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云霧山自然保(bao)護區(qu)（Yunwushan Nature Re-Serve） 中國第2個(ge)草原(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護區(qu)。屬黃(huang)土(tu)高原(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)芒(mang)草群系保(bao)留(liu)較(jiao)好的典(dian)型(xing)地區(qu)，對開展(zhan)草原(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)態系統的定(ding)位研究，探索草原(yuan)(yuan)、畜牧、水土(tu)保(bao)持間的關系有(you)重要科研價值。位于寧夏固原(yuan)(yuan)縣東北，為中溫帶半干旱黃(huang)土(tu)丘陵低山區(qu)。已(yi)劃定(ding)自然保(bao)護區(qu)面積(ji)1300公頃。海拔(ba)多在1800～1900米(mi)，頂(ding)峰(feng)2148米(mi)。年(nian)均溫6℃，年(nian)降(jiang)水量約350～400毫米(mi)，土(tu)壤主要為淡黑壚(lu)土(tu)。有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)181種(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中草本(ben)植(zhi)物(wu)140多種(zhong)(zhong)，包括飼(si)用植(zhi)物(wu)110種(zhong)(zhong)，藥用植(zhi)物(wu)41種(zhong)(zhong)；脊椎動物(wu)80種(zhong)(zhong)。共(gong)有(you)典(dian)型(xing)草原(yuan)(yuan)、草甸(dian)草原(yuan)(yuan)、荒(huang)漠草原(yuan)(yuan)、中生(sheng)落葉(xie)闊葉(xie)灌叢(cong)和耐(nai)旱落葉(xie)灌叢(cong)等5個(ge)植(zhi)被亞(ya)型(xing)，11個(ge)重要群系。其(qi)中以典(dian)型(xing)草原(yuan)(yuan)的長(chang)芒(mang)草群系占優(you)勢，為黃(huang)土(tu)高原(yuan)(yuan)叢(cong)生(sheng)禾草草原(yuan)(yuan)的代表類型(xing)。其(qi)次為百(bai)里(li)香、鐵桿蒿(hao)、茭蒿(hao)、委(wei)陵菜等。經幾年(nian)來的保(bao)護，草場生(sheng)產力已(yi)由畝(mu)產鮮草100～150千(qian)克(ke)提高到(dao)400～600千(qian)克(ke)，是良(liang)好的常年(nian)牧場。

歷史

1982年(nian)，固原縣在云霧山建立了(le)面積達4000公(gong)頃的草原自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)，1995年(nian)被列為省(區(qu))級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)，這也是我國黃(huang)土(tu)高原建立的第(di)一(yi)個草地類(lei)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)。

地理環境

云霧山主

云(yun)霧山(shan)草原自然(ran)保護區峰海拔(ba)2128米，山(shan)基由白云(yun)巖、紅色砂礫組成，土(tu)壤為地灰褐土(tu)和(he)淡黑壚(lu)土(tu)，生長草甸(dian)植被。

自然資源

保(bao)護區內(nei)有植(zhi)物51科131屬182種(zhong)，動物40科74屬80種(zhong)，益蟲(chong)14科28種(zhong)，蜘蛛(zhu)5科7種(zhong)。保(bao)護區所保(bao)護的對象就是這(zhe)些草原植(zhi)被及其(qi)生(sheng)態系統，包括氣候、土壤、昆蟲(chong)、野生(sheng)動植(zhi)物、微生(sheng)物等(deng)。

生態保護

自80年云霧山(shan)草原自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區自然風光(guang)代中期于(yu)日本、美國(guo)(guo)、德國(guo)(guo)等(deng)(deng)生(sheng)態學(xue)、土壤學(xue)和(he)生(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)性等(deng)(deng)方(fang)面的(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)家(jia)(jia)開展了(le)合作研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，目(mu)前已(yi)成為(wei)中國(guo)(guo)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)院水(shui)利部水(shui)土保(bao)(bao)持研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)所、西北(bei)農(nong)林(lin)科(ke)(ke)技大(da)學(xue)、蘭州大(da)學(xue)、寧夏大(da)學(xue)草業(ye)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)與(yu)(yu)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)生(sheng)培養(yang)、農(nong)業(ye)部狐貍(li)野性化(hua)馴養(yang)和(he)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)林(lin)業(ye)局退化(hua)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)(tong)定位(wei)監(jian)測(ce)基地及(ji)全球氣(qi)候變化(hua)定位(wei)監(jian)測(ce)點，經(jing)(jing)過(guo)近30年的(de)封(feng)禁(jin)和(he)草原生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)(tong)定位(wei)監(jian)測(ce)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，生(sheng)態經(jing)(jing)濟社會效益顯著，已(yi)成為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)西部草原植被恢復(fu)與(yu)(yu)草原自然修復(fu)的(de)一(yi)個成功典范(fan)，為(wei)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)退耕還林(lin)草與(yu)(yu)地方(fang)封(feng)山(shan)禁(jin)牧工程的(de)實施提供了(le)重要(yao)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)依據(ju)。

