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太祖:李繼遷
0 票數:0 #皇帝#
夏太祖李繼遷(963年—1004年1月26日),本姓拓跋氏,銀州(今陜西榆林米脂縣)人。982年(北宋太平興國七年、遼乾亨四年),李繼遷得知族兄李繼捧迫于族內壓力入朝,并交出夏、綏、銀、宥、靜五州地后,與弟李繼沖、親信張浦等人組織黨項各部叛宋。后來李繼遷派張浦帶著重幣到遼國,向遼圣宗表示愿意歸附,取得遼的支持。1004年(北宋景德元年、遼統和二十二年),李繼遷中吐蕃潘羅支之計,傷重而死,年僅42歲。
  • 中文名: 李(li)繼遷
  • 別號名稱: 拓跋繼遷、趙保吉、西平王、夏王、神武皇帝、武宗、太祖
  • 出生日期: 963年
  • 性別:
  • 國籍: 中(zhong)國(guo)
  • 民族: 黨項族
  • 出生地: 銀州(今陜西榆(yu)林米脂縣(xian))
  • 生肖:
  • 去世日期: 1004年1月(yue)26日(ri)
  • 主要成就: 奠定西夏基礎、占據西平府、即位為夏國王
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人物生平

家世背景

李(li)繼(ji)遷是北魏(wei)(wei)鮮卑后(hou)裔,《宋史(shi)》記載。李(li)元昊上宋仁宗表章說:“臣的(de)(de)先祖本是帝胄之后(hou),在東晉衰亡之時,創立(li)北魏(wei)(wei)基業。”《遼(liao)史(shi)》記載西夏(xia)本是北魏(wei)(wei)皇族拓跋氏(shi)的(de)(de)后(hou)裔。《金史(shi)》稱西夏(xia)的(de)(de)建(jian)國歷程非常長,黨項大臣羅(luo)世昌列(lie)出西夏(xia)世系,自稱北魏(wei)(wei)末年,皇統衰微。故而西夏(xia)皇帝的(de)(de)祖先居住(zhu)松州,延續了皇族舊姓拓跋氏(shi)。

李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼遷是北魏鮮卑后裔。在唐太宗(zong)貞(zhen)觀初年時,李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼遷的(de)祖先拓(tuo)跋赤辭歸唐,被唐太宗(zong)賜姓(xing)為李(li)(li)(li)(li)氏。唐僖(xi)宗(zong)時,李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼遷的(de)高祖父(fu)李(li)(li)(li)(li)思忠,與從兄(xiong)李(li)(li)(li)(li)思恭征討黃(huang)巢時陣亡(wang)。自此(ci)黨項李(li)(li)(li)(li)氏得世據以夏州(zhou)為中心的(de)五(wu)州(zhou)之地,號定難軍。歷(li)唐末五(wu)代交替而不變。其曾祖父(fu)李(li)(li)(li)(li)仁顏(yan),仕(shi)后唐,為銀州(zhou)防御使。李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼遷祖父(fu)李(li)(li)(li)(li)彝(yi)景仕(shi)后晉,父(fu)親李(li)(li)(li)(li)光儼仕(shi)后周。

出奔自立

963年(nian)(北(bei)宋建隆四年(nian)、遼應歷十三年(nian)),李(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)出生于銀州(今(jin)陜西榆林)無定河(he),據說李(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)生下來就有牙(ya)齒。李(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)長大后勇悍(han)有謀,“擅騎射,饒(rao)智數”而聞名鄉里。975年(nian)(北(bei)宋開寶八(ba)年(nian)、遼保寧七(qi)年(nian)),定難軍節(jie)度使(shi)李(li)(li)光睿(rui)(李(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)的(de)族(zu)叔)愛其才,授年(nian)僅十二歲的(de)李(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)為管內都知蕃(fan)落使(shi)。

982年(北宋(song)(song)太平興國七年、遼(liao)乾亨(heng)四年),族兄李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)捧入朝(chao),與(yu)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)克(ke)文(wen)(wen)不和,李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)克(ke)文(wen)(wen)在(zai)宋(song)(song)太宗(zong)面前進言不能讓李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)捧繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)任節(jie)度使(shi)之(zhi)位。于(yu)是(shi)定(ding)難(nan)軍留后(hou)(hou)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)捧獻地(di)(di)(di)朝(chao)宋(song)(song),宋(song)(song)太宗(zong)派使(shi)者(zhe)要(yao)求將(jiang)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)捧五(wu)(wu)服之(zhi)內的(de)(de)宗(zong)族入質汴京。這(zhe)時候(hou)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)始知五(wu)(wu)州(zhou)之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)盡歸宋(song)(song)朝(chao)廷。宋(song)(song)朝(chao)接收西夏(xia)五(wu)(wu)州(zhou)之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)時,李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)才二十歲,留居銀州(zhou)(今陜西榆林米脂縣)。宋(song)(song)朝(chao)的(de)(de)使(shi)臣(chen)到(dao)了之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)與(yu)親信張(zhang)浦(pu)披麻戴孝,假稱(cheng)乳母(mu)亡故(gu),外出(chu)(chu)下葬。實(shi)則李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)將(jiang)兵器藏在(zai)喪車與(yu)棺材內,出(chu)(chu)城之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)出(chu)(chu)奔距離夏(xia)州(zhou)三百里的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)斤澤(今內蒙古(gu)伊金(jin)霍(huo)洛(luo)旗西南),聯結黨項豪族,抗宋(song)(song)自(zi)立。當時豪族因為李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)勢單力(li)薄(bo),不肯(ken)與(yu)他一起起事(shi)。李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)將(jiang)遠祖拓跋思(si)忠(zhong)的(de)(de)畫像懸掛(gua)出(chu)(chu)來,顯示眾人(ren)。眾人(ren)看(kan)到(dao)畫像,泣涕跪(gui)拜(bai),于(yu)是(shi)歸附李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)的(de)(de)部落(luo)越來越多(duo)。同年十二月,李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)攻打(da)夏(xia)州(zhou)(今陜西靖(jing)邊(bian)縣),自(zi)此(ci)走上了與(yu)宋(song)(song)朝(chao)分(fen)庭抗禮的(de)(de)道(dao)路。

