歌頌(song)洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)的(de)名篇佳(jia)句。唐太宗《賦(fu)得櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)》詩云："畢(bi)林(lin)滿芳景(jing)(jing)，洛陽(yang)(yang)遍(bian)陽(yang)(yang)春。朱顏含遠目，翠(cui)色(se)影長(chang)津。喬柯囀(zhuan)嬌身，低枝(zhi)映美(mei)人。昔作園中(zhong)實(shi)，今(jin)為席上珍(zhen)。"清代洛陽(yang)(yang)知縣龔松林(lin)一(yi)次來到了櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou)(gou)，感興而作《訪櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou)(gou)》一(yi)詩："為訪櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou)(gou)，登臨向北邙(mang)。雨飛新綠(lv)嫩，風動野(ye)花(hua)香。赤玉妝盈村，紅珠(zhu)摘滿筐。衷(zhong)腸(chang)原自(zi)熱，那用大宮漿！"寫(xie)(xie)出了迷人的(de)景(jing)(jing)色(se)。人們(men)常(chang)說(shuo)：小(xiao)曲好唱口戲開(kai)，櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)好吃樹(shu)難(nan)栽。要栽好櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)樹(shu)，除了栽培技術外，還要選好地(di)方。櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)樹(shu)生長(chang)的(de)環(huan)境要在(zai)向陽(yang)(yang)背風、溝(gou)(gou)壑縱橫的(de)地(di)方，櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou)(gou)這種環(huan)境正適合了櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)的(de)生長(chang)。

洛陽櫻桃歷史

洛陽盆(pen)地四周，溝(gou)壑縱橫，清溪曲(qu)繞，向(xiang)陽背風處最宜櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)生長，故(gu)歷(li)代人民多有栽(zai)植。自(zi)秦漢以來，櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)又被移植到皇宮御(yu)園里和達(da)官(guan)雅(ya)士的花(hua)園之中，使得櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)栽(zai)植較為廣(guang)泛。但(dan)象櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou)村這樣廣(guang)泛集中種(zhong)植櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)的，鳳毛麟(lin)角。

洛(luo)陽櫻(ying)桃(tao)，個大(da)肉厚，味純(chun)甘美(mei)，并有(you)調(diao)中(zhong)益脾、去寒(han)止泄的藥物作用，素(su)有(you)佳名(ming)。西周時代，國(guo)都在長安，皇(huang)帝春薦寢廟采用華(hua)山腳下(xia)上蘭(lan)出產(chan)的櫻(ying)桃(tao)。平王東遷洛(luo)陽后，派(pai)臣仆們(men)四出尋工，最(zui)后選(xuan)定(ding)邙山深處櫻(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou)所產(chan)的櫻(ying)桃(tao)為祭祀珍品。

據清《洛陽縣(xian)志》載：“櫻桃(tao)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)，一在縣(xian)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)五里(li)瀍水東(dong)，名小溝(gou)(gou)(gou)；一在縣(xian)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)三十里(li)，名大溝(gou)(gou)(gou)。……大溝(gou)(gou)(gou)尤(you)佳，延(yan)十余里(li)。”櫻桃(tao)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)的櫻桃(tao)不僅品種多，據周師厚《洛陽花木記》載：有紫櫻、臘櫻、滑臺(tai)櫻、朱皮櫻、旱櫻、吳(wu)櫻、甜果子、急(ji)溜子、千葉櫻等11種，而且紅亮耐看，特(te)別惹人喜(xi)愛。

