1998年1月經湖南省(sheng)人民政府批建(jian)為省(sheng)級(ji)自(zi)然保護區;
2002年1月被列入國際重要濕地(di)名錄;
2011年西(xi)洞庭(ting)湖自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區管理局著手保(bao)護(hu)區升(sheng)國家級(ji)工(gong)作,對(dui)區內濕地資源(yuan)進行科(ke)學(xue)考(kao)察,完善了國家級(ji)自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區總體(ti)規劃,夯實了保(bao)護(hu)區升(sheng)國家級(ji)工(gong)作基礎;
2014年(nian)1月(yue)常德漢壽西洞庭(ting)湖自然保護區獲批國(guo)家級自然保護區。?
東(dong)經111°57ˊ~112°17ˊ,北緯28°47ˊ~29°07ˊ,屬濕地生態系統類型(xing)自然保護區。
洞庭(ting)湖胚胎發育于湖南西洞庭(ting)湖國家級自然保(bao)護區(qu)全新世(shi)早期的(de)(de)平(ping)原水系和星(xing)(xing)散湖沼(zhao)。全新世(shi)初期,本區(qu)仍為(wei)河(he)網切割的(de)(de)平(ping)原地(di)貌景觀。由于地(di)勢的(de)(de)波狀起伏(fu),在河(he)間的(de)(de)碟形洼地(di)內,分布著一些星(xing)(xing)散的(de)(de)小型(xing)湖泊(bo)和沼(zhao)澤。現今(jin)的(de)(de)西洞庭(ting)湖就是(shi)在這(zhe)(zhe)一地(di)質地(di)貌背景下(xia),由這(zhe)(zhe)些星(xing)(xing)散的(de)(de)小型(xing)湖沼(zhao)逐漸(jian)發展(zhan)演變(bian)而來的(de)(de)。
洞庭湖(hu)(hu)(hu)位(wei)于湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南省北部,長江(jiang)中游南岸,有湘、資、沅(yuan)、澧四水流(liu)(liu)(liu)入。西洞庭湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(目平湖(hu)(hu)(hu))地處沅(yuan)、澧水尾閭,通江(jiang)達海(hai),它不僅承(cheng)接沅(yuan)、澧二(er)水,而(er)且吞吐長江(jiang)松滋、太(tai)平二(er)口洪流(liu)(liu)(liu),漢壽縣南部低山(shan)丘(qiu)陵區為雪峰(feng)山(shan)余脈,其間(jian)滄水、浪水、龍(long)池河、煙(yan)包山(shan)河等8條(tiao)河流(liu)(liu)(liu)也(ye)由南向(xiang)北流(liu)(liu)(liu)入西洞庭湖(hu)(hu)(hu)。常(chang)德德山(shan)以(yi)下(xia)的沅(yuan)水流(liu)(liu)(liu)入西洞庭湖(hu)(hu)(hu),流(liu)(liu)(liu)入位(wei)置為坡頭南堤(di)。沅(yuan)水流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)常(chang)德境(jing)內長104km,流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積5609.2km。澧水在花園咀以(yi)下(xia)的部分流(liu)(liu)(liu)入西洞庭湖(hu)(hu)(hu),當沅(yuan)水較低時其部分與安鄉流(liu)(liu)(liu)來的松滋、虎渡河等合流(liu)(liu)(liu)入湖(hu)(hu)(hu)。澧水流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)經常(chang)德180 km,流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積8146km。
本區屬中亞(ya)熱帶季(ji)風(feng)氣候(hou)區,由于受東亞(ya)季(ji)風(feng)和(長)江(jiang)(洞庭)湖龐大水體的(de)影(ying)響,具有濕潤的(de)大陸亞(ya)熱帶季(ji)風(feng)氣候(hou)的(de)溫和濕潤、光熱充足、多風(feng)多雨(yu)、四季(ji)分明的(de)氣候(hou)特征(zheng)。?
