內蒙古(gu)哈騰套海(hai)晉升(sheng)國(guo)家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區于(yu)1995年(nian)建立(li),2005年(nian)7月晉升(sheng)為國(guo)家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區。
內蒙古哈騰套海自然保護區位于(yu)內蒙古自治區巴彥(yan)淖爾市磴(deng)(deng)口(kou)(kou)縣西北(bei)部的烏蘭布和沙漠東北(bei)緣,距磴(deng)(deng)口(kou)(kou)縣城60余(yu)公里。地(di)理(li)坐標為東經106°09′~106°50′,北(bei)緯40°30′~40°57′之間。西以(yi)阿(a)拉(la)善(shan)左旗(qi)(qi)、烏拉(la)特后旗(qi)(qi)、磴(deng)(deng)口(kou)(kou)縣三旗(qi)(qi)縣交會點。
哈騰套海(hai)國家級自然(ran)保護區境(jing)內(nei)地(di)形(xing)地(di)貌復雜,地(di)貌可(ke)分為山地(di)、沙漠、平原(yuan)、河流四個類型。
其中,北(bei)及偏北(bei)是高(gao)聳巍峨(e)的狼山(shan)山(shan)脈,為(wei)土石山(shan)區,面(mian)(mian)積145.3萬畝,占(zhan)全縣總面(mian)(mian)積的23.2%;西部是廣袤的烏蘭布和(he)大沙(sha)漠(mo),地表為(wei)沙(sha)丘和(he)沙(sha)生植物覆(fu)蓋,南(nan)(nan)面(mian)(mian)是奔騰咆哮(xiao)的古老黃(huang)河,整個(ge)地形除山(shan)區外呈現東南(nan)(nan)高(gao)、西北(bei)低(di),東南(nan)(nan)逐步向西北(bei)傾斜,從東南(nan)(nan)總干(gan)渠引水閘(zha)到西北(bei)烏蘭布和(he)沙(sha)區,坡降23米(mi)。境內海(hai)拔最(zui)高(gao)2046米(mi),最(zui)低(di)1030米(mi)。
哈騰套海國家級自然(ran)保護區深處內(nei)陸,屬(shu)中溫帶大陸性季(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)氣(qi)(qi)候,其特征(zheng)是冬(dong)寒(han)漫(man)長,春秋短(duan)(duan)暫(zan),夏季(ji)炎(yan)熱,降(jiang)水量(liang)(liang)少,氣(qi)(qi)候干(gan)燥,風(feng)(feng)(feng)沙多,光(guang)照充足,熱量(liang)(liang)豐富(fu),溫差大,無(wu)霜期(qi)短(duan)(duan)。年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫為(wei)7.6℃,年(nian)均(jun)日(ri)照時(shi)數為(wei)3209.5小(xiao)時(shi),植物生長期(qi)的5—9月份(fen)光(guang)含有效輻射40.19千卡(ka)/平(ping)(ping)(ping)方厘米(mi),植物生長期(qi)積溫約為(wei)3100℃,是中國光(guang)能資源豐富(fu)的地(di)(di)區之一(yi);生長期(qi)晝夜溫差14.5℃,4—9月份(fen)日(ri)溫差14—22℃。歷年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)降(jiang)水量(liang)(liang)142.7毫米(mi),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)蒸發量(liang)(liang)為(wei)2381毫米(mi),干(gan)燥度4.08;年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)無(wu)霜期(qi)136一(yi)144天,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)風(feng)(feng)(feng)速3米(mi)/秒,常年(nian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)向西南。這種特殊(shu)的氣(qi)(qi)候條(tiao)件(jian),是由(you)于復雜的地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌和地(di)(di)理條(tiao)件(jian)形成(cheng)的。
哈騰(teng)套海國(guo)家級(ji)自(zi)然保護(hu)區位(wei)于黃(huang)河(he)干(gan)(gan)流(liu)(liu)上(shang),有(you)(you)(you)上(shang)世紀60年代(dai)初(chu)興建(jian)的(de)黃(huang)河(he)三盛公(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)利樞紐工(gong)程。優越的(de)地理條(tiao)(tiao)件,使保護(hu)區在(zai)(zai)河(he)套灌(guan)區的(de)引(yin)黃(huang)灌(guan)溉史(shi)上(shang),占有(you)(you)(you)相當重要的(de)位(wei)置。在(zai)(zai)磴口縣境(jing)(jing)內,黃(huang)河(he)流(liu)(liu)經境(jing)(jing)內52公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)。灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)干(gan)(gan)渠(qu)(烏(wu)沈干(gan)(gan)渠(qu))33公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),灌(guan)域(yu)(yu)49萬畝。灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)分(fen)干(gan)(gan)渠(qu)2條(tiao)(tiao):東(dong)風渠(qu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)45.6公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),灌(guan)域(yu)(yu)23.7萬畝;大灘渠(qu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)19.3公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),灌(guan)域(yu)(yu)10.8萬畝。有(you)(you)(you)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)干(gan)(gan)溝(gou)(gou)2條(tiao)(tiao):—排(pai)(pai)干(gan)(gan)流(liu)(liu)徑長(chang)(chang)(chang)16.7公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),二排(pai)(pai)干(gan)(gan)流(liu)(liu)徑長(chang)(chang)(chang)28.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)。有(you)(you)(you)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)分(fen)干(gan)(gan)溝(gou)(gou)3條(tiao)(tiao):紅衛分(fen)干(gan)(gan)溝(gou)(gou)長(chang)(chang)(chang)16.9公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),渡(du)口分(fen)干(gan)(gan)溝(gou)(gou)長(chang)(chang)(chang)重4.7公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(揚水(shui)(shui)和自(zi)排(pai)(pai)各(ge)半),公(gong)(gong)(gong)地分(fen)干(gan)(gan)溝(gou)(gou)長(chang)(chang)(chang)12.8公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(揚水(shui)(shui))。年引(yin)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)約6億立方米,地面水(shui)(shui)徑流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)233.81萬立方米
哈騰套海國(guo)家級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)由山地、沙漠、平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)濕地三種地貌(mao)類(lei)型組(zu)成,山地總面(mian)積(ji)面(mian)積(ji)約(yue)為(wei)65700公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),沙漠總面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)29910公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)濕地27990公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(濕地3600),保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內核心區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)51610公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),緩沖區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)32180公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),實驗區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)39810公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。
哈騰套(tao)海國家(jia)級自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)區主(zhu)要保護(hu)(hu)對(dui)象是荒(huang)(huang)漠(mo)植(zhi)被(bei)生態(tai)(tai)系統和珍稀瀕危野生動植(zhi)物(wu)及其生存環(huan)境。屬荒(huang)(huang)漠(mo)生態(tai)(tai)類型(xing)自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)區。
哈騰套(tao)海國(guo)家(jia)級自(zi)然保護區內有(you)國(guo)家(jia)重點保護野(ye)生植物(wu)有(you)6種(zhong)(zhong),瀕(bin)危(wei)保護植物(wu)總面積(ji)15500公頃(qing)。其(qi)中國(guo)家(jia)二級瀕(bin)危(wei)保護植物(wu)沙(sha)(sha)冬(dong)青(qing)、綿刺、肉蓯蓉,面積(ji)約10200公頃(qing),蓋度在30%以上的面積(ji)為10000公頃(qing);國(guo)家(jia)三(san)級瀕(bin)危(wei)保護植物(wu)有(you)梭(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)、蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)扁(bian)桃、胡(hu)楊(yang),面積(ji)5300公頃(qing),蓋度在30%以上的面積(ji)為4500公頃(qing)。樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)喬木(mu)22種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)(fen)屬于(yu)(yu)8科10屬。灌木(mu)29種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)(fen)屬于(yu)(yu)14科20屬,其(qi)中沙(sha)(sha)生灌木(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)。上述樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)中有(you)用材(cai)林樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)16種(zhong)(zhong),防護林樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)8種(zhong)(zhong),固沙(sha)(sha)林樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)10種(zhong)(zhong)。主要有(you)紅柳、河柳、胡(hu)楊(yang)、梭(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)、檸條、沙(sha)(sha)冬(dong)青(qing)、山榆、蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)扁(bian)桃、沙(sha)(sha)篙、白刺等。
全(quan)縣共(gong)有野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)350種。被(bei)列為(wei)自(zi)治區(qu)一級珍稀瀕(bin)(bin)危保(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)有梭梭、胡楊、肉蓯蓉、沙冬(dong)青。被(bei)列為(wei)自(zi)治區(qu)二級珍稀瀕(bin)(bin)危保(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)有甘草、文冠果(guo)。野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)經濟植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)主(zhu)要有甘草、肉蓯蓉、鎖陽、發菜(cai)及蒙(meng)古扁桃。
其(qi)中飼用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物有:沙(sha)(sha)打旺(wang)、梭梭、花棒、沙(sha)(sha)棘等(deng); 藥用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物有:甘草、鎖陽、肉(rou)蓯蓉、沙(sha)(sha)棘;
食用釀(niang)造用植(zhi)物(wu)有(you):沙(sha)棘、沙(sha)棗、白刺;
油(you)用(yong)植物有:沙棘、文冠(guan)果、沙棗(zao);
芳(fang)香植物(wu)有:沙棘、沙棗、艾。
染料植物有:沙棘;
觀賞植物有:沙冬(dong)青。
此外(wai)還有國(guo)家重點保護植(zhi)物(wu)沙蘆草。
哈騰套海國家級(ji)自然保(bao)護(hu)區動物(wu)資源(yuan)很豐富,有(you)陸野(ye)生動物(wu)96種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)獸類(lei)有(you)6目(mu)(mu)11科(ke)27種(zhong)(zhong),鳥類(lei)有(you)14目(mu)(mu)28科(ke)62種(zhong)(zhong),兩棲(qi)爬行類(lei)7種(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)國家重點保(bao)護(hu)野(ye)生動物(wu)22種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)國家一級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)有(you)黑(hei)鸛、北山(shan)羊(yang)、大鴇等(deng)6種(zhong)(zhong),二級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)有(you)天鵝、巖羊(yang)、鷹類(lei)等(deng)16種(zhong)(zhong)。
哈(ha)騰套海國家(jia)級(ji)自然保(bao)護區管(guan)理局(ju),下設(she)4個管(guan)理站、5個管(guan)護點和2個監(jian)察站。現有(you)工作人(ren)員16名(ming),制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)(le)規章(zhang)制(zhi)度和管(guan)護措施,積(ji)極(ji)開(kai)展各項工作。另(ling)外、制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)(le)總(zong)體規劃(hua),積(ji)極(ji)的爭取(qu)國家(jia)和地方投資(zi),強化基礎設(she)施建設(she),保(bao)護好自然資(zi)源。
哈(ha)騰套海(hai)國(guo)家級(ji)自(zi)然保護(hu)區地理位置特殊,動植物(wu)物(wu)種多樣,生(sheng)態系(xi)統脆弱,是(shi)開(kai)展科研(yan)、定(ding)位監測、普(pu)及推廣科學技(ji)術,提高環境保護(hu)意識(shi)的良好場所(suo),是(shi)天然的教學“大課(ke)堂”、“科研(yan)實(shi)驗場”。尤其對(dui)研(yan)究荒(huang)漠生(sheng)態系(xi)統演變規律(lv)、荒(huang)漠動植物(wu)生(sheng)存和生(sheng)長規律(lv)具有重要意義。