柏林湖濕(shi)地(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)面積(ji)290公(gong)頃,水(shui)(shui)域面積(ji)140公(gong)頃,積(ji)水(shui)(shui)面積(ji)320平方(fang)公(gong)里(li),河道總(zong)(zong)長60公(gong)里(li)。濕(shi)地(di)(di)內(nei)山青水(shui)(shui)秀(xiu)(xiu)、環境清幽、風(feng)景迷人,被(bei)全國(guo)著名鄉(xiang)土民俗建筑專家季富政(zheng)稱(cheng)為山溝里(li)的“小九(jiu)寨”,已(yi)經(jing)成功申(shen)報(bao)為國(guo)家濕(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園。據了(le)解(jie),柏林湖國(guo)家濕(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園所在(zai)的柏林古鎮,于(yu)東漢(han)末年(公(gong)園128年)建葭萌分縣,已(yi)有1800多年歷史。境內(nei)歷史文(wen)化(hua)積(ji)淀(dian)厚重,文(wen)物、古跡(ji)眾多,自然風(feng)光(guang)清新秀(xiu)(xiu)美(mei),秦(qin)漢(han)古街被(bei)譽(yu)為川(chuan)北民居“標(biao)本”,目前正在(zai)申(shen)報(bao)省級歷史文(wen)化(hua)名鎮。
擬建的國(guo)家(jia)(jia)濕地(di)公園位于廣元市昭化區(qu)境內,主要包括柏(bo)林(lin)(lin)湖(hu)及周邊(bian)濕地(di)區(qu)域。濕地(di)公園范圍東北(bei)(bei)(bei)起于石板河(he)(he)向(xiang)西(xi)南(nan)(nan),沿(yan)(yan)溝至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寺坪(ping)向(xiang)南(nan)(nan),沿(yan)(yan)馮家(jia)(jia)河(he)(he)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)張家(jia)(jia)河(he)(he)向(xiang)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀音(yin)巖(yan),向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)沿(yan)(yan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三房(fang)里,向(xiang)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)沿(yan)(yan)柏(bo)林(lin)(lin)湖(hu)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)王家(jia)(jia)灣(wan),向(xiang)東南(nan)(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)江家(jia)(jia)灣(wan),向(xiang)東南(nan)(nan)沿(yan)(yan)柏(bo)林(lin)(lin)湖(hu)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬(ma)蹄(ti)灘大壩,向(xiang)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何(he)家(jia)(jia)嘴,向(xiang)東北(bei)(bei)(bei)沿(yan)(yan)馮家(jia)(jia)河(he)(he)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石板河(he)(he)。規劃(hua)面積1597.5hm2。
公(gong)園內濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)主(zhu)要由人(ren)工濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)的蓄水(shui)區濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)132.09公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)、水(shui)塘濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)1.31公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)、灌溉(gai)地(di)(di)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)5.16公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)、自(zi)然濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)的永久性河流濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)8.12公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)和泛濫地(di)(di)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)88.67公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)構成(cheng),占公(gong)園總面積的14.73%,濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)種類較豐富。
公園內(nei)森林均為濕地(di)(di)(di)匯水(shui)區,山谷溪流終(zhong)年不斷流,保障(zhang)了濕地(di)(di)(di)充分(fen)的(de)水(shui)量供(gong)給(gei),濕地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統(tong)(tong)隨水(shui)位的(de)季節性(xing)變化而變化,與周(zhou)邊的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統(tong)(tong)之間(jian)的(de)物質(zhi)與能量交換頻繁,整個生(sheng)(sheng)態系統(tong)(tong)已達(da)到生(sheng)(sheng)態的(de)平衡。 公園內(nei)濕地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)物多樣性(xing)資源十分(fen)豐富,柏(bo)林湖濕地(di)(di)(di)周(zhou)圍分(fen)布著近20余種樹木(mu),主(zhu)要(yao)有馬尾松(song)、柏(bo)木(mu)、榿(qi)木(mu)等樹種,還有省重點保護原生(sheng)(sheng)珍貴樹木(mu)杜(du)仲、銀(yin)杏等,野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物42種,其中水(shui)禽類(lei)8種,兩棲類(lei)3種,爬行類(lei)5種,鳥類(lei)19種,獸類(lei)7種。特(te)別是白鷺(lu)等水(shui)鳥作為濕地(di)(di)(di)野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物中較具代表性(xing)的(de)類(lei)群(qun),靈(ling)敏反(fan)應了濕地(di)(di)(di)環境的(de)變化。
