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傳奇少年

咸康五(wu)年(nian)（前燕六(liu)年(nian)，339年(nian)），慕容(rong)霸13歲。慕容(rong)皝(huang)擊高句麗，兵及新城，高句麗王釗(zhao)乞盟，乃還。慕容(rong)皝(huang)又使授予慕容(rong)霸為騎都尉，令其跟(gen)隨其兄長慕容(rong)恪（慕容(rong)皝(huang)第四子）擊宇文別(bie)部(bu)。時年(nian)慕容(rong)霸年(nian)僅(jin)十三歲，卻勇冠三軍。

慕容(rong)霸甚(shen)得父親寵愛(ai)，甚(shen)至比起身為世(shi)子的哥(ge)哥(ge)慕容(rong)儁更多，故此(ci)慕容(rong)儁忿忿不(bu)平。

屢立戰功

咸康八年（前燕九年，342年），慕容霸16歲。燕王慕容皝(huang)率(lv)軍(jun)攻高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li)。時前(qian)燕與(yu)高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li)相鄰，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)常懼(ju)其乘(cheng)虛 入，視為(wei)心腹(fu)之患(huan)，遂于十一月采(cai)用(yong)庶兄、建(jian)威將軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)之策略(lve)，分兵兩路進(jin)攻高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)自率(lv)主(zhu)力(li)精(jing)銳4萬(wan)(wan)從南(nan)道(dao)(dao)進(jin)攻，而(er)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸則與(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)為(wei)前(qian)鋒。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)還(huan)另(ling)命長(chang)史王寓等率(lv)兵1.5萬(wan)(wan)從北道(dao)(dao)進(jin)攻。高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li)王高(gao)(gao)釗聞知，判斷燕軍(jun)主(zhu)力(li)必從北道(dao)(dao)而(er)來，乃使(shi)其弟高(gao)(gao)武率(lv)精(jing)兵5萬(wan)(wan)防守北道(dao)(dao)，自率(lv)弱旅防南(nan)道(dao)(dao)。前(qian)燕軍(jun)在南(nan)道(dao)(dao)大敗(bai)高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li)軍(jun)，乘(cheng)勝(sheng)追入丸都（高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li)都城(cheng)，今吉林集安西），高(gao)(gao)釗只身逃走(zou)。

東晉建元二年（前燕十一年，344年），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容霸(ba)18歲。二月，燕王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝親自(zi)帶兵(bing)攻宇(yu)文(wen)逸豆(dou)(dou)歸(gui)，以(yi)建威將(jiang)(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰(han)為(wei)前鋒將(jiang)(jiang)軍，劉佩為(wei)副將(jiang)(jiang)；并命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容霸(ba)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容軍、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容恪及折(zhe)沖將(jiang)(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根等率兵(bing)分三路并進。宇(yu)文(wen)逸豆(dou)(dou)歸(gui)派南(nan)羅(luo)城大(da)（即城主(zhu)）涉夜(ye)干率精兵(bing)迎擊；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰(han)出戰涉夜(ye)干，兩軍激(ji)戰之時，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容霸(ba)則率軍從(cong)側翼殺出，殺涉夜(ye)干，宇(yu)文(wen)軍不戰自(zi)潰，燕軍乘(cheng)勝(sheng)追擊，攻克宇(yu)文(wen)氏都城紫蒙川（今遼寧朝陽西北）。宇(yu)文(wen)逸豆(dou)(dou)歸(gui)敗逃，死于(yu)漠(mo)北。宇(yu)文(wen)氏從(cong)此散亡，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝收其(qi)畜產，徙其(qi)部眾5000余落于(yu)昌黎(li)，辟地(di)千余里(li)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容霸(ba)因功被(bei)封為(wei)都鄉(xiang)侯。

東晉永(yong)和元年(nian)（345年(nian)），后(hou)趙將(jiang)領鄧恒領兵數(shu)萬(wan)駐(zhu)屯樂(le)安(an)（今(jin)河北(bei)樂(le)亭(ting)縣東北(bei)），意圖并吞前燕(yan)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝以(yi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)為平(ping)狄將(jiang)軍，駐(zhu)軍徒(tu)河（今(jin)遼寧錦州西北(bei)），鄧恒因為畏懼慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)而(er)不(bu)敢(gan)進(jin)犯。

東晉(jin)永和四年（348年），時年22歲，燕王慕容(rong)皝去(qu)世，慕容(rong)皝次(ci)子慕容(rong)俊(jun)即燕王位，就以慕容(rong)霸(ba)曾經墮馬而撞斷了牙齒為(wei)(wei)由改(gai)其(qi)名為(wei)(wei)“慕容(rong)夬(guai)“，后更去(qu)“夬(guai)”而改(gai)名慕容(rong)垂。