天然草地自然修復成效顯著

20世紀80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代初期(qi)(qi)，在區(qu)域考(kao)察的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)，我(wo)們提出(chu)并在我(wo)國西部寧夏(xia)固(gu)原(yuan)云霧(wu)山建立了(le)(le)(le)最早的(de)(de)典型草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)原(yuan)自(zi)(zi)然保護區(qu)，封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)保護面積由(you)0.23萬hm已擴大(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)1 萬hm。通(tong)過近30年(nian)(nian)(nian)封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)定(ding)位試驗，根(gen)據草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)退(tui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)程度(du)(du)采取封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)、改(gai)(gai)良、補播等草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)建設技術途徑，使退(tui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)植被種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類成(cheng)分、牧草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)生(sheng)長發(fa)育和(he)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)境條(tiao)件得(de)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)全面改(gai)(gai)善，草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)產力有了(le)(le)(le)很大(da)(da)提高，草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)群(qun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類成(cheng)分發(fa)生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)顯著變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)初期(qi)(qi)，草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)原(yuan)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)僅(jin)為53種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)和(he)半灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)占8%，草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)本(ben)占92%，多(duo)(duo)數以(yi)(yi)旱(han)生(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)組(zu)成(cheng)，物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密度(du)(du)平均(jun)為5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)/m。隨封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)期(qi)(qi)延(yan)長物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密度(du)(du)逐漸增加，封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)第15年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1996年(nian)(nian)(nian))，物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密度(du)(du)達到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)峰值，平均(jun)為33種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)/m，是(shi)(shi)未封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)3.1倍，草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)群(qun)落物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數達到(dao)(dao)186種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，是(shi)(shi)未封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)3.5倍，其中灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)和(he)半灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)占12%，草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)本(ben)占88%，多(duo)(duo)數以(yi)(yi)中生(sheng)和(he)中旱(han)生(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)組(zu)成(cheng)，并出(chu)現(xian)大(da)(da)量森林草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)原(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)帶的(de)(de)灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)和(he)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)本(ben)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)覆(fu)蓋(gai)度(du)(du)由(you)35%提高到(dao)(dao)95%，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)量由(you)750提高到(dao)(dao)7560kg/hm。特別是(shi)(shi)在1986和(he)1991年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)雨(yu)量274.8mm和(he)259.7mm的(de)(de)大(da)(da)旱(han)年(nian)(nian)(nian)份，寧夏(xia)固(gu)原(yuan)2/3的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方由(you)于(yu)干旱(han)缺草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)造成(cheng)60%~70%牲(sheng)畜死亡，但封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)保護和(he)改(gai)(gai)良草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)周圍的(de)(de)鄉村5.0~6.0萬頭牲(sheng)畜得(de)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)挽救，直接(jie)減少經濟(ji)損失500萬元(yuan)，充分發(fa)揮了(le)(le)(le)"自(zi)(zi)然保護區(qu)"和(he)改(gai)(gai)良草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)顯著作用，保護區(qu)生(sheng)態、經濟(ji)、社會效益(yi)顯著，受到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)各(ge)級政府及群(qun)眾的(de)(de)一致贊(zan)揚，得(de)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)地(di)(di)(di)方政府表彰和(he)獎勵。但封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)15年(nian)(nian)(nian)后隨封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)時(shi)間的(de)(de)延(yan)長，物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密度(du)(du)趨于(yu)下降(jiang)，第24-28年(nian)(nian)(nian)(2008年(nian)(nian)(nian))物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密度(du)(du)僅(jin)為19.1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)/m。封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)期(qi)(qi)過長因枯(ku)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)層(ceng)加厚而影響草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)自(zi)(zi)然更(geng)新與物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性增加。草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)壤(rang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子庫(ku)研究表明，云霧(wu)山草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)壤(rang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子庫(ku)在空(kong)間分布(bu)上(shang)呈(cheng)現(xian)一定(ding)的(de)(de)規律性，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子密度(du)(du)在垂(chui)直分布(bu)上(shang)呈(cheng)現(xian)出(chu)由(you)表層(ceng)土(tu)壤(rang)向深層(ceng)逐層(ceng)減少的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)規律，水平分布(bu)上(shang)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)規律為:封(feng)(feng)(feng)禁(jin)(jin)>放牧;陰坡(po)>陽坡(po);下坡(po)>中坡(po)>上(shang)坡(po)，這些均(jun)是(shi)(shi)影響群(qun)落物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性增加和(he)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)繁殖更(geng)新的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)問題。