春天一(yi)(yi)到，櫻(ying)桃溝(gou)(gou)里溝(gou)(gou)溝(gou)(gou)岔(cha)岔(cha)，開滿一(yi)(yi)簇簇潔白的櫻(ying)花，迎風搖曳(ye)，鮮艷(yan)嬌麗，馥郁的芳香撲面而(er)來(lai)。幾天工(gong)夫，萬樹銀花突然變成了滿溝(gou)(gou)金果，紅艷(yan)艷(yan)，亮晶晶，似珍珠(zhu)，像(xiang)瑪瑙，令(ling)游人(ren)心醉。看一(yi)(yi)眼(yan)便(bian)讓人(ren)滿口生津。因(yin)而(er)被(bei)賦(fu)予“如珠(zhu)未穿孔，似火不(bu)燒人(ren)”的美譽。所以(yi)，“瀍壑朱(zhu)櫻(ying)”被(bei)列為洛陽八(ba)小(xiao)景之一(yi)(yi)。

洛陽櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)歷史悠久，如一(yi)枚(mei)深藏于貝殼里的珍珠，經歷著朝(chao)代的盛衰。洛陽作為九(jiu)朝(chao)古都，自(zi)古以(yi)來(lai)海納(na)自(zi)然(ran)人(ren)文美景(jing)。歷代文人(ren)墨客(ke)都寫下了許(xu)多詠贊櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)的詩篇(pian)。唐太(tai)宗李世(shi)民不僅(jin)愛(ai)吃櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)，而(er)且寫下一(yi)首(shou)《賦得(de)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)》的詩：

“華(hua)林滿芳景，洛陽(yang)遍陽(yang)春。朱顏(yan)含遠(yuan)日，翠(cui)色影長津。喬柯囀(zhuan)嬌鳥，低枝映美人。昔(xi)作園中實，今為席上珍。”

久居洛(luo)陽的白居易、梅堯臣都(dou)有(you)歌頌洛(luo)陽櫻桃(tao)(tao)的名(ming)篇(pian)佳(jia)句。清高宗乾(qian)隆七年，洛(luo)陽知(zhi)縣龔松林，一(yi)次在(zai)櫻桃(tao)(tao)成(cheng)熟季節興致(zhi)勃(bo)勃(bo)地(di)游覽了(le)(le)櫻桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou)，情不自禁地(di)即興寫下一(yi)首(shou)《游櫻桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou)詩》，詩中有(you)：“為(wei)訪(fang)櫻桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou)，登(deng)臨向北邙。雨飛新綠嫩，風(feng)動野花香。赤玉妝(zhuang)盈(ying)村(cun)，紅珠(zhu)摘滿(man)筐。”的句子，描(miao)繪(hui)了(le)(le)櫻桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou)迷人的景色。

清(qing)高(gao)宗乾隆七年(nian)，洛陽知縣龔松(song)林在(zai)櫻桃(tao)成(cheng)熟季節游(you)覽了(le)櫻桃(tao)溝(gou)，喜不自禁(jin)地作(zuo)詩《游(you)櫻桃(tao)溝(gou)》，描(miao)寫贊美了(le)那里的迷(mi)人景色："雨飛(fei)新綠嫩，風動野花(hua)香(xiang)。赤(chi)玉妝(zhuang)盈村，紅珠摘滿筐(kuang)。"

現在人們賞櫻(ying)桃，多在陰(yin)歷(li)四月初(chu)，到(dao)“櫻(ying)桃溝”即洛陽郊區紅(hong)山鄉王坑村和新安縣五頭鎮獨(du)樹村、大(da)凹村一帶(dai)。

洛陽櫻桃功效

櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)全身(shen)皆可人(ren)藥，鮮果具有(you)發汗、益(yi)氣、祛風(feng)、透(tou)疹的功(gong)效，適用于貧血、四肢麻(ma)木和(he)風(feng)濕(shi)性(xing)腰(yao)腿病(bing)(bing)的食療。櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)的葉、枝、根有(you)溫胃、止血、解毒之功(gong)。古書記載和(he)民間流傳均有(you)許多(duo)用櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)治療疾病(bing)(bing)的驗方。