永和(he)五年（349年），后(hou)趙(zhao)主石虎死(si)，后(hou)趙(zhao)大亂。可慕(mu)容(rong)俊卻(que)認為后(hou)趙(zhao)新遭大喪，未同(tong)意進(jin)取(qu)中原(yuan)。慕(mu)容(rong)霸急至龍城（今(jin)遼(liao)寧朝陽），親自對慕(mu)容(rong)儁說：“難(nan)得(de)而易失(shi)者，時也。萬一石氏(shi)衰而復興，或有英雄據(ju)其成資，豈惟失(shi)此(ci)大利，亦恐(kong)更為后(hou)患(huan)。”于是，在封奕等人的支持下，慕(mu)容(rong)儁以慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)為前鋒都督、建鋒將軍，選二十多萬精(jing)兵準(zhun)備伐趙(zhao)。

永和六年(nian)（350年(nian)）二(er)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂領二(er)萬(wan)兵(bing)經(jing)(jing)循東路經(jing)(jing)徒(tu)河伐(fa)趙，另遣慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿于(yu)出西道，自率(lv)中軍(jun)，兵(bing)分三路伐(fa)趙。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂到(dao)三陘（今(jin)河北(bei)撫寧縣(xian)矛石山），鄧恒(heng)驚(jing)懼而燒倉庫出逃，退保薊城（今(jin)北(bei)京）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂到(dao)后盡收樂安、北(bei)平兩郡兵(bing)糧，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁會(hui)合共攻(gong)薊城。三月，燕(yan)軍(jun)攻(gong)下薊城，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂勸止了慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁盡坑后趙士卒的決定(ding)。不久(jiu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁又親率(lv)軍(jun)隊進攻(gong)鄧恒(heng)，至清梁(liang)（今(jin)河北(bei)清苑縣(xian)西南）時(shi)趙將(jiang)鹿勃(bo)(bo)早率(lv)數千人(ren)夜襲燕(yan)軍(jun)，突入慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂幕下，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂于(yu)是奮(fen)力(li)反擊(ji)，手(shou)刃(ren)了十多人(ren)，遏制了鹿勃(bo)(bo)早的攻(gong)擊(ji)，及后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根等(deng)人(ren)領兵(bing)擊(ji)敗鹿勃(bo)(bo)早，成功擊(ji)退了來襲。

永和八年（352年）三(san)月(yue)，趙立(li)義將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)段(duan)勤(qin)聚胡、羯萬余人保據繹幕，自稱趙帝。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)霸率軍(jun)(jun)前去攻打，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)霸軍(jun)(jun)至(zhi)繹幕，段(duan)勤(qin)與弟段(duan)思陪舉(ju)城投降。由于(yu)燕(yan)衛將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪、撫軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)軍(jun)(jun)、左將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)彪等屢薦慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)霸有命世之才，宜(yi)當大(da)任。燕(yan)主(zhu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊遂于(yu)同年以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)霸為使(shi)持節(jie)、安東將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、北冀(ji)州剌史，鎮常山。

永(yong)和十年(nian)（354年(nian)）四月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊稱帝，建號(hao)元(yuan)璽，史稱前燕。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)霸因訓(xun)練軍(jun)隊之(zhi)時(shi)，座騎受驚而墜馬(ma)，進而折齒(chi)，更名為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)被(bei)封為吳王(wang)，遷鎮信都，以侍中、右禁(jin)將(jiang)軍(jun)錄留臺事，大(da)收東北(bei)之(zhi)利(li)。這便(bian)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊更加忌妒(du)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)，下詔將(jiang)其(qi)召還(huan)。

升平元年（前(qian)燕光壽(shou)元年，357年），前(qian)燕發兵(bing)進攻(gong)塞北(bei)(bei)(bei)（長城(cheng)以(yi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)）敕(chi)(chi)勒(le)。敕(chi)(chi)勒(le)，又名丁(ding)零，高(gao)車。魏晉南北(bei)(bei)(bei)朝時，大(da)批敕(chi)(chi)勒(le)人(ren)入塞與其他少數民族雜居(ju)(ju)，留居(ju)(ju)漠(mo)北(bei)(bei)(bei)草(cao)原的敕(chi)(chi)勒(le)則(ze)在四世紀日益強大(da)，不斷侵擾中原。前(qian)燕入居(ju)(ju)中原后，經常(chang)遭到敕(chi)(chi)勒(le)人(ren)襲擾。同年五月，慕(mu)容俊派(pai)遣(qian)慕(mu)容垂(chui)（時為撫軍(jun)將軍(jun)）與中軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕(mu)容虔、護軍(jun)將軍(jun)平熙(xi)率步騎8萬進軍(jun)塞北(bei)(bei)(bei)，攻(gong)敕(chi)(chi)勒(le)，大(da)敗之(zhi)，俘(fu)斬(zhan)達10余萬人(ren)，獲馬13萬匹、牛羊無數。北(bei)(bei)(bei)部邊(bian)境復安。

