一.產品介紹
汝陽(yang)杜(du)仲(zhong)是(shi)河南省洛陽(yang)市汝陽(yang)縣的特產。汝陽(yang)杜(du)仲(zhong)具補肝(gan)腎、強筋(jin)骨、降血壓、安胎等諸多功效。2000年汝陽(yang)縣被中(zhong)國經濟林協會命名為(wei)“全國杜(du)仲(zhong)之鄉”。
河南汝(ru)陽(yang)(yang)地處豫西(xi)山區,全縣總面(mian)積(ji)199.7萬(wan)畝,其(qi)中:林業用地面(mian)積(ji)111.3萬(wan)畝,全縣森林覆蓋率51.5%,汝(ru)陽(yang)(yang)縣屬暖溫(wen)帶(dai)落葉(xie)闊葉(xie)林帶(dai),地形復雜,氣候差異(yi)大(da),林業資源豐富,植物(wu)種類繁多,其(qi)優(you)越(yue)的自然條(tiao)件十分有利于杜(du)仲的生長發育。
新中國60年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來,汝(ru)陽(yang)的(de)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)展經歷(li)了(le)(le)大(da)落大(da)起的(de)變化,1957年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)前,汝(ru)陽(yang)合(he)抱粗的(de)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)樹到處(chu)洛陽(yang)林(lin)(lin)源杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)開發(fa)有限公司(si)獲譽眾多(duo)可(ke)見,1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),隨(sui)著大(da)煉鋼鐵運(yun)動(dong)的(de)開展,杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)幾乎(hu)被毀殆(dai)盡。在20世紀80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai),隨(sui)著改(gai)革(ge)開放(fang)的(de)不斷(duan)深入,杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)藥用(yong)及(ji)(ji)民用(yong)需求日益增大(da),汝(ru)陽(yang)及(ji)(ji)時提出(chu)了(le)(le)大(da)力(li)發(fa)展杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)的(de)可(ke)行性規劃(hua),并于1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)元月向(xiang)河南省林(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)廳提交了(le)(le)“建立十萬(wan)畝杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)”的(de)可(ke)行性報告(gao),1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)河南省林(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)廳批準(zhun)汝(ru)陽(yang)為杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)縣(xian);1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又被林(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)部批準(zhun)為杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)縣(xian),1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)國家計委和林(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)部聯合(he)確定汝(ru)陽(yang)為國家以工代(dai)賑(zhen)林(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)扶貧(pin)示(shi)范項目,從而使汝(ru)陽(yang)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)建設又上(shang)了(le)(le)一個新臺(tai)階。目前,全縣(xian)已發(fa)展杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)21.5萬(wan)畝,占全縣(xian)經濟(ji)林(lin)(lin)總面積36.8萬(wan)畝的(de)58.4%,杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)皮、葉及(ji)(ji)系(xi)列產(chan)品(pin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)量達1560萬(wan)公斤,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)總產(chan)值1.2億(yi)元,2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)被中國經濟(ji)林(lin)(lin)協會命(ming)名(ming)為“全國杜(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)之鄉”。
龍翁詩杜(du)仲保(bao)健茶(cha)功(gong)效(xiao)顯著 杜(du)仲發(fa)展(zhan)伊始,汝陽縣(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)政府就明確提出了“規(gui)模發(fa)展(zhan)、集約經營、整體(ti)效(xiao)益、長久(jiu)優勢”的發(fa)展(zhan)思路,堅持一手抓資源(yuan)培育,一手抓資源(yuan)保(bao)護,造、管并重(zhong)的方針。圍繞這一思路,制(zhi)定了杜(du)仲基地(di)建設發(fa)展(zhan)總體(ti)規(gui)劃,并提交縣(xian)(xian)人大審議通過,使杜(du)仲基地(di)納(na)入法制(zhi)化軌道。
為提(ti)高杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)科技(ji)(ji)含量,在基(ji)地(di)建設的(de)同時,成立(li)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)課題研究(jiu)小組(zu),對杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)育苗技(ji)(ji)術、剝皮(pi)再生(sheng)利用、杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)質資源(yuan)進(jin)行了調查研究(jiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,調查了全(quan)國11個(ge)省、市、區(qu),收(shou)集品種(zhong)(zhong)及(ji)(ji)變種(zhong)(zhong)28個(ge),從(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)篩(shai)選出(chu)優良(liang)品種(zhong)(zhong)13個(ge)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)粉作為飼料(liao)添加(jia)劑(ji)喂雞,其中(zhong)(zhong)華仲(zhong)1-5號(hao)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)優良(liang)系(xi)(xi),已被國家納入(ru)“星火計劃”項目。“杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)質及(ji)(ji)剝皮(pi)技(ji)(ji)術研究(jiu)”課題獲(huo)河南省人(ren)民(min)政府科技(ji)(ji)進(jin)步三(san)等獎,河南省林(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)科技(ji)(ji)進(jin)步二等獎。 隨著杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)基(ji)地(di)的(de)擴大(da)和皮(pi)、葉產(chan)(chan)(chan)量的(de)逐(zhu)年(nian)增加(jia),汝(ru)陽(yang)縣委、縣政府按照產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)的(de)要求,把廉價出(chu)售皮(pi)、葉產(chan)(chan)(chan)品轉向以(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)增值為主的(de)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)系(xi)(xi)列產(chan)(chan)(chan)品加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)來(lai),使林(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)向工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)延伸,工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與林(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)配套,走出(chu)一條“山(shan)上(shang)建基(ji)地(di),山(shan)下辦工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠,山(shan)外拓(tuo)市場(chang),科技(ji)(ji)創高效”的(de)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)開發路子,自1990年(nian)以(yi)來(lai),先后建成洛(luo)(luo)陽(yang)市“天然綠色食品有(you)限公司(si)、洛(luo)(luo)陽(yang)樹(shu)仁(ren)公司(si)、洛(luo)(luo)陽(yang)市林(lin)源(yuan)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)開發有(you)限公司(si)、北京山(shan)里紅杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)飲(yin)品有(you)限公司(si)”,研制開發出(chu)具(ju)有(you)穩壓、健體、強(qiang)身的(de)口服液系(xi)(xi)列產(chan)(chan)(chan)品和杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)保健茶(cha)、飲(yin)品系(xi)(xi)列產(chan)(chan)(chan)品,從(cong)根本上(shang)解(jie)決了我縣發展杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)的(de)后顧(gu)之憂,為杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)再上(shang)新(xin)臺階注(zhu)入(ru)了新(xin)的(de)活力。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
2.1土(tu)壤(rang)地(di)貌情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang) 包(bao)括土(tu)壤(rang)類(lei)型、pH值、土(tu)壤(rang)肥力狀(zhuang)況(kuang)(kuang)和(he)(he)(he)地(di)形(xing)地(di)貌等典型特(te)(te)征。 汝(ru)陽(yang)(yang)杜仲主要分(fen)(fen)布在南部山(shan)區(qu)(qu),屬(shu)秦嶺余(yu)脈、外方(fang)山(shan)區(qu)(qu),土(tu)壤(rang)類(lei)型主要是褐土(tu),其次是石質土(tu)和(he)(he)(he)粗骨(gu)土(tu),土(tu)層厚度(du)(du)多(duo)數(shu)在80cm以(yi)上。PH值7.1~8.1之間,有機質含(han)(han)量(liang)11.1~31.3g/kg,全氮含(han)(han)量(liang)為(wei)0.54~2.75g/kg,有效磷含(han)(han)量(liang)12.5~33.4g/kg,速效鉀含(han)(han)量(liang)71~378mg/kg,富含(han)(han)多(duo)種微(wei)量(liang)元素,土(tu)壤(rang)相(xiang)對疏松。森林覆蓋(gai)率88%。環境優(you)良,零(ling)工(gong)業,無(wu)污(wu)染。海拔在1000~1600m。 2.2水(shui)文(wen)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang) 包(bao)括水(shui)系、水(shui)源和(he)(he)(he)水(shui)質情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)及影響(xiang)因子。 保護區(qu)(qu)境內(nei)流域面(mian)積分(fen)(fen)屬(shu)黃、淮兩大(da)流域,地(di)下(xia)水(shui)蘊藏豐富,充(chong)足的水(shui)資源為(wei)汝(ru)陽(yang)(yang)香菇(gu)提供(gong)了(le)良好的灌溉條(tiao)件。 2.3氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang) 包(bao)括季(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)、溫度(du)(du)、濕度(du)(du)、日(ri)照(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)降水(shui)等特(te)(te)殊氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)因子。 汝(ru)陽(yang)(yang)縣地(di)處東亞中(zhong)緯度(du)(du)地(di)帶,屬(shu)暖溫帶半(ban)濕潤季(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)區(qu)(qu)大(da)陸性季(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)候(hou)(hou) 。其特(te)(te)點:光(guang)照(zhao)充(chong)足,氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)溫和(he)(he)(he),四(si)季(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)明。年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)≧0℃積溫5181℃,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫14.0℃,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)降水(shui)量(liang)673.1mm,無(wu)霜期213天左右;年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)數(shu)為(wei)2164小時(shi)。冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)寒冷(leng)少雨雪,春季(ji)(ji)(ji)干旱多(duo)風(feng),夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)炎熱多(duo)雨,秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)(ji)天高氣(qi)爽,晝夜溫差大(da)。