983年(nian)(北(bei)宋太(tai)(tai)平興國八(ba)年(nian)、遼統和元年(nian))三月,李(li)繼遷(qian)聽說李(li)繼捧(peng)等人都接受了宋太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)的(de)恩惠,于是(shi)遣(qian)使(shi)入貢宋朝。上表說明(ming)(ming),不(bu)愿(yuan)進汴京,但愿(yuan)長久(jiu)鎮守邊(bian)陲。宋太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)回(hui)信李(li)繼遷(qian),信中表彰了李(li)繼遷(qian)祖(zu)上效忠于中原王朝的(de)業(ye)績,同(tong)時也說明(ming)(ming)了歸(gui)順的(de)好處以及繼續(xu)頑(wan)抗的(de)后(hou)果,可謂是(shi)軟硬兼施。但是(shi)李(li)繼遷(qian)始(shi)終不(bu)為宋太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)所動。

創業受挫

983年(北宋(song)太平(ping)興(xing)國(guo)八年、遼(liao)統和元年)五月,由于李繼(ji)遷繼(ji)續(xu)侵擾宋(song)朝河西(xi)諸州,銀、夏各地無寧日。宋(song)太宗令銀、夏、綏、宥都巡檢使田欽祚(zuo)與(yu)西(xi)上閤門副使袁繼(ji)忠率兵(bing)巡護河西(xi)諸地。李繼(ji)遷從柞嶺率領部眾侵襲宋(song)軍,兩(liang)軍戰于葭蘆川(今陜西(xi)佳縣西(xi)北),李繼(ji)遷大敗,丟盔(kui)棄甲逃走。

九月,李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)聽說田(tian)欽祚(zuo)(zuo)、袁繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)忠屯兵三岔,控(kong)制(zhi)了通往夏(xia)州的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)害,暗地(di)(di)里率兵攻打(da)(da),沒能(neng)取勝,于(yu)是退入狐狢谷,田(tian)欽祚(zuo)(zuo)率軍(jun)出萬井口追殺李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)出來請戰,率領大(da)(da)軍(jun)在(zai)后(hou)面(mian)圍困雄武軍(jun)千余人(ren)(ren)。袁繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)忠命龍衛指揮荊嗣前去救(jiu)援,兩軍(jun)展開廝殺。李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)開始有些招架(jia)不住,損失人(ren)(ren)馬(ma)(ma)七百余。之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),田(tian)欽祚(zuo)(zuo)大(da)(da)軍(jun)回軍(jun),依山扎營(ying)(ying),李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)也駐營(ying)(ying)在(zai)山下(xia)。田(tian)欽祚(zuo)(zuo)與荊嗣招募(mu)了勁(jing)卒五十(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren),乘夜縱火攻打(da)(da)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)營(ying)(ying)。李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)沒有防備,營(ying)(ying)房都(dou)被(bei)宋(song)(song)軍(jun)燒毀,軍(jun)士死(si)者一千余人(ren)(ren)。十(shi)(shi)二月,宋(song)(song)太宗詔綏、銀(yin)、夏(xia)等州官吏,招攬逃(tao)到(dao)邊界(jie)以(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)農民(min)回到(dao)家(jia)園繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)續耕作,實則(ze)是為了招攬李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)轄(xia)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)農民(min),以(yi)對(dui)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)釜底抽薪。李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)見部(bu)(bu)下(xia)將(jiang)士都(dou)有回到(dao)宋(song)(song)朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)心思,對(dui)謀臣張(zhang)浦說:“我宗社長久以(yi)來都(dou)得不到(dao)修繕,而(er)且民(min)眾(zhong)在(zai)這荒蕪之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)都(dou)食(shi)不果(guo)腹。如(ru)今宋(song)(song)朝(chao)以(yi)雄厚的(de)(de)(de)財(cai)力(li)和豐(feng)饒的(de)(de)(de)物產(chan)招撫境(jing)外的(de)(de)(de)流民(min),使我們親離(li)眾(zhong)散,以(yi)后(hou)勢將(jiang)不能(neng)支撐(cheng)。”張(zhang)浦對(dui)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)說:“宋(song)(song)軍(jun)駐扎在(zai)銀(yin)、夏(xia)的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊十(shi)(shi)分多,我們很(hen)難與他(ta)們爭鋒。但是宥州(今內蒙古(gu)鄂托克前旗東)土地(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)分豐(feng)饒,而(er)且依托橫山(陜西省(sheng)橫山縣南)為界(jie),如(ru)果(guo)以(yi)此引誘諸部(bu)(bu)并力(li)圖之(zhi)(zhi),遏制(zhi)險(xian)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)城池(chi)以(yi)觀局(ju)勢的(de)(de)(de)發展,也是一條(tiao)圖謀復興的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)計。”李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)深以(yi)為然,于(yu)是糾合西戎部(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)力(li)圖攻打(da)(da),合兵二萬人(ren)(ren)攻打(da)(da)宥州。宋(song)(song)巡檢使李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)詢率所部(bu)(bu)蕃漢兵馬(ma)(ma)將(jiang)李(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)擊(ji)退。

984年(北(bei)(bei)宋(song)雍(yong)熙元(yuan)年、遼(liao)統和二年),李(li)(li)繼遷(qian)因為(wei)攻(gong)打宥(you)州(zhou)不勝,故而仍駐軍(jun)地斤澤。地斤水草豐茂,有利于部(bu)(bu)眾放牧,于是部(bu)(bu)眾和牛羊漸漸多了(le)。五(wu)月,李(li)(li)繼遷(qian)令其弟李(li)(li)繼沖前去煽動引誘河西(xi)諸蕃部(bu)(bu)。黨項咩嵬族酋領(ling)魔病人(ren)乜崖一直以來就與南山(shan)諸族結(jie)黨為(wei)亂,被(bei)李(li)(li)繼沖招降(jiang),率其部(bu)(bu)請(qing)降(jiang),李(li)(li)繼遷(qian)派(pai)重(zhong)臣張浦前去接納。王庭鎮在(zai)夏州(zhou)西(xi)北(bei)(bei),是眾蕃部(bu)(bu)所聚居的地方。李(li)(li)繼遷(qian)率兵大軍(jun)前去襲擾,俘擄人(ren)口數以萬計。宋(song)將尹憲自夏州(zhou)前往(wang)救(jiu)援,李(li)(li)繼遷(qian)劫掠(lve)過后撤退,宋(song)軍(jun)救(jiu)援不及。