為兄所忌

升平二年(nian)（358年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)娶段末柸女段氏(shi)，段氏(shi)生子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)令(ling)、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)。段氏(shi)才高(gao)性烈，與皇(huang)后可足渾氏(shi)不(bu)睦，皇(huang)后引以(yi)為(wei)恨(hen)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊(jun)(jun)向來對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)不(bu)滿，時有人奉可足渾之(zhi)令(ling)告(gao)段氏(shi)及(ji)吳國(guo)典書令(ling)遼東(dong)高(gao)弼(bi)為(wei)巫蠱(gu)，想借此把慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)牽(qian)連(lian)進來。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊(jun)(jun)將段氏(shi)及(ji)高(gao)弼(bi)下(xia)獄，進行拷問(wen)。但二人“志氣確然，終(zhong)無(wu)撓(nao)辭(ci)”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記(ji)》）。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心痛，暗中(zhong)派人對段氏(shi)說：“人生會當一(yi)死(si)，何(he)堪楚毒(du)如(ru)此！不(bu)若引服。”段氏(shi)嘆息道：“吾(wu)豈愛死(si)者耶！若自誣以(yi)惡逆，上辱祖宗，下(xia)累于王，固(gu)不(bu)為(wei)也(ye)！”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記(ji)》）后段氏(shi)死(si)于獄中(zhong)，而慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)也(ye)因(yin)此得免。出平州刺史，鎮遼東(dong)。并以(yi)段氏(shi)之(zhi)妹為(wei)繼室，皇(huang)后又將其黜之(zhi)，并將其妹嫁(jia)與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心中(zhong)不(bu)滿，這使他與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊(jun)(jun)關系更加惡劣。

升(sheng)平三(san)年（359年）十二(er)月(yue)，慕容(rong)俊病危，召(zhao)慕容(rong)垂回鄴城（今河北臨(lin)漳(zhang)西南）。

升(sheng)平四年（360年）正月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊(jun)病逝(shi)，太(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐即(ji)位。二月(yue)，尊可(ke)足渾后(hou)(hou)為(wei)皇太(tai)后(hou)(hou)，以(yi)太(tai)原王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)太(tai)宰，專錄朝政；上庸(yong)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評為(wei)太(tai)傅，陽(yang)騖為(wei)太(tai)保，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)為(wei)太(tai)師，參(can)輔朝政。時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)自恃先朝元(yuan)勛(xun)，心不服慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)，舉動(dong)倨傲。時(shi)太(tai)后(hou)(hou)可(ke)足渾氏也(ye)頗(po)干預外事。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)想(xiang)要謀反，便勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)一(yi)起謀反，遭到(dao)拒絕。后(hou)(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)將此事告(gao)之于(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)便勸(quan)其誅(zhu)殺(sha)(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)，但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)大局為(wei)重，沒(mei)有同(tong)意。后(hou)(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)密謀誅(zhu)殺(sha)(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評，二人聞后(hou)(hou)，遂將慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)誅(zhu)殺(sha)(sha)。三月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)使持節、征南將軍(jun)、都督(du)河(he)南諸軍(jun)事、兗州牧(mu)、荊州刺史，鎮梁國之蠡臺。

興寧(ning)三(san)年（365年）二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)隨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)共攻洛(luo)陽(yang)。三(san)月，克之，俘殺揚武將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)沈勁。隨即慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)略(lve)地至崤、澠，關中(zhong)大(da)震(zhen)，秦王苻堅屯(tun)陜城以防燕軍(jun)(jun)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)都(dou)督荊、揚、洛(luo)、徐、兗、豫、雍、益、涼、秦十(shi)州(zhou)諸軍(jun)(jun)事、征(zheng)南大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、荊州(zhou)牧，配兵一萬，鎮(zhen)魯陽(yang)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)變現出來的軍(jun)(jun)事才能大(da)為(wei)(wei)(wei)驚奇(qi)，甚為(wei)(wei)(wei)倚(yi)重。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)病重，深(shen)慮慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐手中(zhong)無權，而(er)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評又多(duo)猜忌。五(wu)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)病逝，臨終前(qian)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐親臨問以后(hou)事，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)再次向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐推薦慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)。