三.地域范圍
汝陽(yang)杜(du)仲地域保護范(fan)圍為河(he)南省洛(luo)陽(yang)市汝陽(yang)縣境(jing)內,涉及城(cheng)關鎮(zhen)、上店(dian)鎮(zhen)、柏(bo)樹鄉(xiang)(xiang)、十八盤鄉(xiang)(xiang)、付(fu)店(dian)鎮(zhen)、靳村鄉(xiang)(xiang)、三(san)屯鎮(zhen)、劉店(dian)鎮(zhen)、王坪鄉(xiang)(xiang)、蔡店(dian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)共10個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)。汝陽(yang)杜(du)仲保護范(fan)圍地理坐(zuo)標為東經112°8′—112 °38′,北緯33°49′—34°21′之間(jian),生產(chan)(chan)規模(mo)1.67萬公頃,年(nian)產(chan)(chan)量 3萬噸。
四.產品品質特性特征
4.1外在感(gan)(gan)官(guan)特(te)(te)征(zheng) 是指通(tong)過(guo)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)官(guan)(視覺、味覺、嗅覺、觸覺等(deng))能夠感(gan)(gan)知、感(gan)(gan)受到的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)殊(shu)品質(zhi)及(ji)風味特(te)(te)征(zheng)。 汝陽杜仲干葉呈暗(an)(an)綠(lv)色(se)(se)或(huo)褐色(se)(se),葉片厚(hou)實,斷面有均(jun)勻橡膠(jiao)(jiao)絲,銀(yin)白色(se)(se),富彈性(xing)。杜仲皮(pi)(pi)(pi)為(wei)扁平的(de)(de)(de)(de)板片狀或(huo)兩邊(bian)稍(shao)向內(nei)(nei)卷的(de)(de)(de)(de)塊片,少(shao)數為(wei)微曲(qu)薄片,厚(hou)約2~7mm。杜仲外表面淺棕(zong)色(se)(se)或(huo)灰褐色(se)(se),未刮凈粗皮(pi)(pi)(pi)者(zhe)可見縱溝或(huo)裂(lie)紋(wen),具斜方形(xing)(xing)橫(heng)裂(lie)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)孔,厚(hou)者(zhe)具縱槽狀皮(pi)(pi)(pi)孔,內(nei)(nei)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)呈暗(an)(an)紫褐色(se)(se),斷面橡膠(jiao)(jiao)絲多而密。味苦,嚼之始有顆粒感(gan)(gan),后有棉花感(gan)(gan)。種(zhong)子扁平,線形(xing)(xing),長1.4~1.5㎝,寬3 mm,兩端圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),堅(jian)果(guo)位于中(zhong)央,稍(shao)突起。 4.2內(nei)(nei)在品質(zhi)特(te)(te)征(zheng) 是指需要通(tong)過(guo)儀(yi)器檢測的(de)(de)(de)(de)可量化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨特(te)(te)理(li)化(hua)(hua)指標(biao)。 根據農(nong)業部農(nong)產品質(zhi)量監督(du)檢驗測試中(zhong)心(xin)(鄭州)檢測結果(guo)顯示,汝陽杜仲內(nei)(nei)在品質(zhi)指標(biao):綠(lv)原酸8.10~9.90g/kg。 4.3安(an)全(quan)要求 明(ming)確登記產品市場(chang)準(zhun)入所遵循(xun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國家強制性(xing)技術(shu)規范名稱(cheng)、具體內(nei)(nei)容和相(xiang)關法律法規規定(ding)。嚴格按照《中(zhong)藥材生產質(zhi)量管(guan)理(li)規范(GAP)》標(biao)準(zhun)進行(xing),禁止(zhi)使用未依(yi)法登記和國家明(ming)令(ling)禁止(zhi)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業投入品,推(tui)行(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)生產,切實保(bao)障杜仲質(zhi)量安(an)全(quan)。
五.特定生產方式
3.1 產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze) 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層深(shen)(shen)(shen)厚(hou)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)松、富含(han)有(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、透(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)透(tou)氣良好、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)酸性(xing)至微(wei)堿性(xing)、排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)向陽(yang)緩坡(po)地(di)(di)(di)(di),周(zhou)邊環(huan)(huan)境不(bu)得有(you)(you)污染(ran)源。在生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)中不(bu)準使用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢棄物,城市垃圾和(he)污泥,不(bu)得使用(yong)(yong)(yong)未經(jing)發(fa)酵腐(fu)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人畜糞(fen)便(bian)(bian)等(deng)有(you)(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)料,防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)污染(ran)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)環(huan)(huan)境。 