984年(nian)(北(bei)宋(song)雍熙(xi)元年(nian)、遼統(tong)和二年(nian))九月(《宋(song)史》作北(bei)宋(song)太平興國八(ba)年(nian),即983年(nian)),宋(song)朝(chao)夏州知(zhi)事(shi)尹憲(xian)與都(dou)巡(xun)檢曹(cao)光實(shi)偵察得知(zhi)李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)的(de)宿(su)營之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di),在夜里(li)偷襲,李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)遭受(shou)到(dao)很大的(de)挫折。宋(song)軍斬首五百級,焚燒黨項(xiang)軍大帳(zhang)四百余帳(zhang)。李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)與其弟趁亂逃走,宋(song)軍曹(cao)光實(shi)抓(zhua)獲李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)的(de)母親(qin)與妻(qi)子(zi)。李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)之(zhi)后(hou)求取黨項(xiang)豪族(zu)之(zhi)女(nv)為(wei)妻(qi),轉戰各地(di)(di)(di),不(bu)斷(duan)強大起(qi)來(lai),河(he)西之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)大族(zu)都(dou)因為(wei)李(li)氏家(jia)族(zu)在當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)善行,前去(qu)歸附他(ta)們。李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)失(shi)敗(bai)之(zhi)后(hou),害(hai)怕宋(song)軍來(lai)追,于(yu)(yu)(yu)是轉徙無常。西北(bei)民眾(zhong)因為(wei)李(li)氏在這里(li)素來(lai)有名望,非常憐憫他(ta)們,于(yu)(yu)(yu)是開始(shi)接濟他(ta)們。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)對當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)豪族(zu)說:“我(wo)們李(li)氏一(yi)族(zu)世代統(tong)治這里(li),如(ru)今落到(dao)此地(di)(di)(di)步,你們還不(bu)忘我(wo)先人(ren)(ren)的(de)恩(en)澤(ze),如(ru)今能和我(wo)一(yi)起(qi)恢復先祖的(de)業(ye)績嗎(ma)?”眾(zhong)人(ren)(ren)都(dou)表示愿意追隨。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是與李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)一(yi)起(qi)駐(zhu)扎(zha)在黃羊(yang)平。招(zhao)來(lai)蕃眾(zhong),于(yu)(yu)(yu)是兵勢復振。羌人(ren)(ren)豪族(zu)野利等部(bu)族(zu)皆都(dou)將女(nv)兒(er)獻(xian)給李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)為(wei)妻(qi)子(zi)。

愈挫愈勇

985年(nian)(北宋(song)(song)雍(yong)熙二(er)年(nian)、遼統和三年(nian))二(er)月,李繼遷(qian)(qian)遣使至銀(yin)州(zhou),假裝與宋(song)(song)都巡檢曹光實(shi)約(yue)降(jiang),實(shi)則伏兵于葭蘆川(今陜(shan)西佳縣(xian)西北),誘殺曹光實(shi)等(deng),冒用他們的旗幟,襲據銀(yin)州(zhou)。隨后(hou)自稱都知(zhi)(zhi)蕃落使、權知(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)難軍(jun)留后(hou)。各部落長如折(zhe)八軍(jun)、折(zhe)羅(luo)遇(yu)、嵬悉(xi)咩(mie)(mie)、折(zhe)遇(yu)乜(mie)(niè)等(deng)都加號州(zhou)刺史。同年(nian)三月,李繼遷(qian)(qian)進攻會(hui)州(zhou),焚會(hui)州(zhou)(今甘肅靖遠縣(xian))。宋(song)(song)太(tai)宗得知(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)派(pai)知(zhi)(zhi)秦州(zhou)田仁朗與李繼隆等(deng)出兵討伐李繼遷(qian)(qian)。黨項(xiang)部落長折(zhe)羅(luo)遇(yu)及弟乞埋(mai)戰死(si),折(zhe)遇(yu)乜(mie)被宋(song)(song)朝俘(fu)虜(lu)處死(si)。

四(si)月,田(tian)(tian)仁朗(lang)(lang)的軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)靠(kao)近(jin)綏(sui)(sui)州(zhou)(zhou)(今陜西(xi)(xi)綏(sui)(sui)德縣)。聽(ting)說(shuo)李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)率大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻打(da)撫(fu)寧(ning),高興(xing)地(di)(di)說(shuo):“以往黨項(xiang)人常(chang)常(chang)帶領烏合之眾襲擾我(wo)邊(bian)境,他(ta)們勝(sheng)則進(jin)(jin),敗則走,找不(bu)到他(ta)們的巢(chao)穴。如(ru)今李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)聚集了數萬(wan)人,氣勢洶(xiong)洶(xiong)而來(lai),用盡所(suo)有(you)的兵力(li)攻打(da)一個(ge)(ge)孤(gu)城。撫(fu)寧(ning)很小但是十(shi)分(fen)堅固,不(bu)用半個(ge)(ge)月的時(shi)間不(bu)可攻破。我(wo)等到李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)疲乏之時(shi),派(pai)大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)前去攻殺(sha),分(fen)別(bie)派(pai)遣三(san)百強駑,截(jie)住李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的歸路(lu),李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)肯定被我(wo)們擒住。”田(tian)(tian)仁朗(lang)(lang)部(bu)署完成之后(hou),故意向李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)顯(xian)示(shi)松懈,軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)縱酒賭博。但是宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)副將(jiang)王(wang)侁等故意誣(wu)陷(xian)田(tian)(tian)仁朗(lang)(lang),向太宗(zong)進(jin)(jin)讒。宋(song)太宗(zong)聽(ting)說(shuo)河西(xi)(xi)三(san)族寨已經失陷(xian),于(yu)是召田(tian)(tian)仁朗(lang)(lang)回京下(xia)獄,并(bing)進(jin)(jin)行審問。田(tian)(tian)仁朗(lang)(lang)說(shuo):“臣(chen)已定下(xia)了擒拿李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的策略,正在這時(shi)皇(huang)上(shang)召回了我(wo),導(dao)致計劃沒有(you)來(lai)得及實現。”于(yu)是進(jin)(jin)言(yan)宋(song)太宗(zong)說(shuo):“李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)深(shen)知西(xi)(xi)北(bei)的情況(kuang),在當(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)十(shi)分(fen)得民心,希望(wang)皇(huang)上(shang)下(xia)詔給予(yu)(yu)優(you)厚(hou)待遇招他(ta)前來(lai);或者給予(yu)(yu)當(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)部(bu)落酋(qiu)長厚(hou)利,要求他(ta)們捉拿李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。如(ru)若不(bu)然,他(ta)日必(bi)為大的邊(bian)患。”宋(song)太宗(zong)寬免他(ta)的死罪,流放(fang)商州(zhou)(zhou)(今陜西(xi)(xi)商洛)。命(ming)王(wang)侁等進(jin)(jin)兵李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。王(wang)侁率領他(ta)的部(bu)眾,由綏(sui)(sui)州(zhou)(zhou)到達濁輪川。李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)聞訊(xun)撤回圍困撫(fu)寧(ning)的軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui),與宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)激戰,喪(sang)失軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)五千余;部(bu)下(xia)陣亡(wang)嚴重,各部(bu)族都被攻殺(sha),于(yu)是李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)率領蕃部(bu)放(fang)棄銀州(zhou)(zhou)逃走。

李繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)敗(bai)(bai)(bai)退(tui)之后(hou),王(wang)侁收復了銀州(zhou)(zhou)(今陜西(xi)榆林米脂縣),率兵(bing)出(chu)州(zhou)(zhou)北,到(dao)達(da)悉利諸(zhu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)。王(wang)侁再由開光谷向(xiang)西(xi)到(dao)達(da)杏子坪(ping),擊敗(bai)(bai)(bai)了保寺、保香諸(zhu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)首領埋乜已等軍(jun)隊。又(you)破(po)(po)(po)保、洗兩(liang)族(zu)(zu)(zu),俘三千人,降五十五族(zu)(zu)(zu)。于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),黨項(xiang)三族(zu)(zu)(zu)豪酋折八軍(jun)等三千余眾都表示投降宋(song)(song)朝(chao)。六(liu)月,宋(song)(song)兵(bing)乘(cheng)勝進(jin)擊,黨項(xiang)部落(luo)多敗(bai)(bai)(bai)破(po)(po)(po)。李繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)濁輪(lun)川之敗(bai)(bai)(bai)后(hou),蕃族(zu)(zu)(zu)雖然破(po)(po)(po)敗(bai)(bai)(bai)但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本土沒有被破(po)(po)(po)壞。夏(xia)州(zhou)(zhou)鹽(yan)城鎮岌伽(jia)羅膩十四(si)族(zu)(zu)(zu)都和(he)(he)黨項(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)種落(luo),李繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)用計引誘他(ta)們(men)與(yu)之合并,于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)吳移、越移等族(zu)(zu)(zu)結(jie)黨應援。986年(nian)(北宋(song)(song)雍熙(xi)三年(nian)、遼(liao)統和(he)(he)四(si)年(nian)),李繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)見部落(luo)敗(bai)(bai)(bai)潰,宋(song)(song)兵(bing)勢盛(sheng),于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)依(yi)附遼(liao)朝(chao)以(yi)圖抗宋(song)(song)。遼(liao)由是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封(feng)之為(wei)定(ding)難軍(jun)節度使、都督夏(xia)州(zhou)(zhou)諸(zhu)軍(jun)事(shi),李繼(ji)沖為(wei)副,又(you)以(yi)宗室女義(yi)成公主嫁(jia)李繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)。

依遼附宋

987年(北(bei)宋(song)雍(yong)熙四年、遼統(tong)和五年)二月,李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)再攻(gong)(gong)(gong)夏州(zhou)。李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)的兵(bing)馬逼近夏州(zhou),徘徊不(bu)敢前進(jin)(jin)(jin)。宋(song)朝知(zhi)州(zhou)事安守(shou)忠率眾三萬迎戰李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)。至王庭鎮,李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)設伏(fu)誘宋(song)軍(jun)交(jiao)戰,大敗(bai)安守(shou)忠,追到(dao)城門而(er)止。四月,李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)趁(chen)勢進(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)圍(wei)困夏州(zhou),兩個月沒有解圍(wei)。宋(song)朝知(zhi)麟州(zhou)韓崇訓(xun)率大軍(jun)前往增援,李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)見狀退軍(jun)。八月,李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)居(ju)住于沙漠,逐(zhu)水草(cao)而(er)居(ju),便于攻(gong)(gong)(gong)掠。當(dang)時屯駐在(zai)黑水河(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)側,據險自固。宋(song)將石保(bao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)正(zheng)在(zai)巡按罨子(zi)寨(zhai),李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)以(yi)數千人攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)石保(bao)興(xing)(xing)(xing),見石保(bao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)所部(bu)(bu)不(bu)過(guo)兩千人,于是渡河(he)(he)決戰。石保(bao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)河(he)(he)對岸埋下伏(fu)兵(bing),等到(dao)李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)渡到(dao)一(yi)(yi)半出兵(bing)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da),李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)的軍(jun)隊大亂,于是失(shi)敗(bai)。十(shi)一(yi)(yi)月,因(yin)為李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)素(su)來兇忍,虐用(yong)黨項咩(mie)兀等族的部(bu)(bu)屬(shu),宥州(zhou)黨項咩(mie)兀等族首領,都(dou)指揮遇乜(mie)布九人圖謀誅(zhu)殺李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)。當(dang)時李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)正(zheng)謀劃(hua)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)銀州(zhou),在(zai)無定(ding)河(he)(he)畔會盟諸部(bu)(bu)族。遇乜(mie)布等以(yi)暗箭(jian)射(she)李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian),射(she)中了(le)李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)的鼻子(zi),傷口很長時間不(bu)愈合(he),于是進(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)銀州(zhou)的日期晚(wan)了(le)很多。

988年(北宋端拱元年、遼統和(he)六年)二月,宋太(tai)宗見李(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)附(fu)遼,利用李(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)捧回夏(xia)州(zhou)(zhou)牽制李(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)。三月,李(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)派遣牙校(xiao)李(li)(li)知白前(qian)往契丹遼朝(chao)入貢。五(wu)月,宋太(tai)宗賜李(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)捧姓(xing)趙,改名保(bao)忠,授夏(xia)州(zhou)(zhou)刺史、定難(nan)軍節度使(shi)(shi)及夏(xia)、銀、綏、宥、靜等五(wu)州(zhou)(zhou)觀(guan)察處(chu)置押蕃落等使(shi)(shi),入守夏(xia)州(zhou)(zhou)。十(shi)二月,李(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)捧為了向(xiang)宋太(tai)宗邀功,假言(yan)李(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)歸順(shun),宋太(tai)宗授李(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)為銀州(zhou)(zhou)刺史,充洛苑(yuan)使(shi)(shi)。李(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)拒絕(jue)不(bu)受。