枋頭大捷

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪病死后，太(tai)和四年（前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)建熙十(shi)年，369年）四月，東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)大(da)司馬桓溫親率(lv)步騎5萬(wan)開始北伐前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)（參見晉(jin)(jin)攻(gong)前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)之戰）。東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)建威(wei)將軍檀(tan)玄攻(gong)克(ke)湖陸（今(jin)(jin)山東(dong)魚臺東(dong)南(nan)），俘(fu)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)忠。前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)下邳王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)厲為(wei)征(zheng)討大(da)都(dou)督和晉(jin)(jin)軍戰于黃墟（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)開封(feng)東(dong)），燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍大(da)敗，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)高(gao)平太(tai)守徐翻舉(ju)郡(jun)降晉(jin)(jin)。晉(jin)(jin)鄧遐和朱序又打(da)敗燕(yan)(yan)(yan)將傅顏(yan)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐于是派散騎常侍李鳳去前(qian)(qian)秦求(qiu)(qiu)援。七月，桓溫進駐武陽(yang)（今(jin)(jin)山東(dong)莘縣東(dong)南(nan)），前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)孫元(yuan)率(lv)宗族起兵響應(ying)，桓溫到達枋頭（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)浚縣西南(nan)）。東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)大(da)軍連戰連勝，使慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐和太(tai)傅慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)十(shi)分恐懼，商議欲逃(tao)故都(dou)和龍(long)（今(jin)(jin)遼寧朝陽(yang)）。這時，吳王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂請求(qiu)(qiu)率(lv)兵抗晉(jin)(jin)，他說(shuo)：“不然。臣請擊之，若戰不捷，走(zou)未晚(wan)也。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐載記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂代替慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)臧(zang)為(wei)南(nan)討大(da)都(dou)督，率(lv)征(zheng)南(nan)將軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德等5萬(wan)步騎抵御桓溫。

慕容暐又派散騎(qi)侍郎(lang)樂嵩往(wang)前秦(qin)求救(jiu)，并答(da)應以割，讓虎(hu)牢（今河(he)南滎陽(yang)西北汜水鎮）以西的(de)土地給秦(qin)為條件。前秦(qin)王苻堅召集群臣商議，采納王猛先援(yuan)弱擊強，后再(zai)乘燕(yan)衰而(er)取的(de)建議。八月，派將軍茍池和(he)洛(luo)州(zhou)刺史鄧羌率(lv)領步(bu)騎(qi)2萬救(jiu)援(yuan)前燕(yan)。援(yuan)軍從秦(qin)洛(luo)州(zhou)（今河(he)南）出發，出洛(luo)陽(yang)進屯潁川（今河(he)南許昌東），又派散騎(qi)侍郎(lang)姜(jiang)撫去燕(yan)國報(bao)信。

桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)接連失利，糧草中斷，又聽說前(qian)秦援兵將(jiang)(jiang)要到達(da)，遂下令焚燒戰船，丟(diu)下輜(zi)重(zhong)、鎧(kai)仗(zhang)，率(lv)軍(jun)從(cong)陸(lu)路撤回。桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)從(cong)東(dong)燕（治今河(he)南(nan)汲縣東(dong)南(nan)）出發(fa)，撤退途(tu)中恐(kong)前(qian)燕追兵在(zai)上游(you)放(fang)毒，命士(shi)卒鑿井取水飲用，這樣一(yi)直行走了700里。前(qian)燕諸將(jiang)(jiang)爭欲追擊，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)說：“不(bu)可。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)初退惶恐(kong)，必(bi)嚴設警備，簡精(jing)銳為后(hou)拒，擊之未必(bi)得(de)志，不(bu)如緩之。彼幸吾(wu)未至(zhi)，必(bi)晝夜疾趨；俟其(qi)士(shi)眾力盡氣衰，然后(hou)擊之，無不(bu)克矣。”（《資(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百二(er)》）于是(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)親率(lv)騎兵8000尾(wei)隨桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)軍(jun)行進(jin)。桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)果然加速退兵，幾天以后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)告諸將(jiang)(jiang)曰：“溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)可擊矣。”（《資(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百二(er)》）遂令諸將(jiang)(jiang)急進(jin)，在(zai)襄邑(yi)（今河(he)南(nan)睢縣）追上桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。慕(mu)(mu)容德先率(lv)領4000名(ming)精(jing)銳騎兵埋伏于襄邑(yi)東(dong)澗中，和(he)慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)東(dong)西夾擊桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，大敗晉軍(jun)，斬首3萬人。

時(shi)秦將茍(gou)池又于(yu)(yu)譙郡截(jie)擊桓溫(wen)，晉(jin)軍(jun)死者復以萬計。晉(jin)將孫元據(ju)守武陽抵(di)抗燕(yan)軍(jun)，被燕(yan)左衛將軍(jun)孟高(gao)擒獲。十月，天(tian)氣漸冷，桓溫(wen)收集(ji)余(yu)眾，屯(tun)于(yu)(yu)山(shan)陽（今江蘇淮安(an)）。至此，桓溫(wen)攻燕(yan)以失敗(bai)告終。