3.2 品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze) 汝陽(yang)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)汝陽(yang)野(ye)生(sheng)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)馴(xun)化品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)特征是(shi)(shi):根(gen)(gen)(gen)莖短(duan)粗,根(gen)(gen)(gen)數(shu)條,長(chang)圓柱狀(zhuang)(zhuang),略彎曲,長(chang)約20cm(有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)達(da)33cm),直經(jing)0.3~1.5cm。新根(gen)(gen)(gen)表面紅(hong)棕色(se),粗糙,具縱橫(heng)紋。老(lao)根(gen)(gen)(gen)外皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)疏(shu)(shu)松,多顯(xian)紫棕色(se),斷(duan)面疏(shu)(shu)松,質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)硬(ying)而(er)脆,有(you)(you)裂隙或(huo)(huo)略平整而(er)致密(mi),皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)部棕紅(hong)色(se),氣微(wei),味微(wei)苦澀。 3.3 生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理 汝陽(yang)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)包括選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及處理、育苗(miao)、整地(di)(di)(di)(di)、移栽(zai)(zai)(zai)、大(da)田管(guan)(guan)理、病(bing)蟲害(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)、采收(shou)(shou)加(jia)工(gong)等(deng)步驟。 3.3.1 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及處理 杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞受多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。目(mu)前生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)上(shang)(shang)多根(gen)(gen)(gen)據(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外觀特征進(jin)行(xing)鑒別(bie)。合(he)格種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)翌年(nian)(nian)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)芽(ya)率(lv)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)在50%以(yi)上(shang)(shang),如(ru)(ru)采取(qu)低溫或(huo)(huo)密(mi)封保存,優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發(fa)芽(ya)率(lv)可(ke)(ke)達(da)90%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。汝陽(yang)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)新鮮,有(you)(you)光澤(ze),棕黃(huang)(huang)至棕褐色(se);種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)仁處突出(chu)(chu)(chu)明(ming)顯(xian),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)仁充實(shi)、飽滿(man),剝(bo)(bo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)胚乳為(wei)米黃(huang)(huang)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),放(fang)入60℃水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中浸泡,自然降(jiang)溫,保持20℃,浸泡2~3d,當(dang)(dang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)膨脹(zhang),果(guo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)軟(ruan)化后(hou)取(qu)出(chu)(chu)(chu),控凈水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)待播(bo)(bo)。 3.3.2育苗(miao) 3.3.2.1 苗(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)建立 育苗(miao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)松、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)濕潤、肥(fei)(fei)沃、排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緩坡(po)地(di)(di)(di)(di),秋季(ji)(ji)(ji)深(shen)(shen)(shen)翻地(di)(di)(di)(di),施(shi)(shi)足(zu)基(ji)肥(fei)(fei),然后(hou)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)并(bing)進(jin)行(xing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)消毒(du)。山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)順山(shan)走勢(shi),床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)面寬1.2~1.5m,便(bian)(bian)于作(zuo)業(ye)(ye),長(chang)度(du)因地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)而(er)定(ding)(ding),一(yi)(yi)(yi)般長(chang)度(du)在3~5m。平地(di)(di)(di)(di)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)挖(wa)深(shen)(shen)(shen)25~30cm、寬1.0~1.2m、長(chang)度(du)因地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)而(er)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)作(zuo)為(wei)畦(qi)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)。 