989年(nian)(北宋(song)端拱二年(nian)、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)統(tong)和(he)七年(nian))正月(yue)(yue),李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)因為(wei)不受(shou)宋(song)朝官職(zhi),得罪族兄李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)捧(peng)(peng)(peng)。于(yu)是(shi)前去遼(liao)(liao)(liao)朝,說明自己與李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)捧(peng)(peng)(peng)有怨,并(bing)向(xiang)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)朝乞(qi)和(he)。遼(liao)(liao)(liao)圣(sheng)宗知道李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)并(bing)非(fei)誠(cheng)心,于(yu)是(shi)不許(xu)。三(san)月(yue)(yue),李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)又向(xiang)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)朝乞(qi)和(he),遼(liao)(liao)(liao)圣(sheng)宗封王子帳節度耶律襄之女為(wei)義成公(gong)主(zhu),下嫁李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian),并(bing)賜馬三(san)千(qian)匹。四月(yue)(yue),李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)捧(peng)(peng)(peng)出兵擊敗宥州御(yu)泥、布啰樹兩部。990年(nian)(北宋(song)淳(chun)化元年(nian)、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)統(tong)和(he)八年(nian))四月(yue)(yue),李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)捧(peng)(peng)(peng)與李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)戰于(yu)安慶澤(ze),李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)中流矢(shi)敗退。十(shi)月(yue)(yue),李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)派(pai)破丑重(zhong)遇貴至夏州詐降李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)捧(peng)(peng)(peng)。李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)率領(ling)部落(luo)攻城(cheng),破丑重(zhong)遇貴在(zai)城(cheng)中接應,李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)捧(peng)(peng)(peng)大敗。同年(nian)十(shi)二月(yue)(yue),遼(liao)(liao)(liao)國(guo)進封李(li)(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)遷(qian)(qian)為(wei)夏國(guo)王。

991年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(北宋淳化二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、遼統和(he)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初,李(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)再攻夏(xia)州,宋朝派兵來(lai)援(yuan)。七月,李(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)占(zhan)領銀(yin)、綏二州。同年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),李(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)又(you)歸附于宋。宋朝被迫授給李(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)“銀(yin)州觀察使(shi)”的封(feng)號(hao),賜姓名趙保吉。但李(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)旋又(you)附契(qi)丹,并聯結契(qi)丹軍(jun),多次襲(xi)擊宋西北邊境(jing)。九月,王庭鎮(zhen)作為夏(xia)州外部的屏障,連接著(zhu)大(da)漠,一(yi)直(zhi)有寨柵可(ke)守(shou),李(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)在雍熙年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間將其燒毀了。之后,李(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)占(zhan)據著(zhu)王庭鎮(zhen)的舊地,以預(yu)謀著(zhu)夏(xia)州。李(li)繼捧(peng)見狀向宋太宗進言,率軍(jun)可(ke)在夜(ye)里偷襲(xi)李(li)繼遷(qian)(qian),熟戶貌奴(nu)、猥才兩(liang)族的兵馬趁夜(ye)襲(xi)擊,奪李(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)牛畜兩(liang)萬余,李(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)再次放棄銀(yin)州,逃走到鐵(tie)斤澤。

收復故地

992年(nian)(北宋(song)(song)淳化三(san)年(nian)、遼(liao)統和十年(nian))正月(yue),李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)引誘之(zhi)(zhi)前降(jiang)宋(song)(song)的(de)(de)李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)捧歸(gui)附遼(liao)朝,再(zai)次引兵(bing)進(jin)入(ru)并占據銀州(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng),派(pai)遣李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)捧去(qu)(qu)(qu)遼(liao)朝請(qing)命(ming)入(ru)貢(gong)(gong)。遼(liao)圣(sheng)宗(zong)聽(ting)說(shuo)他(ta)懷有二心,派(pai)遣西(xi)(xi)南招討(tao)使(shi)韓(han)(han)德(de)(de)威率兵(bing)持詔前去(qu)(qu)(qu)銀州(zhou)(zhou)詢問李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)。韓(han)(han)德(de)(de)威到了銀州(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)后,李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)以西(xi)(xi)征為借口不(bu)見(jian)遼(liao)使(shi)。韓(han)(han)德(de)(de)威大(da)怒,縱兵(bing)大(da)掠(lve)銀州(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)后撤回。四(si)月(yue),李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)自(zi)從接受遼(liao)朝的(de)(de)賜婚之(zhi)(zhi)后,每(mei)一年(nian)的(de)(de)進(jin)貢(gong)(gong)禮(li)品(pin)都(dou)(dou)是在(zai)蕃(fan)族之(zhi)(zhi)間征用的(de)(de),境(jing)內(nei)的(de)(de)財產(chan)越來越貧乏。當時宋(song)(song)夏邊(bian)境(jing)的(de)(de)陜西(xi)(xi)地段還(huan)處于(yu)(yu)邊(bian)禁的(de)(de)狀態,宋(song)(song)朝的(de)(de)商旅進(jin)不(bu)去(qu)(qu)(qu)西(xi)(xi)北,李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)上(shang)書宋(song)(song)太(tai)宗(zong)說(shuo):“自(zi)古(gu)中(zhong)原君主都(dou)(dou)主張王者無(wu)外(wai),我(wo)們西(xi)(xi)戎之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)難道就不(bu)是皇帝的(de)(de)臣民嗎?如今請(qing)允許兩方(fang)的(de)(de)商旅相互(hu)往來,以滿足邊(bian)境(jing)民眾的(de)(de)生活。”宋(song)(song)太(tai)宗(zong)下詔允許雙(shuang)方(fang)互(hu)市。十月(yue),李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)因為遼(liao)使(shi)韓(han)(han)德(de)(de)威大(da)掠(lve)銀州(zhou)(zhou),于(yu)(yu)是入(ru)告(gao)遼(liao)圣(sheng)宗(zong),遼(liao)圣(sheng)宗(zong)下詔允許李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)歸(gui)附,于(yu)(yu)是李(li)(li)(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)再(zai)次遣使(shi)入(ru)遼(liao)都(dou)(dou)。