特定生產方式

3.1 產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇與(yu)(yu)特(te)(te)殊(shu)內容(rong)規(gui)定(ding)： 3.1.1 氣候條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian) ①溫(wen)度(du)：新安(an)(an)櫻(ying)桃(tao)適(shi)宜種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)年(nian)平(ping)均氣溫(wen)10℃～12℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區，萌芽(ya)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)適(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)是10℃，開花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)15℃，果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成熟(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)20℃。休眠期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)需(xu)冷量(liang)（7℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)下）為(wei)(wei)800～1500小時(shi)(shi)。 ②水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)：新安(an)(an)櫻(ying)桃(tao)適(shi)宜于(yu)年(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)600～800mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。 ③土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)：新安(an)(an)櫻(ying)桃(tao)適(shi)宜于(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)疏(shu)松(song)(song)、透(tou)氣良(liang)好(hao)、保(bao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)強(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)(he)礫質(zhi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)。適(shi)宜種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)微酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)，PH值為(wei)(wei)6.0～7.5，含鹽量(liang)不高(gao)(gao)(gao)于(yu)0.1%。 ④光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)：新安(an)(an)櫻(ying)桃(tao)為(wei)(wei)喜光(guang)(guang)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，全(quan)年(nian)日照(zhao)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)2600小時(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。 3.1.2 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)環境條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian) 新安(an)(an)櫻(ying)桃(tao)對(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)、氣候要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)比(bi)較(jiao)嚴格，既怕(pa)旱(han)(han)又怕(pa)澇，因此要(yao)(yao)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)比(bi)較(jiao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)沃，透(tou)氣性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中性(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)偏酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)(he)輕(qing)黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)塊建(jian)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)不易(yi)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區有(you)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源，干(gan)旱(han)(han)時(shi)(shi)能及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。最(zui)好(hao)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇背風向(xiang)陽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下半(ban)坡(po)，不能選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇山溝(gou)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壩頭(tou)地(di)(di)(di)(di)，雖(sui)然壩頭(tou)地(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)好(hao)，但在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)早春容(rong)易(yi)遭到(dao)霜凍。 3.2 品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇與(yu)(yu)特(te)(te)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)： 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)豐(feng)產(chan)、優(you)質(zhi)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)效(xiao)、抗(kang)逆性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。苗(miao)(miao)木高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)1.3m以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，嫁(jia)接(jie)部(bu)(bu)位以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)5cm處直徑達到(dao)1㎝，中部(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)側芽(ya)飽滿，無損傷(shang)。側根(gen)(gen)3～5條(tiao)(tiao)，須根(gen)(gen)較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)。嫁(jia)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)砧木要(yao)(yao)與(yu)(yu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)親合力(li)強(qiang)(qiang)，不帶病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒或(huo)抗(kang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，根(gen)(gen)系(xi)發(fa)達，抗(kang)逆性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)，如大(da)青葉(xie)(xie)、考脫（Colt）、吉塞拉(Gisela)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 主(zhu)(zhu)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)好(hao)搭(da)配，保(bao)證授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)親和(he)(he)(he)力(li)強(qiang)(qiang)，花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相遇(yu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般應(ying)有(you)兩(liang)個(ge)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)比(bi)例20%～30%。 3.3 生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過程管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。包括農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)投(tou)入(ru)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)殊(shu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)規(gui)定(ding)。 3.4 建(jian)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 3.4.1 整(zheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)施肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei) 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)平(ping)整(zheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)，山丘地(di)(di)(di)(di)外高(gao)(gao)(gao)內低，坡(po)地(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)(he)寬(kuan)幅梯田地(di)(di)(di)(di)起(qi)壟栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。全(quan)面(mian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)翻或(huo)按(an)行(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)(ju)挖寬(kuan)1m、深(shen)(shen)(shen)0.8m的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)溝(gou)，或(huo)長(chang)(chang)、寬(kuan)、深(shen)(shen)(shen)各(ge)0.8m 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴。將溝(gou)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)與(yu)(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料拌勻后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)回填溝(gou)（穴）內，并灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沉實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)備栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。施肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般每(mei)畝(mu)施有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)3000㎏左(zuo)(zuo)右。 