出奔前秦

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)大(da)敗桓溫，威名大(da)振，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)是又(you)忌又(you)恨。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)提(ti)出獎(jiang)勵麾下(xia)將士，但(dan)被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評壓(ya)住(zhu)不(bu)(bu)報(bao)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)大(da)為不(bu)(bu)滿，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評相爭。太后(hou)可足渾氏素恨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，遂毀其戰功，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評相謀，欲殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪之子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷及慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)舅蘭建知(zhi)道(dao)后(hou)，告訴慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“先發(fa)(fa)制人，但(dan)除評及樂(le)安王臧，馀(yu)無能為矣。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心中不(bu)(bu)忍(ren)，說(shuo)：“骨(gu)肉相殘而首亂于(yu)國，吾(wu)有死(si)而已，不(bu)(bu)忍(ren)為也。”（《資治通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一(yi)百二》）不(bu)(bu)久，二人又(you)告訴慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“內意已決，不(bu)(bu)可不(bu)(bu)早發(fa)(fa)。” 慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“必不(bu)(bu)可彌縫(feng)，吾(wu)寧避之于(yu)外，馀(yu)非(fei)所(suo)議。”（《資治通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一(yi)百二》）

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)心中憂慮，未(wei)敢將(jiang)此事(shi)告訴諸子(zi)(zi)，同時(shi)(shi)也是怕引(yin)起諸子(zi)(zi)的騷動。世子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令說(shuo)：“尊比者(zhe)如(ru)有憂色(se)，豈非以(yi)(yi)主(zhu)上(shang)幼沖，太傅疾(ji)賢(xian)，功(gong)高望重，愈(yu)見猜邪？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“然。吾竭力致命以(yi)(yi)破強(qiang)寇(kou)，本欲(yu)保全(quan)家國，豈知功(gong)成之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，返令身(shen)無所容(rong)(rong)(rong)。汝既知吾心，何以(yi)(yi)為吾謀(mou)？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令說(shuo)：“主(zhu)上(shang)暗弱，委(wei)任太傅，一旦禍發，疾(ji)于(yu)駭機。今(jin)(jin)(jin)欲(yu)保族全(quan)身(shen)，不失(shi)大義，莫(mo)若(ruo)逃之(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)，遜(xun)辭(ci)謝罪，以(yi)(yi)待主(zhu)上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)察，若(ruo)周公之(zhi)(zhi)居東，庶幾(ji)可以(yi)(yi)感寤而得(de)還，此幸之(zhi)(zhi)大者(zhe)也。如(ru)其不然，則內撫燕、代，外懷群(qun)夷，守肥如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)險以(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)保，亦其次也。”（《資(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷第一百二》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)覺得(de)這(zhe)個(ge)辦法(fa)很好，遂同意(yi)。十一月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)(yi)打獵(lie)為由(you)，微服出(chu)鄴，準備回故都(dou)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)。到(dao)邯鄲時(shi)(shi)，卻(que)出(chu)了意(yi)外，幼子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟向(xiang)來不為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)所寵愛，便(bian)向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評告狀(zhuang)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)左右(you)也多有離去。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評知道(dao)后(hou)，在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐面(mian)前盡說(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)壞(huai)話，遂派西平公慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)率精(jing)騎追(zhui)之(zhi)(zhi)，到(dao)范陽(yang)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)北京）時(shi)(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)派慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令斷后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)不敢追(zhui)趕。時(shi)(shi)天將(jiang)晚慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“本欲(yu)保東都(dou)以(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)全(quan)，今(jin)(jin)(jin)事(shi)已泄，謀(mou)不及設。秦主(zhu)方招延英杰，不如(ru)往歸(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“如(ru)今(jin)(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)，舍此安之(zhi)(zhi)。”（《資(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷第一百二》）