993年(nian)(nian)(北宋(song)(song)淳化四年(nian)(nian)、遼統(tong)和十一(yi)年(nian)(nian))四月,李繼(ji)遷(qian)雖(sui)然收復了(le)綏、銀二州,但(dan)是還沒(mei)有(you)恢(hui)復宥、夏等州。李繼(ji)遷(qian)遣(qian)使進入(ru)宋(song)(song)朝(chao)(chao)請求賜(si)還,宋(song)(song)太宗(zong)不準許。李繼(ji)遷(qian)生氣地說:“五州故地,是先祖(zu)遺留給我(wo)們(men)(men)的(de),如今開疆拓土、收回舊(jiu)地,就(jiu)是我(wo)們(men)(men)的(de)責任了(le)。”于是下令給部(bu)眾說:“我(wo)自己雖(sui)然德行淺(qian)薄,但(dan)是承繼(ji)了(le)先祖(zu)的(de)業績與德行,安(an)撫諸族的(de)世家(jia)大(da)族,即(ji)使這樣就(jiu)能(neng)夠守住(zhu)地盤,在西北立足嗎?希望大(da)家(jia)一(yi)定要(yao)團結努(nu)力。”于是以(yi)李大(da)信為(wei)蕃部(bu)都(dou)指(zhi)揮使,率眾攻打(da)慶(qing)州(今甘肅慶(qing)陽)。慶(qing)州之北直接(jie)沙(sha)漠,地形(xing)非常坦蕩,無險可恃。當時因為(wei)李繼(ji)遷(qian)向宋(song)(song)朝(chao)(chao)稱臣(chen)納款,所(suo)以(yi)宋(song)(song)朝(chao)(chao)沒(mei)有(you)防備。李繼(ji)遷(qian)大(da)軍一(yi)到,宋(song)(song)軍都(dou)不知(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)措。知(zhi)(zhi)州劉(liu)文質拿出自己私人的(de)二百萬兩賞賜(si)給軍隊(dui),于是宋(song)(song)朝(chao)(chao)軍隊(dui)士氣昂揚,李大(da)信沒(mei)有(you)成功。

994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(北(bei)(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)淳化(hua)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、遼(liao)統和十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))初,李(li)(li)(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)掠(lve)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)州(zhou)(今寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)武(wu)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)),擄掠(lve)居(ju)民。又至夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)州(zhou)襲擊李(li)(li)(li)繼捧,李(li)(li)(li)繼捧敗(bai)逃(tao)。四(si)月(yue),宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)朝(chao)(chao)墮毀夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)州(zhou)城(cheng),李(li)(li)(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)州(zhou)不(bu)勝(sheng),退居(ju)沙漠(mo)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),派張(zhang)浦到宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)朝(chao)(chao)談和,宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)太宗(zong)扣留(liu)張(zhang)浦。996年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(北(bei)(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)至道二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、遼(liao)統和十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))三月(yue),宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)洛苑使白(bai)守榮(rong)護送輜重至靈(ling)(ling)(ling)州(zhou)(今寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)武(wu)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)),李(li)(li)(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)設伏浦洛河(he)(今吳忠東(dong)南(nan)苦水河(he)),佯弱(ruo)誘敵,大敗(bai)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun),獲糧40萬石。四(si)月(yue),李(li)(li)(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)侵襲吐(tu)蕃折(zhe)平(ping)族,首領握散上表宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)朝(chao)(chao)請求(qiu)會師討伐李(li)(li)(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)。五月(yue),李(li)(li)(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)糾合黨項諸(zhu)族,發兵圍(wei)困靈(ling)(ling)(ling)州(zhou)。意圖索回被扣留(liu)的(de)謀臣張(zhang)浦。宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)太宗(zong),賜敕書招(zhao)諭諸(zhu)族,命十(shi)州(zhou)都(dou)(dou)部(bu)署李(li)(li)(li)繼隆(long)出(chu)(chu)(chu)環州(zhou),容(rong)州(zhou)觀察使丁(ding)罕出(chu)(chu)(chu)慶(qing)州(zhou),殿(dian)(dian)前都(dou)(dou)虞候(hou)范廷召出(chu)(chu)(chu)延州(zhou),殿(dian)(dian)前都(dou)(dou)指揮使王(wang)超(chao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)州(zhou),西(xi)(xi)京作坊使張(zhang)守恩(en)出(chu)(chu)(chu)麟州(zhou)(今陜西(xi)(xi)榆林(lin)神木縣),五路(lu)進(jin)援(yuan)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)武(wu)。八月(yue),李(li)(li)(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)回師援(yuan)平(ping)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia),與宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)戰(zhan)于烏白(bai)池(今寧(ning)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)武(wu)東(dong)南(nan)),李(li)(li)(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)大敗(bai)。997年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(北(bei)(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)至道三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、遼(liao)統和十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))十(shi)二(er)月(yue),復上表歸宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song),授(shou)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)州(zhou)刺(ci)史(shi)、定難軍(jun)節度使。李(li)(li)(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)受任夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)州(zhou)刺(ci)史(shi)后,仍在邊地(di)擄掠(lve),不(bu)斷與宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)朝(chao)(chao)發生局(ju)部(bu)的(de)戰(zhan)爭。1001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(北(bei)(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)咸平(ping)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、遼(liao)統和十(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))四(si)月(yue),吐(tu)蕃六(liu)谷部(bu)長(chang)潘羅支接受宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)朝(chao)(chao)的(de)封授(shou),統治西(xi)(xi)涼,出(chu)(chu)(chu)兵助宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)李(li)(li)(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)。九(jiu)(jiu)月(yue),李(li)(li)(li)繼遷(qian)(qian)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)陷宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)清(qing)遠(yuan)軍(jun),乘勝(sheng)進(jin)圍(wei)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)州(zhou)。