3.4.2 適(shi)時(shi)(shi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)春季(ji)(ji)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中旬前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，苗(miao)(miao)木芽(ya)子萌動時(shi)(shi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 3.4.3 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)度(du) 根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)立地(di)(di)(di)(di)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)力(li)、苗(miao)(miao)木類型、品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)確(que)定(ding)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)度(du)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般情況下，采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)喬化(hua)(hua)砧木的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)株行(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)4～3m×5～4m，每(mei)畝(mu)定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)33～56株；采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)矮化(hua)(hua)砧木的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)株行(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)3～2×4m，每(mei)畝(mu)定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)56～84株。 3.4.4 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)，把苗(miao)(miao)木放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴內，使(shi)(shi)(shi)根(gen)(gen)系(xi)自(zi)(zi)然舒展，填土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)過程中，要(yao)(yao)將苗(miao)(miao)木略(lve)微上(shang)(shang)(shang)提使(shi)(shi)(shi)根(gen)(gen)伸直并與(yu)(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)密(mi)(mi)接(jie)，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)踏(ta)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)與(yu)(yu)苗(miao)(miao)木在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)圃(pu)中原(yuan)來(lai)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)相同(tong)或(huo)略(lve)深(shen)(shen)(shen)。最(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)將余(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)填平(ping)，澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)封穴，并在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)干(gan)周圍培(pei)成30cm左(zuo)(zuo)右高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堆。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)15天(tian)(tian)內如天(tian)(tian)氣干(gan)旱(han)(han)要(yao)(yao)澆一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 3.5 果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li) 3.5.1 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)改(gai)(gai)良(liang)與(yu)(yu)中耕(geng)覆(fu)蓋(gai)(gai) 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)瘠薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)深(shen)(shen)(shen)翻擴穴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法，使(shi)(shi)(shi)活土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層達到(dao)60cm以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)；沙(sha)地(di)(di)(di)(di)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)抽沙(sha)換土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)或(huo)客土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)客土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)參(can)沙(sha)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)措施，改(gai)(gai)良(liang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)清耕(geng)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)季(ji)(ji)節(jie)降(jiang)雨(yu)或(huo)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)中耕(geng)松(song)(song)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，保(bao)持(chi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)疏(shu)松(song)(song)無雜草(cao)，中耕(geng)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)5～10cm。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)覆(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)春夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)節(jie)每(mei)畝(mu)覆(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)作(zuo)(zuo)物秸稈或(huo)雜草(cao)1000～1500kg，覆(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)厚(hou)度(du)10～15cm，上(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)適(shi)量(liang)壓土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，連覆(fu)2～3年(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)深(shen)(shen)(shen)翻一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)。 3.5.2 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li) 要(yao)(yao)澆好(hao)花(hua)(hua)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、硬核水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、采(cai)(cai)(cai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)采(cai)(cai)(cai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。當天(tian)(tian)氣干(gan)旱(han)(han)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)降(jiang)到(dao)田間(jian)最(zui)大(da)持(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)60%以(yi)(yi)(yi)下時(shi)(shi)，要(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式以(yi)(yi)(yi)畦(qi)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、穴灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、溝(gou)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，有(you)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)微噴(pen)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)，要(yao)(yao)挖好(hao)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溝(gou)，及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)排出園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 施足基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)磷(lin)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。 ①基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)：秋季(ji)(ji)落葉(xie)(xie)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)（9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中旬到(dao)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份）施用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)農(nong)(nong)家(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，混(hun)加(jia)少量(liang)氮(dan)素(su)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。施肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)按(an)1kg鮮(xian)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)施2～3kg優(you)質(zhi)農(nong)(nong)家(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)計(ji)算，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般盛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)每(mei)畝(mu)施2000～3000kg優(you)質(zhi)腐熟(shu)農(nong)(nong)家(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)溝(gou)施或(huo)撒施為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，施肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)部(bu)(bu)位在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)冠(guan)投(tou)影范(fan)圍內。 ②追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)：每(mei)年(nian)三(san)次(ci)(ci)，第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)萌芽(ya)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)；第二(er)次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)膨大(da)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)磷(lin)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，氮(dan)磷(lin)鉀(jia)混(hun)合使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；第三(san)次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。施肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)(he)施肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)特(te)(te)點(dian)確(que)定(ding)，結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般每(mei)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)100kg大(da)櫻(ying)桃(tao)需(xu)追(zhui)施純氮(dan)1kg、五氧化(hua)(hua)二(er)磷(lin)0.5kg、氧化(hua)(hua)鉀(jia)1kg。方(fang)(fang)(fang)法是樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)冠(guan)下開溝(gou)，溝(gou)深(shen)(shen)(shen)15～20cm，追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 3.6 花(hua)(hua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li) 花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)人(ren)工授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)坐果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率，推廣花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)放蜂輔(fu)助(zhu)授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)開花(hua)(hua)初期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，每(mei)畝(mu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)釋放壁蜂100頭(tou)左(zuo)(zuo)右。盛花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)疏(shu)去弱質(zhi)花(hua)(hua)、畸(ji)形(xing)花(hua)(hua)，生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)(li)(li)落果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)結(jie)束后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，疏(shu)去小果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)(he)畸(ji)形(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)適(shi)當摘(zhai)除果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)附近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遮光(guang)(guang)葉(xie)(xie)片，促使(shi)(shi)(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全(quan)面(mian)均勻著色，還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)冠(guan)下鋪反(fan)光(guang)(guang)膜。 3.7 整(zheng)形(xing)修剪(jian)(jian) 根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)度(du)、干(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)弱和(he)(he)(he)根(gen)(gen)系(xi)狀(zhuang)況選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)適(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)形(xing)。中密(mi)(mi)度(du)4～3m×4.5～4m、干(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)弱、根(gen)(gen)系(xi)較(jiao)淺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)(zi)然形(xing)。密(mi)(mi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3～2m×3.5～3m、干(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)、根(gen)(gen)系(xi)較(jiao)深(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)改(gai)(gai)良(liang)主(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)形(xing)。做(zuo)好(hao)夏(xia)、冬兩(liang)季(ji)(ji)修剪(jian)(jian)。 夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)修剪(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)4～8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)抹芽(ya)、刻芽(ya)、拉枝、摘(zhai)心、扭梢(shao)、剪(jian)(jian)梢(shao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)技術，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)調(diao)控樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)長(chang)(chang)勢(shi)，改(gai)(gai)善光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)，促進(jin)(jin)花(hua)(hua)芽(ya)形(xing)成。 冬季(ji)(ji)修剪(jian)(jian)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)萌芽(ya)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)發(fa)育狀(zhuang)況，采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)疏(shu)枝、緩放、短(duan)截(jie)、回縮等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法。剪(jian)(jian)口(kou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)愈傷(shang)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)腐膜及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)封閉，保(bao)護傷(shang)口(kou)愈合組織(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。冬季(ji)(ji)修剪(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)注意剪(jian)(jian)除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)枝，清除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)僵果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。 3.8 病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)： 3.8.1 防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)則 按(an)照(zhao)“預防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，綜合防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)針，堅(jian)持(chi)“農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，物理(li)(li)(li)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，化(hua)(hua)學(xue)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)輔(fu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無害(hai)(hai)(hai)化(hua)(hua)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)則。 3.8.2 農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 合理(li)(li)(li)輪作(zuo)(zuo)、加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)措施，調(diao)整(zheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)營養狀(zhuang)況，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)抗(kang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)能力(li)，抑制病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)。 3.8.3 物理(li)(li)(li)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)物學(xue)特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)人(ren)工撲(pu)殺、樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)干(gan)纏草(cao)把和(he)(he)(he)殺蟲(chong)(chong)燈誘殺等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)。 3.8.4 化(hua)(hua)學(xue)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)各(ge)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類、程度(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，科學(xue)合理(li)(li)(li)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預測預報的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)(shang)，做(zuo)到(dao)有(you)針對(dui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)，未達到(dao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)指標或(huo)益、害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)比(bi)合理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下不用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)。