湖南綏寧花園閣國家濕地公園地處"三湘林業第一縣"的綏寧,有"神奇生態綠洲"之稱,屬湖南省重點生態功能區。濕地(di)公園(yuan)主(zhu)要以流(liu)經綏寧縣關峽(xia)苗(miao)族鄉至長鋪苗(miao)族鄉溶巖苗(miao)寨的(de)巫水為(wei)主(zhu)體,包(bao)括石脈河(he)、蘭(lan)溪等支流(liu)河(he)段和(he)沿岸部分林地(di)。地(di)理坐標(biao)為(wei):東(dong)經110°12′1″~110°17′15″,北緯(wei)26°29′51″~26°35′31″。規劃總面積780.1公頃。
濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公園(yuan)集(ji)永久(jiu)性河(he)流(liu)、庫(ku)塘(tang)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)、洪泛(fan)平原濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)養(yang)殖(zhi)場等多(duo)個(ge)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)型(xing),形(xing)態自然婉轉,是沅(yuan)江水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系上(shang)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)生態廊道,是我(wo)國(guo)候鳥遷徙路線中的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要節點(dian),其(qi)表現(xian)出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)自然水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生態過(guo)程(cheng)、優(you)良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)、豐富的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量和(he)多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)生境以及沿岸完善的(de)(de)(de)森林生態系統在我(wo)國(guo)南方低山丘(qiu)陵(ling)地(di)(di)區亦(yi)不多(duo)見。同時受地(di)(di)質(zhi)構造與巖性的(de)(de)(de)影響,溝谷深切、變化(hua)多(duo)姿,形(xing)成高峽-平湖-河(he)谷為一體的(de)(de)(de)獨特的(de)(de)(de)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)景觀(guan),營造并組合而成具有不同景觀(guan)風貌及豐富多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)復合生態系統。
濕地(di)(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)濕地(di)(di)面積為(wei)513.8公頃,占土地(di)(di)總面積的(de)65.87%,廣闊的(de)濕地(di)(di)面積和(he)復合(he)的(de)生(sheng)態系統,孕(yun)育了濕地(di)(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)豐富的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多樣(yang)性(xing);有(you)維管束野生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)158科(ke),324屬,804種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)18.61%,其(qi)中(zhong)蕨類(lei)(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);裸子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);被子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)762種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)國(guo)(guo)家二(er)級重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)野大(da)豆Glycinesoja、金蕎麥Fagopyrumdibotrys、中(zhong)華結縷草(cao)Zoysiasinica等(deng)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);同時還有(you)絞(jiao)股(gu)藍Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb、七葉一枝花Paris polyphylla Sm、虎耳草(cao)Saxifraga stolonifera Curt等(deng)稀有(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。有(you)脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)5綱26目67科(ke)196種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)22.82%;其(qi)中(zhong)魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)25.27%;兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)17.74%;爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)25.84%;鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)23.57%;哺乳(ru)類(lei)(lei)(lei)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)哺乳(ru)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)14.61%;有(you)列(lie)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)家二(er)級重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)虎紋蛙Rana tigrina、紅(hong)隼Falco tinnunculus 、草(cao)鸮Tyto capensis 等(deng)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被IUCN評級收錄(lu)的(de)共(gong)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)中(zhong)日候(hou)鳥保(bao)護(hu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)中(zhong)澳候(hou)鳥保(bao)護(hu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);湖南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)99種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)世界貿易(yi)公約收錄(lu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)國(guo)(guo)家林業局相關文(wen)件規定的(de)有(you)益的(de)或者有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)經濟、科(ke)學研究價值的(de)國(guo)(guo)家保(bao)護(hu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)117種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。彰顯了濕地(di)(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)豐富性(xing)、多樣(yang)性(xing)和(he)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)珍稀保(bao)護(hu)價值,在湖南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)內(nei)(nei)具有(you)的(de)典型(xing)性(xing)與代表性(xing)。
巫(wu)(wu)水作為(wei)綏(sui)寧(ning)縣的(de)母親河(he)、是(shi)苗家(jia)圣(sheng)河(he),民(min)族文(wen)(wen)(wen)化風情(qing)濃(nong)郁(yu),形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)以庫塘濕(shi)地、自然(ran)河(he)流濕(shi)地景觀(guan)為(wei)主體,森林景觀(guan)為(wei)補充,聚落和古(gu)建筑(zhu)為(wei)點(dian)綴,以非物(wu)質(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化遺產"四八"姑娘(niang)節、"逗(dou)春牛"等民(min)俗文(wen)(wen)(wen)化為(wei)特色的(de)景觀(guan)風貌,彰(zhang)顯了(le)巫(wu)(wu)水作為(wei)苗家(jia)圣(sheng)河(he)的(de)人文(wen)(wen)(wen)元(yuan)素和民(min)族符號,體現了(le)濕(shi)地公園深厚的(de)歷史文(wen)(wen)(wen)化價值,賦(fu)予了(le)濕(shi)地公園深厚的(de)歷史文(wen)(wen)(wen)化底蘊,拓展(zhan)了(le)濕(shi)地生(sheng)態(tai)旅游(you)的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化內(nei)涵。