3.3.2.2 播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) 將處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)拌入草(cao)木(mu)灰和(he)干(gan)土(tu)(tu)(tu),山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般采用(yong)(yong)(yong)條播(bo)(bo)(壟式(shi)),行(xing)距20~25cm,株距10cm,深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)2~3cm,覆土(tu)(tu)(tu)厚(hou)1~2cm,厚(hou)薄要(yao)(yao)均(jun)勻。每(mei)畝(mu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量4~5kg,播(bo)(bo)后(hou)澆透(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。上(shang)(shang)面覆蓋雜草(cao)或(huo)(huo)樹葉(xie),防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分蒸(zheng)發(fa)或(huo)(huo)晚霜為(wei)害(hai)(hai),在不(bu)影(ying)響苗(miao)木(mu)生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況下(xia)(xia),覆蓋物可(ke)(ke)留于床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)面。 3.3.2.3 苗(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)管(guan)(guan)理。一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)間(jian)苗(miao),剔(ti)除(chu)過密(mi)、病(bing)害(hai)(hai)幼苗(miao),拔除(chu)雜草(cao)。根(gen)(gen)(gen)據(ju)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)墑情(qing)(qing)及時澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 3.3.3 整地(di)(di)(di)(di) 于當(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)春(chun)季(ji)(ji)(ji)2月下(xia)(xia)旬(xun)~3月上(shang)(shang)旬(xun)進(jin)行(xing)。每(mei)畝(mu)撒施(shi)(shi)農(nong)家(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)3m3,或(huo)(huo)100 kg三元復合(he)肥(fei)(fei)。深(shen)(shen)(shen)翻25~30cm。作(zuo)畦(qi)寬1.5~2m,利于灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉。 3.3.4移栽(zai)(zai)(zai) 汝陽(yang)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)移栽(zai)(zai)(zai)在春(chun)天(tian)進(jin)行(xing),移栽(zai)(zai)(zai)要(yao)(yao)全面翻耕(geng),挖(wa)直徑(jing)約70cm,深(shen)(shen)(shen)70cm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)坑(keng),坑(keng)內施(shi)(shi)優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)農(nong)家(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei),且(qie)與土(tu)(tu)(tu)混合(he)均(jun)勻,每(mei)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量1000~1500kg,株行(xing)距1.5m*2m,選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)苗(miao)高(gao)100cm左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無病(bing)害(hai)(hai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao),邊起(qi)苗(miao)邊移栽(zai)(zai)(zai)。 3.3.5 大(da)田管(guan)(guan)理 3.3.5.1 中耕(geng)除(chu)草(cao) 移栽(zai)(zai)(zai)當(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般中耕(geng)3到4次(ci)(ci),結合(he)中耕(geng)除(chu)掉田間(jian)雜草(cao)。 3.3.5.2 追肥(fei)(fei) 每(mei)年(nian)(nian)春(chun)季(ji)(ji)(ji)萌芽(ya)前和(he)秋季(ji)(ji)(ji)落葉(xie)后(hou)各(ge)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci),第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)肥(fei)(fei)以(yi)氮肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),起(qi)到促苗(miao)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong);第(di)二(er)次(ci)(ci)肥(fei)(fei)以(yi)農(nong)家(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)或(huo)(huo)三元復合(he)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),作(zuo)為(wei)基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)。 3.3.5.3 灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui) 灌(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)次(ci)(ci)數(shu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)根(gen)(gen)(gen)據(ju)氣候條件而(er)定(ding)(ding),降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量大(da)約600毫升,正常年(nian)(nian)份可(ke)(ke)不(bu)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量小(xiao)于600毫升,應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)3~4次(ci)(ci),萌芽(ya)前,新梢(shao)生(sheng)長(chang)期(qi),休(xiu)眠期(qi)各(ge)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci),剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)前3~5d灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)。