形態特征
蘭州水果(guo)(guo)(guo)中,最為有名的是(shi)蘭州冬(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨,它(ta)色(se)澤鮮艷,形體(ti)美(mei)觀,皮(pi)薄肉(rou)細,酸(suan)甜適度(du),能長期貯存(cun),久負盛名,暢銷(xiao)國(guo)內(nei)外市場。蘭州冬(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨有大(da)(da)小(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)分(fen):大(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨,果(guo)(guo)(guo)實呈(cheng)倒(dao)卵圓形,果(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da),平(ping)均重(zhong)320~500克,熟后(hou)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實呈(cheng)金黃色(se),皮(pi)較厚而(er)粗(cu),果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)白嫩,汁多(duo)而(er)脆,味(wei)濃,酸(suan)甜適度(du),含糖量(liang)約9%;小(xiao)冬(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨由大(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨的芽條變異而(er)來,果(guo)(guo)(guo)實呈(cheng)圓形或橢圓形,其果(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)平(ping)均157.5克,果(guo)(guo)(guo)汁不(bu)及大(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)梨多(duo),貯期不(bu)如大(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨長,但果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮(pi)薄,果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)細,果(guo)(guo)(guo)味(wei)甜,因其味(wei)佳,成為甘肅省地方最佳品種之(zhi)(zhi)一。
分布范圍:蘭州
主要價值
蘭州冬(dong)果(guo)梨在醫學上應(ying)用甚廣,療效(xiao)頗高,具有(you)生津止(zhi)(zhi)渴、清(qing)(qing)心潤肺(fei)(fei)、除煩利(li)尿、清(qing)(qing)熱解毒、潤喉消痰、降火止(zhi)(zhi)咳(ke)的(de)功效(xiao)。若把冬(dong)果(guo)梨掏空去(qu)(qu)核,再裝入蜂(feng)蜜(mi)、冰糖煮熟,連湯帶果(guo)食用,更有(you)止(zhi)(zhi)咳(ke)散寒、清(qing)(qing)肺(fei)(fei)去(qu)(qu)痰的(de)功效(xiao)。
冬果梨(li)含有豐富的營養物質,脆嫩多汁,清爽可口,能(neng)幫助消化(hua),增進食欲。它的最(zui)大特(te)點是耐貯(zhu)性強(qiang),用普通窯(yao)窯(yao)貯(zhu)藏(zang),能(neng)貯(zhu)到次年(nian)五六(liu)月(yue)(yue)份(fen),有的地區可以貯(zhu)到七(qi)月(yue)(yue)份(fen)。
蘭(lan)州(zhou)地區人民喜吃熱冬果,寒冬臘月,冰封(feng)雪飄之時,把(ba)冬果梨(li)的(de)核取(qu)出,內盛生(sheng)公豬油(you)、花(hua)椒(jiao)、冰糖、大香、草果。桂(gui)皮等各種原料(liao),放在沙鍋里封(feng)口燉(dun)煮八個(ge)小時取(qu)出,爛而甜酸、香味(wei)濃郁。尤其是連湯食用,可以清心潤肺、止咳(ke)化(hua)痰(tan)。
栽培技術
蘭州素有“瓜果城”之譽,梨樹栽培歷史悠久。清雍正六年編輯的《甘肅通志》載:“蘭州出梨。”據科研部門推測,三百五十年前,蘭州、河西走廊、臨夏等地梨的栽培已相當盛行。據了解.蘭州、靖遠、皋蘭等地和河西走廊,以及黃河沿岸,尚有二、三百年以前的大果樹。據此推測,蘭州栽培梨的歷史絕不止三、五百年(nian)。蘭州果(guo)樹(shu)除棗樹(shu)以外,以梨樹(shu)為最多。據統計,五十(shi)年(nian)代初,蘭州即有(you)莽細(xi)五萬(wan)四(si)千八(ba)百多株,占各(ge)類果(guo)樹(shu)的(de)百分之三十(shi)點(dian)一二,而且集中分布(bu)在城(cheng)東南及西北,黃河兩岸(an)的(de)廣(guang)武門(men)、五里(li)鋪、孫家臺、北園、上下(xia)西園、鹽場堡(bao)、雁灘及彭家坪。