濕地公園秉承"保(bao)護優先、科學恢(hui)復、合理利(li)用(yong)、持續發展"的指導(dao)思想,被區(qu)劃為保(bao)護保(bao)育區(qu)、恢(hui)復重建區(qu)、宣教展示區(qu)、合理利(li)用(yong)區(qu)和管理服務區(qu)5個功能區(qu)。
保護保育區包(bao)括溶巖苗寨至小灣、李家團(tuan)經江口(kou)(kou)塘電站大壩至梅口(kou)(kou),以及石脈(mo)河(he)、蘭溪和沿(yan)岸的(de)部(bu)分(fen)林地(di)。規劃面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)517.5公頃,占濕(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)總面(mian)(mian)積的(de)66.34%。規劃對現有水體(ti)、動植物及其生境進行(xing)嚴格保護的(de)基礎上,加強外(wai)源污染(ran)防(fang)治,控制(zhi)內(nei)源污染(ran),開展適度的(de)水禽棲(qi)息(xi)地(di)恢復和營建項(xiang)目,建立結構完(wan)善、功能完(wan)備的(de)濕(shi)地(di)-森林復合生態系統,營造良好的(de)水禽棲(qi)息(xi)地(di),打造水禽自然樂(le)園(yuan)。
恢復重(zhong)建區指田(tian)(tian)心苗寨區域(yu)的(de)(de)巫水(shui)(shui)河段,規(gui)劃(hua)面(mian)積73.3公頃。為維(wei)護(hu)區域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統的(de)(de)穩定,保證人與自然的(de)(de)和諧發展,規(gui)劃(hua)通(tong)過濕(shi)地生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)濾場的(de)(de)建設,解決沿岸村寨、農(nong)(nong)耕(geng)生(sheng)(sheng)產等(deng)造(zao)成的(de)(de)局部水(shui)(shui)質富營養化(hua)問題;并在(zai)水(shui)(shui)域(yu)與農(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)之間合理營造(zao)水(shui)(shui)禽棲息地,形成水(shui)(shui)域(yu)-水(shui)(shui)禽棲息地-農(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)-苗寨的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)布局,打造(zao)優美的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)岸植被景(jing)觀、擴大(da)野生(sheng)(sheng)動物棲息環境,豐富濕(shi)地公園生(sheng)(sheng)物多樣性,并保證區域(yu)居民的(de)(de)正(zheng)常生(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)活,維(wei)護(hu)區域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統的(de)(de)穩定。
宣(xuan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)展示(shi)區(qu)指以現有水(shui)岸公路(lu)為(wei)軸線的(de)區(qu)域,規劃面積16.8公頃。規劃依托濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公園沿岸道路(lu)系統進行濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)文(wen)化(hua)載體的(de)建(jian)設,形(xing)成良好的(de)河流-森林-文(wen)化(hua)復合(he)系統,讓(rang)文(wen)化(hua)在傳承中促進河流的(de)保護。主(zhu)要通過合(he)理布設宣(xuan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)館、宣(xuan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)點(dian)、宣(xuan)傳牌,將濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)文(wen)化(hua)、民俗文(wen)化(hua)、人文(wen)山水(shui)景觀、濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)態產業、濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)態服(fu)務功能等(deng)內(nei)容,通過室內(nei)、室外等(deng)多樣(yang)化(hua)的(de)場景和(he)設施營造(zao)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)宣(xuan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)展示(shi)的(de)空間(jian),調節游客情感,使其成為(wei)大眾了解綏寧、認識濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)、欣賞(shang)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公園人文(wen)山水(shui)的(de)窗口(kou)、濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)文(wen)化(hua)展示(shi)的(de)平臺和(he)生(sheng)態文(wen)明教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育的(de)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。
合理利(li)用區(qu)(qu)指梅口(kou)至(zhi)石脈(mo)河區(qu)(qu)域,規(gui)(gui)劃面(mian)積170.2公頃。規(gui)(gui)劃合理利(li)用區(qu)(qu)域內現有的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)產業(ye)、民俗文化等(deng)資源,通過(guo)開(kai)展(zhan)生態養(yang)殖、設置(zhi)游憩休閑、水上娛樂(le)等(deng)項(xiang)目,以及提(ti)升水岸植被景觀(guan),建立比較(jiao)完善(shan)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)設施(shi)體系,構建合理的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)資源可(ke)持(chi)續利(li)用產業(ye)鏈,提(ti)高濕(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)的(de)(de)自養(yang)能力,并帶動周邊社區(qu)(qu)相關(guan)產業(ye)的(de)(de)發展(zhan),使社區(qu)(qu)群眾受(shou)益并提(ti)高他們(men)的(de)(de)生活水平。
管理(li)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)區(qu)主要指濕地公(gong)園管理(li)局、濕地管理(li)站、游客(ke)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)中心等。根據保(bao)護(hu)和(he)(he)管理(li)的需要,合理(li)布局,建立完善的保(bao)護(hu)、管理(li)及(ji)游客(ke)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)體系,為(wei)游客(ke)提供(gong)優質高效的服(fu)(fu)務(wu),實現良好的管理(li)、保(bao)護(hu)和(he)(he)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)功(gong)能。
通過(guo)"一軸"、"兩帶(dai)"、"一廊"、"兩區"、"多點(dian)"的總(zong)體(ti)規劃布局建(jian)設(she),濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)將被打造(zao)成(cheng)為"高峽-平湖-河谷"為一體(ti)的濕(shi)地生態(tai)(tai)系統保護(hu)、恢復與合理(li)利用的典范;沅(yuan)江流域重要(yao)的綠色生態(tai)(tai)廊道;苗家文(wen)化的保護(hu)、復興和(he)傳承的文(wen)化河流;"神奇生態(tai)(tai)綠洲"上濕(shi)地生態(tai)(tai)系統健(jian)康(kang)、景觀(guan)資(zi)源豐(feng)富(fu)、自然環境優美(mei)、科普宣教(jiao)設(she)施完善、休閑(xian)娛樂條件優越(yue)、文(wen)化底蘊深(shen)厚的國家濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)。