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂“乃散騎滅跡，傍南山復還(huan)鄴(ye)，隱于趙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)顯原(yuan)陵”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百(bai)二(er)》）。又殺白馬(ma)以(yi)祭天。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令對慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂說(shuo)(shuo)：“太傅(fu)忌賢疾(ji)能，構事以(yi)來(lai)，人(ren)(ren)尤忿恨。今(jin)鄴(ye)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，莫知尊處(chu)，如(ru)(ru)嬰兒(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思母(mu)，夷(yi)、夏(xia)同之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。若順眾心(xin)，襲其無備，取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)(ru)指掌(zhang)耳。事定之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，革弊簡能，大匡(kuang)朝政，以(yi)輔(fu)主(zhu)上，安國存家，功之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者也。現今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便(bian)，誠不(bu)(bu)可(ke)失，愿給騎數人(ren)(ren)，足以(yi)辦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂說(shuo)(shuo)：“如(ru)(ru)汝(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀(mou)，事成(cheng)誠為大福，不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)悔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何及！不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)西(xi)奔(ben)，可(ke)以(yi)萬全(quan)。”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百(bai)二(er)》）慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂遂率部西(xi)行，至河陽(yang)，斬津吏而渡。遂自洛陽(yang)與段夫人(ren)(ren)，子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷，舅蘭建，郎中(zhong)令高弼一(yi)起投奔(ben)前秦，只(zhi)留可(ke)足渾氏(shi)于鄴(ye)。乙泉戌主(zhu)吳歸率兵追(zhui)擊，被慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令擊退。

自慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)死后，前秦王苻堅便有(you)伐燕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意，但一(yi)直未成，一(yi)是因內(nei)亂(luan)，二是忌憚(dan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威名(ming)。苻堅聞(wen)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)來(lai)歸，大(da)喜，親自到郊外迎接，執其手說：“天(tian)生賢杰，必(bi)相與共成大(da)功，此自然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數也。要當與卿共定天(tian)下，告成岱宗，然(ran)后還卿本(ben)(ben)邦(bang)，世封幽州，使卿去國不失(shi)為子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孝(xiao)，歸朕不失(shi)事君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忠，不亦(yi)美乎！”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)感(gan)謝(xie)地說：“羈(ji)旅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)，免罪為幸(xing)。本(ben)(ben)邦(bang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)榮，非所(suo)敢望！”（《資(zi)治通鑒(jian)·卷第一(yi)百二》）苻堅愛慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)令及慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才，皆(jie)厚相待，賞賜巨萬，每次進見，都屬(shu)目觀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。關中士民素聞(wen)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)父子(zi)名(ming)，皆(jie)向慕(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

秦相王猛(meng)深知慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)有雄略(lve)，怕將來引以為患，便對苻(fu)堅(jian)說：“慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，燕(yan)(yan)之(zhi)戚(qi)屬，世雄東夏，寬仁惠(hui)下，恩結士庶，燕(yan)(yan)、趙之(zhi)間咸有奉戴之(zhi)意。觀其(qi)才略(lve)，權(quan)智無方，兼其(qi)諸子(zi)明毅(yi)有干藝，人(ren)之(zhi)杰(jie)也。蛟(jiao)龍猛(meng)獸，非可(ke)馴(xun)之(zhi)物，不如除之(zhi)。”苻(fu)堅(jian)未從，說：“吾方以義(yi)致英豪，建不世之(zhi)功(gong)。且其(qi)初至，吾告之(zhi)至誠，今而(er)害之(zhi)，人(ren)將謂我何(he)！”（《晉書·苻(fu)堅(jian)載記》）并以慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)為冠軍將軍，封(feng)賓都侯(hou)，食華陰五百戶。

時(shi)前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)綱頹紀紊，日益(yi)腐敗。桓溫攻燕(yan)結束后，前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)反悔食(shi)言，未(wei)將虎牢(lao)（今河南滎(ying)陽西(xi)北汜(si)水鎮）以西(xi)土地割讓給前(qian)(qian)秦，前(qian)(qian)秦遂以此(ci)為借口，于十一月派王猛統將軍(jun)梁成、鄧羌等率步騎3萬(wan)，進攻前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)（參見前(qian)(qian)秦滅前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)之戰(zhan)），并(bing)以慕(mu)容令為參軍(jun)，充當(dang)向(xiang)導。

慕(mu)容(rong)令逃回前燕后，因忽叛忽歸，而慕(mu)容(rong)垂又無恙，反(fan)而受到猜疑(yi)。燕廷將慕(mu)容(rong)令變相發配(pei)，派到極(ji)北的(de)沙城去(qu)戍(shu)守，嚴加(jia)監視(shi)。慕(mu)容(rong)令欲在(zai)沙城聯絡(luo)舊(jiu)部，準(zhun)備(bei)起事，又被慕(mu)容(rong)麟告了(le)密，慕(mu)容(rong)令被誅殺(sha)。（參見金刀(dao)計）