西拓去世

李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)對宋(song)作(zuo)戰勝利,又(you)把攻掠的目(mu)標轉(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)部的回(hui)鶻(gu)和(he)吐蕃(fan)部落。回(hui)鶻(gu)和(he)吐蕃(fan)部落依附宋(song)朝(chao)(chao)以(yi)對抗黨(dang)項。1002年(nian)(北宋(song)咸平(ping)五年(nian)、遼統(tong)和(he)二(er)十(shi)年(nian))三月(yue),李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)破靈州(zhou)(zhou),改(gai)名西(xi)平(ping)府。1003年(nian)(北宋(song)咸平(ping)六(liu)年(nian)、遼統(tong)和(he)二(er)十(shi)一年(nian))正月(yue),李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)建都西(xi)平(ping)府。宋(song)遣使議和(he),宋(song)真(zhen)宗妥協退讓,授李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)夏州(zhou)(zhou)刺史,定難軍(jun)節度(du)使,夏、銀、綏、宥(you)、靜等五州(zhou)(zhou)觀(guan)察處(chu)置押蕃(fan)落等使。李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)奪回(hui)五州(zhou)(zhou)地(di)數千(qian)里(li)。黨(dang)項族以(yi)此為(wei)基地(di),又(you)迅(xun)速地(di)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)前(qian)發展了。二(er)月(yue),潘羅支(zhi)派遣咩逋(bu)族蕃(fan)官成逋(bu)到鎮戎軍(jun),向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)宋(song)朝(chao)(chao)請求會兵討伐李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)。宋(song)朝(chao)(chao)邊臣因為(wei)他(ta)沒有官方文牒,擔(dan)心(xin)他(ta)是假(jia)冒(mao)的,就護送(song)部署司,成逋(bu)很擔(dan)心(xin)就逃走了,馬跌(die)倒墜崖而死,宋(song)真(zhen)宗令渭州(zhou)(zhou)以(yi)禮葬之。李(li)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遷(qian)(qian)聽說此事,率(lv)領大軍(jun)自(zi)靈州(zhou)(zhou)出城駐(zhu)扎在(zai)鏊子山(shan),放還(huan)六(liu)谷部歸降的蕃(fan)部,派人(ren)再(zai)次送(song)鐵(tie)箭給潘羅支(zhi),稱(cheng)已經向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)宋(song)朝(chao)(chao)稱(cheng)臣,愿與其結(jie)好,潘羅支(zhi)沒有回(hui)應。

三月(yue),潘(pan)羅(luo)支數次(ci)與李(li)(li)繼遷(qian)作戰,侵(qin)奪了很多人(ren)口(kou)和(he)牛羊(yang)。當(dang)時(shi)因(yin)為靈州沒有守備,潘(pan)羅(luo)支派遣吳福圣臘(la)入貢宋(song)(song)(song)朝,奏言對李(li)(li)繼遷(qian)的(de)(de)桀驁不馴(xun)十分惱怒,已集中騎兵(bing)六萬,請求宋(song)(song)(song)朝發兵(bing)與之(zhi)合(he)力(li)收(shou)復靈州。宋(song)(song)(song)真宗深以(yi)為然,加瘋潘(pan)羅(luo)支為朔方軍(jun)節度、靈州西(xi)面都巡檢使。又以(yi)吳福圣臘(la)為安遠將軍(jun),次(ci)首領兀(wu)佐(zuo)等七(qi)人(ren)為懷化將軍(jun),使出兵(bing)共圖李(li)(li)繼遷(qian)。吳福圣臘(la)回(hui)去(qu)的(de)(de)時(shi)候,路過西(xi)平,李(li)(li)繼遷(qian)派人(ren)襲擊他的(de)(de)車隊,盡奪宋(song)(song)(song)朝賜(si)給潘(pan)羅(luo)支的(de)(de)牌印(yin)、官告及所賜(si)衣服、器械,吳福圣臘(la)僅以(yi)身免(mian)。

1004年(北宋景德元年、遼(liao)統(tong)和(he)(he)二十(shi)二年)正月二日,李繼(ji)遷因傷去世,時年四十(shi)二歲,死后其(qi)(qi)子李德明嗣位。1012年(北宋大中(zhong)祥符五年、遼(liao)統(tong)和(he)(he)三十(shi)年),李德明追尊(zun)李繼(ji)遷為“應運(yun)法天神智仁圣至道(dao)廣德孝光(guang)皇帝(di)”。其(qi)(qi)孫(sun)李元昊稱(cheng)帝(di)后,追謚(shi)為神武皇帝(di),廟號太祖,陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)裕陵(ling)(ling)。

為政舉措

政治

聯合氏族

李(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)在(zai)平夏和南山部民反(fan)抗宋朝邊疆官吏的(de)(de)(de)(de)暴虐統治的(de)(de)(de)(de)斗爭中(zhong),以自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)充當(dang)他(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護人,與此同時,他(ta)(ta)還與氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)們結成聯(lian)姻關(guan)系,以權力(li)和劫掠作為誘餌。所有這(zhe)(zhe)些,都是李(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)用以保證他(ta)(ta)們臣服于自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)略(lve)。李(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)本人在(zai)強大的(de)(de)(de)(de)南山野(ye)利氏(shi)中(zhong)選擇了(le)一(yi)位(wei)妻子,于是野(ye)利氏(shi)就(jiu)成了(le)西(xi)夏早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)等“內”氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)之(zhi)一(yi)。野(ye)利后(hou)及其氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)在(zai)西(xi)夏歷史上(shang)曾經顯(xian)赫(he)一(yi)時,他(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)一(yi)度甚至可以與蕭后(hou)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)在(zai)契丹國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)相當(dang)。李(li)繼(ji)(ji)遷(qian)這(zhe)(zhe)些聯(lian)姻政(zheng)策(ce),最(zui)大限度的(de)(de)(de)(de)團結了(le)黨項內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)各大勢力(li),為進一(yi)步擴張奠定(ding)了(le)基礎(chu)。

建設新都

1003年(nian)(nian)(北(bei)宋咸(xian)平六年(nian)(nian)、遼(liao)統和二十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)),靈(ling)州(zhou)被改名(ming)為(wei)西(xi)平府。李繼(ji)遷(qian)建都靈(ling)州(zhou)后,立即開(kai)(kai)始恢復(fu)這里的運河系統,并將(jiang)鄂(e)爾(er)(er)多(duo)斯的居民(min)強(qiang)迫遷(qian)往(wang)新(xin)首都,以增加農業人口(kou),擴大稅(shui)收基地(di)。也就是在這一(yi)年(nian)(nian),宋朝承認(ren)既成(cheng)事實,正式將(jiang)982年(nian)(nian)(北(bei)宋太平興國七(qi)年(nian)(nian)、遼(liao)乾亨四年(nian)(nian))李繼(ji)捧放棄的鄂(e)爾(er)(er)多(duo)斯五州(zhou)之地(di)歸(gui)還給了(le)李繼(ji)遷(qian)。與此同時(shi),李繼(ji)遷(qian)已經在距離靈(ling)州(zhou)西(xi)南500里的涼州(zhou)開(kai)(kai)辟了(le)另一(yi)條通道——涼州(zhou)成(cheng)為(wei)甘肅(su)走廊與開(kai)(kai)封之間朝貢(gong)貿易往(wang)來和馬(ma)匹交易的中樞。