梨為薔薇科(ke)植物(wu)。蘭州冬果梨屬(shu)白梨系,有(you)大、小(xiao)冬果之(zhi)分。大冬果梨,果倒卵圓形(xing),果大,平均(jun)重(zhong)二百(bai)七十七點(dian)五(wu)克(ke),最大重(zhong)至五(wu)百(bai)克(ke)以上。一(yi)九(jiu)五(wu)七年,全省農業展(zhan)覽會上曾展(zhan)出重(zhong)達(da)一(yi)千七百(bai)五(wu)十克(ke)的(de)特大個體。冬果梨,皮(pi)色黃(huang)綠,完熟(shu)后呈金黃(huang)色,皮(pi)較厚(hou)而粗(cu),果梗較粗(cu),果肉水白色,質較粗(cu),石細(xi)胞較多,汁多,味(wei)濃,甘酸適(shi)度,含糖(tang)百(bai)分之(zhi)八點(dian)九(jiu),含酸百(bai)分之(zhi)零點(dian)四四,可溶性固(gu)形(xing)物(wu)百(bai)分之(zhi)十二點(dian)五(wu),品質甚優。
冬果梨(li),樹勢強健,壽(shou)命(ming)長(chang),結果早(zao),一(yi)般(ban)稼(jia)接后四(si)至五(wu)年(nian)(nian)結果。芽萌(meng)發力(li)強,成年(nian)(nian)樹新稍長(chang)約二(er)十二(er)厘米。以短果枝(zhi)及短果枝(zhi)群結果為主。果枝(zhi)壽(shou)命(ming)四(si)至五(wu)年(nian)(nian)。蘭州冬果梨(li)為豐產樹種,平均株(zhu)產五(wu)至六百斤,高的一(yi)千(qian)斤,最高達三至四(si)千(qian)斤。它四(si)月上旬花芽萌(meng)動(dong),中(zhong)旬開花座果,十月采摘(zhai),性(xing)喜砂質壤土,抗早(zao),抗鹽堿力(li)強,適應性(xing)廣,果實品(pin)質好,極耐貯藏,是甘肅省最佳地(di)方品(pin)種之(zhi)一(yi),可在大部(bu)分地(di)區大力(li)推廣。
小(xiao)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li),主產蘭州(zhou)市孫家臺和(he)(he)靖遠縣迎方灘等地。據(ju)考,這(zhe)種梨(li)(li)最早見于(yu)北園和(he)(he)孫家臺。當地老農說:“這(zhe)種梨(li)(li)其所以品(pin)質最佳(jia),一(yi)是龍尾山的脈好(hao),即土(tu)(tu)質好(hao);二是水(shui)(shui)磨溝的水(shui)(shui)甜。”科研部門認為,蘭州(zhou)小(xiao)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)是在(zai)特(te)定的水(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)、氣候條件下,由大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)芽(ya)條異(yi)變而來。它(ta)的果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)為倒卵形和(he)(he)橢圓形,或近圓形,縱橫徑(jing)六(liu)點九乘(cheng)六(liu)點五(wu)厘米,因比(bi)(bi)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)小(xiao),故名。單(dan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)重一(yi)百(bai)五(wu)十七點五(wu)克,色呈黃綠(lv),外圍(wei)果(guo)(guo)(guo)陽面(mian)略(lve)有紅暈(yun),果(guo)(guo)(guo)汁(zhi)雖不(bu)(bu)及(ji)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)多,貯期亦不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)長,樹(shu)勢不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)旺,樹(shu)齡(ling)不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)長,葉色不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)深,但(dan)樹(shu)姿比(bi)(bi)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)開張(zhang),果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮比(bi)(bi)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)薄(bo),果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉比(bi)(bi)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)細(xi),石細(xi)胞比(bi)(bi)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)少,風味(wei)比(bi)(bi)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)甜,品(pin)質比(bi)(bi)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)好(hao),是我省最佳(jia)地方品(pin)種之(zhi)一(yi),其味(wei)奪(duo)冠,膾(kuai)炙人(ren)口,名聞遐邇,遠在(zai)二百(bai)六(liu)十年前(qian)成(cheng)書(shu)的《甘(gan)肅(su)通志》戴:“梨(li)(li)蘭州(zhou)者(zhe)佳(jia)”。