太和四年(nian)（369年(nian)）十(shi)一(yi)月，王(wang)(wang)猛(meng)滅前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)隨苻堅(jian)入鄴，收(shou)集諸子，相對(dui)而哭。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)見(jian)燕(yan)公(gong)卿大夫及故時(shi)僚吏，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)想起當年(nian)的窘迫，有(you)不悅(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)色。前(qian)(qian)(qian)郎(lang)中令高(gao)弼暗中對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)曰：“大王(wang)(wang)以(yi)命世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姿，遭無(wu)妄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運(yun)，迍邅凄伏，艱亦至矣。天啟(qi)嘉會，靈命暫(zan)遷，此乃(nai)鴻漸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始，龍變之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)，深(shen)愿仁慈有(you)以(yi)慰(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。且夫高(gao)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)略(lve)必懷(huai)遺俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)，方當網漏(lou)吞舟，以(yi)弘苞養之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義；收(shou)納舊臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胄，以(yi)成(cheng)為山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)，奈何(he)以(yi)一(yi)怒捐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？竊為大王(wang)(wang)不取。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)深(shen)納其(qi)言。但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評卻怨氣難消，咸(xian)安二(er)年(nian)（372）二(er)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)便(bian)對(dui)苻堅(jian)說：“臣叔父(fu)評，燕(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惡來輩也，不宜復污圣朝，愿陛(bi)下為燕(yan)戮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”但苻堅(jian)未同意，還讓慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評為范陽太守，前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)諸王(wang)(wang)也悉(xi)補邊郡。

時苻(fu)堅(jian)已統一(yi)中國北方大部，而鮮卑(bei)人的(de)(de)勢力也(ye)逐(zhu)漸增大，這引起(qi)了一(yi)些氐族(zu)貴族(zu)的(de)(de)不安(an)，寧康二(er)(er)年(nian)（373年(nian)），有彗星出現，太史令(ling)張孟認為(wei)(wei)不詳，便對苻(fu)堅(jian)說(shuo)：“彗起(qi)尾箕，而掃東(dong)井，此燕滅秦之象(xiang)。”（《晉書(shu)·苻(fu)堅(jian)載記》）并勸(quan)苻(fu)堅(jian)誅(zhu)殺慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)氏，苻(fu)堅(jian)未從。并以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐為(wei)(wei)尚書(shu)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂為(wei)(wei)京兆(zhao)尹，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖為(wei)(wei)平陽(yang)太守。寧康二(er)(er)年(nian)（374年(nian)）十二(er)(er)月，也(ye)許是處于(yu)王猛或(huo)者苻(fu)氏重臣的(de)(de)授意(yi)，社會上謠言四(si)起(qi)，說(shuo)鮮卑(bei)人圖(tu)謀復(fu)國。甚至有人闖入明光殿大呼：“甲申(shen)乙酉，魚羊(yang)（魚羊(yang)即為(wei)(wei)鮮卑(bei)的(de)(de)鮮字）食(shi)人，悲哉無復(fu)遺。”（《晉書(shu)·苻(fu)堅(jian)載記》）秘書(shu)監朱肜(rong)、秘書(shu)侍郎略(lve)陽(yang)趙整等乘機請苻(fu)堅(jian)誅(zhu)殺諸(zhu)鮮卑(bei)人，但苻(fu)堅(jian)未聽。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂再逃一(yi)劫。

慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)及鮮卑人就這(zhe)樣如履薄冰般的(de)(de)過了(le)幾年(nian)，至(zhi)到寧康二(er)年(nian)（375）七月，王猛病逝，才得以解(jie)脫。王猛的(de)(de)死(si)，對苻(fu)堅(jian)是個很大的(de)(de)打擊(ji)。當(dang)時在前(qian)秦雖處于(yu)鼎盛時期，但鼎盛的(de)(de)后面，卻潛(qian)伏著(zhu)社(she)會(hui)危機。王猛死(si)后不久，前(qian)秦的(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)危機逐漸(jian)暴露出(chu)來了(le)。太元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)（376），陽平國常侍慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹覺察到這(zhe)種(zhong)變(bian)化，對其(qi)(qi)兄慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷說(shuo)：“秦恃其(qi)(qi)強(qiang)大，務勝不休，北(bei)戍云中，南守蜀、漢(han)，轉(zhuan)運萬(wan)里(li)，道殣相望。兵疲于(yu)外，民困于(yu)內，危亡近矣。冠軍叔（慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)）仁智度英(ying)拔，必能恢復燕祚(zuo)，吾屬但當(dang)愛身(shen)以待時耳！”（《資治(zhi)通鑒(jian)·卷第一百四》）太元(yuan)二(er)年(nian)（377），慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)子慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)農也(ye)(ye)暗中對慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)：“自王猛之死(si)，秦之法制，日(ri)以頹靡，今(jin)又(you)重(zhong)之以奢侈，殃將至(zhi)矣，圖讖(chen)之言，行當(dang)有驗。大王宜結(jie)納英(ying)杰以承天(tian)(tian)意，時不可失也(ye)(ye)！”慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)此(ci)(ci)時已有此(ci)(ci)意，為防外泄，便笑(xiao)著(zhu)說(shuo)：“天(tian)(tian)下(xia)事(shi)非爾(er)所及”。