通過(guo)近30年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)自然封(feng)(feng)禁試驗，明確提出草(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)恢(hui)復(fu)的(de)適宜封(feng)(feng)禁期:在(zai)半干(gan)旱區森林(lin)草(cao)原地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)，草(cao)甸植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)的(de)適宜恢(hui)復(fu)期為(wei)3~5年(nian)(nian)(nian)，方(fang)可(ke)進行(xing)合(he)理的(de)放牧或(huo)刈(yi)割利(li)(li)用，對利(li)(li)用過(guo)度退化嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)草(cao)甸植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)在(zai)平(ping)水年(nian)(nian)(nian)需要(yao)封(feng)(feng)禁8~12年(nian)(nian)(nian);在(zai)典(dian)型草(cao)原地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)，草(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)適宜恢(hui)復(fu)期為(wei)5~8年(nian)(nian)(nian)，方(fang)可(ke)進行(xing)合(he)理刈(yi)割和放牧利(li)(li)用，退化嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)草(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)在(zai)平(ping)水年(nian)(nian)(nian)約需封(feng)(feng)禁10~15年(nian)(nian)(nian);在(zai)荒(huang)漠草(cao)原地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)，草(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)適宜恢(hui)復(fu)期為(wei)10~12年(nian)(nian)(nian)，方(fang)可(ke)進行(xing)合(he)理的(de)刈(yi)割和放牧利(li)(li)用，退化嚴重(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)在(zai)平(ping)水年(nian)(nian)(nian)約需封(feng)(feng)禁15~20年(nian)(nian)(nian)。這一結論(lun)通過(guo)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)試驗驗證，已(yi)建立了(le)示范樣板，為(wei)同類型區天然植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)恢(hui)復(fu)利(li)(li)用提供了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)科學依據。

封禁草地自然演替過程與規律

通(tong)過近(jin)30年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封禁(jin)(jin)試驗，首次劃分了(le)(le)草(cao)地植(zhi)被恢復與(yu)時序演(yan)(yan)替(ti)過程，分為(wei)五(wu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)階段(duan):第一階段(duan)為(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)持(chi)續增長(chang)(chang)(chang)聚集階段(duan)，即在封禁(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1~3年(nian)內以本(ben)氏(shi)針茅(mao)(mao)鄉土種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)群(qun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)其它優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、伴生(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)偶見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不斷適應新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)境(jing)，各項生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)指標穩(wen)定增長(chang)(chang)(chang);第二階段(duan)為(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間激烈競爭階段(duan)，也是封禁(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第4~9年(nian)，植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)數(shu)量(liang)大幅(fu)度(du)增長(chang)(chang)(chang)，并適應了(le)(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)境(jing)，且相互展(zhan)開了(le)(le)激烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間競爭與(yu)自(zi)然選擇;第三階段(duan)為(wei)建(jian)群(qun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加速(su)恢復演(yan)(yan)替(ti)階段(duan)，即封禁(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)10~15年(nian)，植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在激烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間競爭中"物(wu)(wu)(wu)競天擇、適者生(sheng)存(cun)"，本(ben)氏(shi)針茅(mao)(mao)形成(cheng)明顯建(jian)群(qun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，并不斷加速(su)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恢復與(yu)擴展(zhan), 且已(yi)(yi)達(da)到"亞頂極";第四階段(duan)為(wei)建(jian)群(qun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定居(ju)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)階段(duan)，封禁(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)16~21年(nian)本(ben)氏(shi)針茅(mao)(mao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化基(ji)本(ben)穩(wen)定在19株/m，占群(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)總數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)90.5%，已(yi)(yi)達(da)到"亞頂極";第五(wu)階段(duan)22~28年(nian)本(ben)氏(shi)針茅(mao)(mao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)繁殖受枯草(cao)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，個(ge)(ge)(ge)體數(shu)量(liang)急劇下降，優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大針茅(mao)(mao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)巨增，密度(du)為(wei)16~26株/m，有(you)(you)替(ti)代本(ben)氏(shi)針茅(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢。同時在草(cao)原(yuan)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溝道還(huan)出(chu)現(xian)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中生(sheng)灌木，多為(wei)森林(lin)(lin)草(cao)原(yuan)區(qu)成(cheng)分，已(yi)(yi)由草(cao)原(yuan)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)坡(po)下部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陰坡(po)或(huo)半(ban)陰坡(po)以片狀分布，逐漸向草(cao)原(yuan)腹(fu)地呈零星狀入(ru)侵，使草(cao)原(yuan)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)(yan)替(ti)進入(ru)了(le)(le)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)階段(duan)，形成(cheng)了(le)(le)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拐點，直到封禁(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第28年(nian)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐富度(du)仍保持(chi)在148種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，具有(you)(you)典型(xing)草(cao)原(yuan)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)向森林(lin)(lin)草(cao)原(yuan)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)類型(xing)演(yan)(yan)替(ti)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢。

封禁草地適度刈割利用技術

在黃土高(gao)原(yuan)典型草(cao)原(yuan)地帶，通過(guo)不同刈(yi)割強度試(shi)驗，表明適(shi)度刈(yi)割可使草(cao)地保(bao)持較高(gao)的(de)物種多樣性和生產力(li)，并(bing)能促進草(cao)地物質平衡及良性循環，為封禁草(cao)地的(de)合理刈(yi)割利用提供了重要依據。