外交

李(li)繼(ji)遷與(yu)(yu)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)朝(chao)契丹王族也(ye)建立了(le)聯(lian)(lian)姻關系(xi)。986年(nian)(北(bei)(bei)宋雍熙三年(nian)、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)統和(he)(he)四年(nian)),李(li)繼(ji)遷表示歸順遼(liao)(liao)(liao)朝(chao),向遼(liao)(liao)(liao)請婚。989年(nian)(北(bei)(bei)宋雍熙六(liu)年(nian)、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)統和(he)(he)七(qi)年(nian)),他如愿得到了(le)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)朝(chao)公主,并(bing)在(zai)990年(nian)(北(bei)(bei)宋淳化元年(nian)、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)統和(he)(he)八(ba)年(nian))被遼(liao)(liao)(liao)帝冊封為“夏國(guo)王”。與(yu)(yu)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)國(guo)新結成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)姻關系(xi),給西夏帶來(lai)(lai)了(le)無(wu)窮(qiong)無(wu)盡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)麻(ma)煩。對(dui)黨項(xiang)(xiang)人來(lai)(lai)說(shuo),臣服遼(liao)(liao)(liao)朝(chao)從來(lai)(lai)也(ye)沒有妨礙過他們與(yu)(yu)宋朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)易,但是(shi)隨著黨項(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)(yu)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)姻,在(zai)三方關系(xi)中不斷產(chan)生出層出不窮(qiong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)猜疑(yi)和(he)(he)爭吵(chao)。而且,居住在(zai)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)朝(chao)邊(bian)界以(yi)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黨項(xiang)(xiang)部落(luo)也(ye)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)西夏、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)兩國(guo)間多年(nian)摩擦(ca)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根源(yuan)。

1004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(北宋(song)景(jing)(jing)德元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、遼統和二十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))到1005年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(北宋(song)景(jing)(jing)德二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、遼統和二十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),在與(yu)(yu)宋(song)朝(chao)締結(jie)了一個令(ling)人滿(man)意的(de)(de)(de)(de)和約之后,契丹可(ke)以從容考(kao)慮在與(yu)(yu)黨項人爭奪河西貿易的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制權和對(dui)回(hui)鶻附庸國的(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)配(pei)權造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)威脅(xie)了。然(ran)而(er)對(dui)于(yu)維持(chi)各方勢(shi)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡而(er)言,黨項與(yu)(yu)契丹名義(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯姻(yin)關(guan)系仍然(ran)起著(zhu)不(bu)可(ke)或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。

軍事

早在(zai)985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(北(bei)宋雍熙二年(nian)(nian)(nian)、遼統(tong)和(he)(he)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)),黨項人(ren)就認識到(dao)了(le)(le)西寧、蘭州(zhou)(zhou)、涼(liang)(liang)(liang)州(zhou)(zhou)三(san)角地帶(dai)的商業(ye)和(he)(he)戰略價值(zhi),所以李繼遷當(dang)時(shi)曾(ceng)發兵攻(gong)(gong)打過會州(zhou)(zhou)(位于蘭州(zhou)(zhou)東(dong)北(bei)方,黃河東(dong)岸)。黨項人(ren)對涼(liang)(liang)(liang)州(zhou)(zhou)的進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)開始于996年(nian)(nian)(nian)(北(bei)宋至道二年(nian)(nian)(nian)、遼統(tong)和(he)(he)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian))或(huo)更早,靈州(zhou)(zhou)陷(xian)落之(zhi)后,他們更加強了(le)(le)對涼(liang)(liang)(liang)州(zhou)(zhou)的進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)。1003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(北(bei)宋咸平六年(nian)(nian)(nian)、遼統(tong)和(he)(he)二十一年(nian)(nian)(nian))末,李繼遷占領了(le)(le)涼(liang)(liang)(liang)州(zhou)(zhou),接受了(le)(le)已逃(tao)入城中的潘羅支的偽(wei)降,結果吐蕃人(ren)伏擊(ji)了(le)(le)李繼遷。

人物評價

《宋(song)史(shi)》:雖(sui)嘗受封冊(ce)于宋(song),宋(song)亦稱有歲(sui)幣之(zhi)賜、誓(shi)詔之(zhi)答(da),要皆出(chu)于一(yi)時之(zhi)言,其心(xin)未(wei)嘗有臣順之(zhi)實也。

《遼(liao)史》:雖嘗請婚下嫁,烏足以得(de)其固(gu)志(zhi)哉?

李元昊:祖繼遷,心知兵要,手握乾符,大(da)舉義旗,悉降諸(zhu)部(bu)。臨(lin)河五郡,不旋(xuan)踵(zhong)而歸;沿(yan)邊七州,悉差肩(jian)而克。

吳廣(guang)成(cheng)(cheng):繼(ji)遷(qian)生而英奇,長而剽(piao)悍。方其(qi)任(ren)司(si)蕃落,地(di)據銀(yin)州,當(dang)繼(ji)捧入(ru)覲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初,鮮引義(yi)力(li)爭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉,蓋懟其(qi)兄也素矣(yi)。迨詔使護送(song)諸父(fu)昆弟連(lian)袂(mei)歸朝,方始奮其(qi)雄才,策其(qi)群力(li),激羌(qiang)戎以(yi)先烈(lie),約契丹為強援(yuan)。遂使關右(you)震驚,中(zhong)朝旰食。控(kong)弦靈(ling)武,扼平夏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要沖;驅馬涼州,成(cheng)(cheng)河西之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)右(you)臂。于(yu)是五州盡(jin)復,諸族懾從(cong),逆者攻以(yi)兵,順者役(yi)其(qi)眾。卒(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)暴戾(li)速亡,驕盈致敗,不(bu)死(si)于(yu)天(tian)討而死(si)于(yu)流矢,“佳兵不(bu)祥”,理固然耶!然夏、綏傾(qing)覆,沙磧流離,田少一(yi)成(cheng)(cheng),卒(zu)無一(yi)旅,終(zhong)能恢(hui)萬(wan)里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基,創累世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業,亦可謂“有志者事竟成(cheng)(cheng)”也。

《劍橋中國遼西(xi)夏(xia)金元史》 :李繼捧的(de)堂弟繼遷以(yi)勇敢、尚武知名。

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