保(bao)護區(qu)總面(mian)積(ji)30044公(gong)頃,其中核心區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)9061公(gong)頃,緩沖區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)6155公(gong)頃,實驗區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)14818公(gong)頃。
根據實地調(diao)查(cha)結果,保護(hu)區現已(yi)記錄到維管束植(zhi)物(wu)87科(ke)(ke)(ke)259屬(shu)414種(zhong),其中(zhong)蕨類(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)14科(ke)(ke)(ke)16屬(shu)19種(zhong);裸子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)1科(ke)(ke)(ke)2屬(shu)2種(zhong)(均為(wei)(wei)引種(zhong)栽培);被子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)72科(ke)(ke)(ke)241屬(shu)393種(zhong)。保護(hu)區植(zhi)物(wu)區系(xi)主(zhu)要以(yi)世(shi)界(jie)廣(guang)布(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、泛(fan)熱帶(dai)(dai)(dai)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和北(bei)溫(wen)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),其中(zhong)世(shi)界(jie)廣(guang)布(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)尤為(wei)(wei)突出,共有(you)45科(ke)(ke)(ke),占總科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)61.64%;而泛(fan)熱帶(dai)(dai)(dai)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和北(bei)溫(wen)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別有(you)13科(ke)(ke)(ke)和11科(ke)(ke)(ke),占總科(ke)(ke)(ke)數的(de)(de)比(bi)例(li)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別為(wei)(wei)17.81%和15.07%。這三種(zhong)主(zhu)要成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)數之和為(wei)(wei)69科(ke)(ke)(ke),占總科(ke)(ke)(ke)數的(de)(de)比(bi)例(li)為(wei)(wei)94.52%。其它有(you)8種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)型缺失(shi),還有(you)4種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)型均分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別只有(you)1科(ke)(ke)(ke)。濕地植(zhi)被在科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區類(lei)(lei)型上(shang)具(ju)有(you)高度的(de)(de)趨同性(xing)。
西洞(dong)庭(ting)湖自然(ran)保護(hu)(hu)區內(nei)記錄到底棲動物(wu)(wu)4目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)9科(ke)(ke)(ke)65種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)9目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)20科(ke)(ke)(ke)112種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)1目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)5科(ke)(ke)(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)3目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)8科(ke)(ke)(ke)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),哺(bu)乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)7目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)14科(ke)(ke)(ke)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。西洞(dong)庭(ting)湖自然(ran)保護(hu)(hu)區是(shi)極具科(ke)(ke)(ke)研、保護(hu)(hu)價值的濕地(di)生態系統和濕地(di)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)保護(hu)(hu)區,區內(nei)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)多,數量大,共記錄到鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)205種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分屬15目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)50科(ke)(ke)(ke)。占全(quan)國(guo)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總數1329種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的15.2%,占湖南省鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總數438種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的46.1%。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong),雀(que)形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、鸻形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和雁(yan)形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)無論在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和數量上(shang)(shang)都(dou)占有(you)絕對(dui)優(you)勢,各有(you)84種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分別占鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)群落組成的41.0%、15.1%和13.2%。在水鳥(niao)各科(ke)(ke)(ke)中(zhong),鴨科(ke)(ke)(ke)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)最多,有(you)27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)次是(shi)鷸科(ke)(ke)(ke)和鷺科(ke)(ke)(ke),都(dou)為14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong),濕地(di)水鳥(niao)共8目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)90種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全(quan)國(guo)水鳥(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的33.1%,反應了保護(hu)(hu)區在水鳥(niao)及其(qi)(qi)棲息地(di)保護(hu)(hu)上(shang)(shang)的重要(yao)性(xing)。