允許(xu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)，每(mei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)年(nian)最(zui)多(duo)(duo)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)二(er)次(ci)(ci)。最(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)施藥(yao)距(ju)(ju)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)隔應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)20天(tian)(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。限制使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)，每(mei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)年(nian)最(zui)多(duo)(duo)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)。 ①休眠期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初至(zhi)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中旬)：結(jie)合冬季(ji)(ji)修剪(jian)(jian)涂刷30～50石硫(liu)合劑，萌芽(ya)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)15～20天(tian)(tian)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)30%機(ji)油石硫(liu)微乳劑800倍液加(jia)10%蚜(ya)(ya)虱凈(jing)可(ke)濕性(xing)(xing)(xing)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)劑3000倍液噴(pen)霧(wu)清園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)越冬蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)、介殼蟲(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)和(he)(he)(he)穿(chuan)孔(kong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)葉(xie)(xie)部(bu)(bu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。 ②萌芽(ya)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中旬至(zhi)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初)：全(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)噴(pen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)遍(bian)30～50石硫(liu)合劑，防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)越冬蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)、介殼蟲(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)和(he)(he)(he)穿(chuan)孔(kong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)葉(xie)(xie)部(bu)(bu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。 ③開花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中下旬至(zhi)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)(shang)、中旬)：花(hua)(hua)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)10%高(gao)(gao)(gao)效(xiao)氯氰菊酯(zhi)1500倍液噴(pen)霧(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。 ④花(hua)(hua)芽(ya)形(xing)成期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)新梢(shao)旺(wang)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)(shang)中旬至(zhi)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)(shang)旬)：雨(yu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)噴(pen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)遍(bian)10%多(duo)(duo)菌靈800～1000倍液，或(huo)75%百菌清500～600倍液防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穿(chuan)孔(kong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)；用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)10%溴(xiu)蟲(chong)(chong)腈(jing)懸(xuan)浮劑1500倍液或(huo)阿維菌素(su)3000～4000倍液噴(pen)霧(wu)，防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)螨(man)類、黃(huang)刺(ci)蛾等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)。 ⑤新梢(shao)緩慢生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬至(zhi)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)末)：用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菊酯(zhi)類農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)噴(pen)霧(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)青葉(xie)(xie)蟬成蟲(chong)(chong)，選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)波(bo)爾多(duo)(duo)液、代(dai)森(sen)錳鋅、農(nong)(nong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鏈霉素(su)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)葉(xie)(xie)面(mian)噴(pen)霧(wu)保(bao)護葉(xie)(xie)片。 3.9 產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)收(shou)(shou)獲及(ji)(ji)處理(li)(li)(li) 3.9.1 采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi) 根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成熟(shu)度(du)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途和(he)(he)(he)市場需(xu)求(qiu)綜合確(que)定(ding)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。就地(di)(di)(di)(di)銷(xiao)售(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充分(fen)成熟(shu)時(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)；長(chang)(chang)途運(yun)輸(shu)或(huo)貯藏保(bao)鮮(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)八(ba)、九分(fen)熟(shu)時(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)。成熟(shu)不一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)分(fen)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)。 3.9.2 采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法 采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)工采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)晴天(tian)(tian)傍晚采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)為(wei)(wei)好(hao)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)下來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，存放于(yu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中干(gan)凈(jing)陰涼處，及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)剔除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、僵果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、爛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，要(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)級(ji)。 3.10 生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄(lu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu) 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)整(zheng)個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過程中，設專人(ren)做(zuo)好(hao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下記(ji)錄(lu)：生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)點(dian)、農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)名稱，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)，施肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（藥(yao)）名稱、方(fang)(fang)(fang)式、時(shi)(shi)間(jian)、施用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)，產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)收(shou)(shou)獲、倉儲、銷(xiao)售(shou)(shou)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、方(fang)(fang)(fang)式、數量(liang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。