公(gong)園內有多處(chu)古(gu)(gu)剎名寺、石(shi)雕古(gu)(gu)墓、魁星閣樓、閉(bi)關佛洞等人文景(jing)觀,還有自(zi)然形成的柏林(lin)湖、五嵐二(er)錦、摩崖造像(xiang)、三國(guo)古(gu)(gu)柏等自(zi)然景(jing)觀,景(jing)點美不勝收。
濕(shi)地(di)公園地(di)質構(gou)造(zao)(zao)為(wei)龍門山(shan)北(bei)東向華(hua)夏式(shi)構(gou)造(zao)(zao)體系(xi),位于摩天嶺構(gou)造(zao)(zao)帶之(zhi)南、米倉(cang)上構(gou)造(zao)(zao)帶之(zhi)西(xi),北(bei)東走向,插入(ru)摩天嶺、米倉(cang)山(shan)構(gou)造(zao)(zao)帶內(nei)。大部分地(di)區屬白堊系(xi)下統城墻(qiang)巖(yan)(yan)群地(di)址(zhi)巖(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng),是繼侏羅(luo)系(xi)沉(chen)積之(zhi)后又一套(tao)河湖相間的紅色(se)碎屑巖(yan)(yan)構(gou)成,礫巖(yan)(yan)、砂巖(yan)(yan)、泥巖(yan)(yan)呈(cheng)互(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)產(chan)生,厚度(du)在1300m左右,巖(yan)(yan)相巖(yan)(yan)性變化較大。
濕地(di)(di)(di)公園及(ji)周(zhou)邊區域(yu)有(you)4個土(tu)(tu)類(lei)、7個亞類(lei),林業用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)有(you)紫(zi)色(se)(se)土(tu)(tu)、山地(di)(di)(di)黃壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)、新(xin)沖擊(ji)土(tu)(tu)三類(lei),以(yi)前兩類(lei)為多。紫(zi)色(se)(se)土(tu)(tu)因發育于(yu)紫(zi)色(se)(se)母巖,發育較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)淺,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)質(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)、重壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)居多,沙(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)及(ji)粘土(tu)(tu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少酸堿(jian)度微(wei)(wei)酸性至微(wei)(wei)堿(jian)性,以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)性及(ji)微(wei)(wei)堿(jian)性為主(zhu),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)含N、P、K元(yuan)素較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多,保水保肥力較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)強(qiang),一般分布(bu)于(yu)海(hai)拔(ba)700m以(yi)上。山地(di)(di)(di)黃壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)屬砂(sha)巖和(he)頁巖石發育而成的(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang),質(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)有(you)沙(sha)(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)和(he)粘壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang),一般分布(bu)在海(hai)拔(ba)700m以(yi)上。新(xin)沖擊(ji)土(tu)(tu)主(zhu)要(yao)分布(bu)于(yu)沿河兩岸,海(hai)拔(ba)一般在300-500m左右,土(tu)(tu)層深厚(hou)、肥沃。
濕地公園所(suo)在區域屬亞(ya)熱帶季風性濕潤氣(qi)候,四季分明,冬春(chun)多(duo)風,夏秋多(duo)雨(yu),冬暖夏熱,秋季涼爽,降雨(yu)集中,高溫(wen)期(qi)與多(duo)雨(yu)期(qi)一致。全年平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)17.0℃,公園內(nei)日照(zhao)時數最多(duo)是在8月,最少是12月,年平(ping)均(jun)日照(zhao)數1370.0h,太陽輻射總量年均(jun)91.67cal/cm2。
濕地(di)公園內(nei)年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)相對濕度(du)70%左右,冬春較干(gan)燥(zao),多年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)降雨(yu)量(liang)812.9mm,3-6月降雨(yu)量(liang)68.1mm,多年(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)蒸發量(liang)1499mm,3-6月蒸發量(liang)162.3mm。
濕(shi)地(di)公園內柏林湖流域面積420km2,集雨面積320km2,總(zong)蓄水(shui)、提水(shui)能力約3億m3,一般(ban)年份總(zong)蓄水(shui)兩2.8億m3,公園內濕(shi)地(di)水(shui)量隨著季(ji)節(jie)變化有(you)一定的變化,但是(shi)變化幅(fu)度不(bu)大,7-10月(yue)份因降水(shui)增多水(shui)位有(you)所升高(gao),枯水(shui)期與豐(feng)水(shui)期水(shui)位相差3-4m,整個公園在豐(feng)水(shui)季(ji)節(jie)沒有(you)洪澇(lao)災害。