據(ju)考,最佳(jia)的梨(li)(li)即蘭州(zhou)小(xiao)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)。
歷史記載
所(suo)謂(wei)“熱(re)冬果”,其實就是(shi)梨(li)(li)子。蘭州梨(li)(li)子品(pin)質極(ji)佳,取名為“冬果梨(li)(li)”,就是(shi)引魏征醫母的典故(gu)。《本草通玄》說(shuo):梨(li)(li)之(zhi)生者(zhe),清六肺(fei)之(zhi)熱(re),熟者(zhe)滋(zi)五臟之(zhi)陰。我國古時人(ren)(ren)們對(dui)(dui)梨(li)(li)子保健(jian)功能(neng)已(yi)經熟知(zhi)無遺(yi)。蘭州人(ren)(ren)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)“熱(re)冬果”極(ji)為普遍,正常人(ren)(ren)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)梨(li)(li)也(ye)大有(you)(you)好處:生津解渴、滋(zi)潤心(xin)肺(fei)。如果將冬果梨(li)(li)和(he)冰糖(tang)一(yi)起(qi)烹食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)更佳。因為冰糖(tang)甘甜濕潤,歸經入肝,和(he)中助脾(pi)。對(dui)(dui)心(xin)腹(fu)脹飽、口干咽痛、肺(fei)腸燥熱(re)均(jun)有(you)(you)療(liao)效。冰糖(tang)和(he)冬果梨(li)(li)在一(yi)起(qi)煮了吃,會(hui)(hui)甜上加甜,而且性(xing)溫(wen)去寒,使(shi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)療(liao)效果倍增。每逢冬季(ji)來臨,蘭州人(ren)(ren)家家貯存(cun)冬果梨(li)(li)備用(yong)的習俗(su)已(yi)沿習了千百年。熱(re)冬果也(ye)確實是(shi)冬令最(zui)佳美食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),詩人(ren)(ren)們夸贊的也(ye)確實有(you)(you)道理。有(you)(you)興趣的人(ren)(ren),不妨小(xiao)試,會(hui)(hui)自(zi)有(you)(you)分(fen)曉(xiao)。
典故傳說
傳說(shuo)唐朝(chao)太(tai)宗(zong)皇帝李(li)世民(min)一連(lian)數日上(shang)殿過問(wen)國家大事,許多大臣送上(shang)奏本等(deng)候圣上(shang)御閱之后回(hui)復。李(li)世民(min)也想盡(jin)快處理(li)(li)完事,偏偏見(jian)不到宰相(xiang)魏征上(shang)朝(chao),一時難作定(ding)奪。說(shuo)來(lai)也怪(guai),魏相(xiang)本是(shi)皇上(shang)最寵信(xin)的人物(wu),一應大事小(xiao)事需和他商量之后再決定(ding)如何辦理(li)(li)的,再說(shuo)他也是(shi)最循規蹈(dao)矩之人,哪(na)會(hui)見(jian)不到他呢(ni)?太(tai)宗(zong)皇帝急命近侍去宰相(xiang)府中詢問(wen)何故。近侍回(hui)稟說(shuo)宰相(xiang)老母年過九旬,連(lian)日咳嗽起不了床。
宰(zai)相以孝道聞名天下(xia)(xia),自然伺侍老母,不敢離(li)開半步。皇上聞知(zhi),心中石(shi)頭(tou)才落下(xia)(xia)地。老母有病,他倒(dao)不怕,萬一魏(wei)相真(zhen)的病臥不起(qi)了,天下(xia)(xia)大事(shi)可找誰(shui)商量呢?皇上又(you)問宰(zai)相何日上朝?答曰“明日。”
次日魏(wei)征(zheng)果然第一(yi)個上朝(chao)拜(bai)見(jian)皇(huang)上,再三請罪。皇(huang)上并(bing)不(bu)責怪(guai)于他,只是關(guan)心地問老(lao)人可否康(kang)復?所用(yong)何藥?魏(wei)征(zheng)答母親大愈,實因熱(re)(re)冬果治好的(de)病。皇(huang)上記(ji)住了熱(re)(re)冬果的(de)好處,自(zi)己(ji)遇(yu)上風寒感冒,也(ye)如此(ci)食用(yong)熱(re)(re)冬果,果然很(hen)有療效。朝(chao)中文武大臣全都仿(fang)效,無(wu)不(bu)奇驗。