如(ru)(ru)遇連(lian)陰雨天(tian)氣,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現積水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時,應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)及時排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 3.3.5.4 病(bing)蟲害(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi) 杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)病(bing)害(hai)(hai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)猝倒(dao)病(bing)、葉(xie)枯(ku)病(bing)、根(gen)(gen)(gen)腐(fu)病(bing),猝倒(dao)病(bing)和(he)葉(xie)枯(ku)病(bing)在發(fa)病(bing)初期(qi)噴65%代森鋅可(ke)(ke)濕性(xing)粉劑500~600倍液,25d噴一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci),根(gen)(gen)(gen)腐(fu)病(bing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)70%甲(jia)基(ji)托布津可(ke)(ke)濕性(xing)粉劑,挖(wa)寬30~45cm,深(shen)(shen)(shen)50~70cm環(huan)(huan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)溝(gou)3~5條,100~150g/株,施(shi)(shi)入樹冠(guan)外圍。 3.3.5.5 采收(shou)(shou)加(jia)工(gong) 杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般當(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)采葉(xie)利用(yong)(yong)(yong),采葉(xie)于8~10月進(jin)行(xing),晴天(tian)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)成(cheng)熟綠葉(xie)采收(shou)(shou),自然曬(shai)干(gan)即可(ke)(ke)。杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)10~15年(nian)(nian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)才能(neng)開始(shi)剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi),剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)于4~6月進(jin)行(xing),用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋸子(zi)齊(qi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面鋸一(yi)(yi)(yi)環(huan)(huan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)口(kou)(kou),深(shen)(shen)(shen)達(da)木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部,向上(shang)(shang)80cm處再(zai)鋸第(di)二(er)道(dao)環(huan)(huan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)口(kou)(kou),在2個(ge)環(huan)(huan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)口(kou)(kou)中間(jian)縱割一(yi)(yi)(yi)切(qie)口(kou)(kou),用(yong)(yong)(yong)竹片刀(dao)從縱割口(kou)(kou)輕(qing)(qing)輕(qing)(qing)剝(bo)(bo)邊,使樹皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)與木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分離。剝(bo)(bo)下(xia)(xia)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)開水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)燙后(hou),層層緊(jin)實(shi)重疊平放(fang)在麥草(cao)墊(dian)底(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平地(di)(di)(di)(di)上(shang)(shang),上(shang)(shang)蓋木(mu)板,加(jia)重物壓(ya)實(shi),四周(zhou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)草(cao)圍緊(jin),使其發(fa)汗(han),7d左右,內皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)呈暗紫褐色(se),取(qu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)曬(shai)干(gan),刮去粗皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)即可(ke)(ke)。 3.3.5.6 生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)記錄(lu) 在整個(ge)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)中,設專人做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好以(yi)下(xia)(xia)記錄(lu):生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)點、農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品名(ming)稱(cheng)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)耕(geng)作(zuo)、施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)名(ming)稱(cheng)、方(fang)(fang)式(shi)、時間(jian)、施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量、施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥名(ming)稱(cheng)、防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)對象(xiang)、方(fang)(fang)式(shi)、時間(jian)、施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥量、產(chan)(chan)(chan)品收(shou)(shou)獲、倉儲、銷售(shou)等(deng)項目(mu)名(ming)稱(cheng)、方(fang)(fang)式(shi)、數(shu)量等(deng)。