1) 哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)動(dong)物(wu)中,屬(shu)國家I級(ji)重點保護(hu)(hu)的(de)1種,即麋鹿(lu),屬(shu)國家II級(ji)重點保護(hu)(hu)的(de)有3種,即小靈貓、河麂、穿(chuan)山甲。此外,還(huan)有12種哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)動(dong)物(wu)屬(shu)“國家保護(hu)(hu)的(de)有益的(de)或者有重要經濟(ji)、科學研究價(jia)值的(de)陸生(sheng)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)”,有14種哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)動(dong)物(wu)屬(shu)于湖(hu)南(nan)省地方重點保護(hu)(hu)陸生(sheng)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)。
2)鳥類(lei)中,屬(shu)國(guo)家(jia)I級(ji)重點(dian)保護(hu)的有(you)(you)4種,即(ji)白(bai)(bai)鶴、白(bai)(bai)尾海(hai)雕、黑(hei)鸛和東方白(bai)(bai)鸛;屬(shu)國(guo)家(jia)II級(ji)重點(dian)保護(hu)的有(you)(you)21種,即(ji)小(xiao)(xiao)天鵝(e)、白(bai)(bai)額雁、鴛鴦(yang)、小(xiao)(xiao)鴉鵑、褐翅鴉鵑、白(bai)(bai)枕(zhen)鶴、灰(hui)鶴、鶚、鵲鷂、白(bai)(bai)腹鷂、白(bai)(bai)尾鷂、蒼(cang)鷹(ying)、雀鷹(ying)、普(pu)通(tong)鵟(kuang)、大鵟(kuang)、灰(hui)背隼、游(you)隼、紅隼、阿穆爾隼、白(bai)(bai)琵鷺和卷羽鵜鶘。
列入IUCN:近危(NT)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)羅紋鴨、白(bai)眼(yan)潛鴨和黑(hei)尾塍鷸3種,瀕危的(de)(de)有(you)(you)青(qing)頭(tou)潛鴨和東方白(bai)鸛2種,易危的(de)(de)有(you)(you)花(hua)臉(lian)鴨、小白(bai)額雁(yan)、白(bai)枕鶴(he)和卷羽(yu)鵜(ti)鶘4種,極危的(de)(de)有(you)(you)白(bai)鶴(he)和黑(hei)鸛2種。
列(lie)入CITES附錄I的有:白(bai)(bai)(bai)鶴(he)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)枕(zhen)鶴(he)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)尾海雕、東方白(bai)(bai)(bai)鸛(guan)4種(zhong);列(lie)入CITES附錄II的有:鶚、游(you)隼、白(bai)(bai)(bai)琵(pi)鷺(lu)和黑鸛(guan)4種(zhong)。列(lie)入中國(guo)瀕(bin)危(wei)物種(zhong)紅皮書:稀有的有棉鳧、鶚和游(you)隼3種(zhong),瀕(bin)危(wei)的有白(bai)(bai)(bai)鶴(he)、黑鸛(guan)和東方白(bai)(bai)(bai)鸛(guan)3種(zhong),易危(wei)的有小天(tian)鵝、鴛(yuan)鴦(yang)、小鴉鵑(juan)、褐翅鴉鵑(juan)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)枕(zhen)鶴(he)和白(bai)(bai)(bai)琵(pi)鷺(lu)6種(zhong)。
3)爬(pa)行(xing)動物(wu)(wu)中,有20種爬(pa)行(xing)動物(wu)(wu)屬于(yu)“國家保護的(de)有益的(de)或者(zhe)有重要經濟、科學研究(jiu)價值的(de)陸生(sheng)野生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)”,同時有20種爬(pa)行(xing)動物(wu)(wu)為(wei)湖南省地方重點保護陸生(sheng)野生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)。
列入《瀕危動植(zhi)物(wu)種(zhong)國(guo)際貿(mao)易公(gong)約》附錄(lu)II的有舟山(shan)眼鏡(jing)蛇(she)1種(zhong),列入《瀕危動植(zhi)物(wu)種(zhong)國(guo)際貿(mao)易公(gong)約》附錄(lu)III的有烏龜1種(zhong)。在(zai)《中國(guo)物(wu)種(zhong)紅色名(ming)錄(lu)》中,烏龜被列入瀕危等級;中華鱉、王錦蛇(she)、黑眉(mei)錦蛇(she)、烏梢(shao)蛇(she)、銀環蛇(she)指名(ming)亞種(zhong)、舟山(shan)眼鏡(jing)蛇(she)和(he)短尾蝮這7種(zhong)被列入易危等級。
4)兩(liang)棲動(dong)物(wu)中,虎紋蛙屬于國家(jia)II級重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點保護(hu)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu),其余12種(zhong)兩(liang)棲類均屬“國家(jia)保護(hu)的有益的或者有重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要經濟(ji)、科學研究價值的陸生(sheng)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)”,同時也是(shi)湖南省地方重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點保護(hu)陸生(sheng)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)。
列(lie)(lie)入《瀕危動植(zhi)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國際(ji)貿易公約》附(fu)錄II的(de)有(you)虎紋(wen)蛙1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);在《中國物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紅色名錄》中,虎紋(wen)蛙被列(lie)(lie)入易危等(deng)級;黑斑側(ce)褶蛙被列(lie)(lie)入近危等(deng)級。
5)魚類(lei)中,屬(shu)國家(jia)I級(ji)重點保護的(de)1種,即(ji)中華鱘;
屬國家II級重(zhong)點保(bao)護的(de)有1種(zhong),即(ji)胭脂魚。?
湖(hu)(hu)南西洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)國(guo)(guo)家級自然保護區(qu)是長江(jiang)中(zhong)下游通江(jiang)湖(hu)(hu)泊的(de)典型代表,在(zai)國(guo)(guo)家生(sheng)態安(an)全、全球生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性保護和(he)江(jiang)湖(hu)(hu)復(fu)合(he)濕地生(sheng)態系(xi)統保護上具有非(fei)常重要(yao)的(de)意義(yi)。作(zuo)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)際重要(yao)濕地、東亞候鳥重要(yao)越冬地和(he)長江(jiang)生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性保護的(de)重要(yao)節點,其(qi)生(sheng)態系(xi)統的(de)穩定性對整個(ge)洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)乃至長江(jiang)中(zhong)下游地區(qu)的(de)生(sheng)態安(an)全產(chan)生(sheng)著重大影響。