太元三年（378年），苻堅為實(shi)現統一中國的愿望(wang)，在滅涼、并代，解(jie)后顧(gu)之憂后，又經一年的休整，開(kai)始對東(dong)晉用兵(bing)。二(er)月，苻堅派征南大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、都督征討(tao)諸軍(jun)(jun)事、長(chang)樂公(gong)苻丕和武衛將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)茍萇(chang)、尚(shang)書慕容(rong)暐率步騎(qi)7萬(wan)進攻東(dong)晉襄陽，并以荊州刺吏楊安率軍(jun)(jun)作為先鋒。征虜將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)石越(yue)率精(jing)騎(qi)1萬(wan)出魯陽關（今(jin)河南平(ping)頂山西(xi)）；領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)茍池、右將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)毛當、強(qiang)弩將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)王顯率4萬(wan)人出武當（今(jin)湖北丹江(jiang)口市西(xi)北）；而京兆尹慕容(rong)垂則與揚(yang)武將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)姚萇(chang)率軍(jun)(jun)5萬(wan)出南鄉（今(jin)河南浙川西(xi)南）攻南陽，各(ge)軍(jun)(jun)會攻襄陽（今(jin)屬湖北）。

由(you)于晉軍襄(xiang)(xiang)陽守將朱序(xu)頑強防御，致秦(qin)軍久攻不下。后慕容垂攻克了南(nan)(nan)陽（今屬河南(nan)(nan)），與(yu)苻(fu)(fu)丕會于襄(xiang)(xiang)陽。襄(xiang)(xiang)陽久攻不下，前秦(qin)朝野嘩然。十二月，苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)派(pai)黃門侍郎韋華持節(jie)見苻(fu)(fu)丕，賜給他一把劍，如果來年(nian)春天仍攻不下襄(xiang)(xiang)陽，令(ling)其自殺(sha)。次年(nian)正月，苻(fu)(fu)丕在(zai)苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)催逼下，命諸軍全力攻襄(xiang)(xiang)陽。三月初六，克襄(xiang)(xiang)陽，俘朱序(xu)。苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)沒殺(sha)朱序(xu)，以其為度(du)支尚書。

太元七年（382年）十月，前(qian)秦王苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)在(zai)長安(an)（今西(xi)安(an)西(xi)北）與群臣(chen)(chen)(chen)商(shang)議進(jin)攻(gong)東晉(jin)的事宜(yi)。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)此時躊躇滿(man)志，他認為前(qian)秦可以(yi)(yi)動員97萬大軍，并(bing)準備(bei)親自(zi)出討，以(yi)(yi)統一天(tian)下(xia)(xia)，朝臣(chen)(chen)(chen)多反對。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)本來(lai)還是比較能夠納諫的，但在(zai)伐晉(jin)這個問題上，變得異常(chang)固(gu)執，聽不進(jin)任何不同意(yi)見。后(hou)來(lai)，雖然太子(zi)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)宏(hong)、釋道安(an)、寵妃張(zhang)夫人、愛子(zi)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)詵以(yi)(yi)及朝中許多大臣(chen)(chen)(chen)都一再進(jin)諫，但苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)主意(yi)既定，不為所動。時慕容垂(chui)已(yi)有(you)二(er)心(xin)，便(bian)力主苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)攻(gong)晉(jin)，他對苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)說(shuo)：“弱并(bing)于(yu)(yu)強，小(xiao)并(bing)于(yu)(yu)大，此理勢自(zi)然，非(fei)難知也。以(yi)(yi)陛(bi)下(xia)(xia)神武應期，威加海外(wai)，虎(hu)旅(lv)百(bai)(bai)萬，韓、白滿(man)朝，而(er)(er)蕞爾(er)江南(nan)，獨(du)違王命，豈(qi)可復留之以(yi)(yi)遺子(zi)孫哉！《詩(shi)》云：‘謀夫孔(kong)多，是用不集。’陛(bi)下(xia)(xia)斷(duan)自(zi)圣心(xin)足矣，何必廣(guang)詢朝眾(zhong)！晉(jin)武平吳，所仗者(zhe)張(zhang)、杜二(er)三臣(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)(er)已(yi)，若從朝眾(zhong)之言(yan)，豈(qi)有(you)混壹之功乎！”苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)聞后(hou)大悅，說(shuo)：“與吾共定天(tian)下(xia)(xia)者(zhe)，獨(du)卿(qing)而(er)(er)已(yi)。”（《資治通鑒·卷第(di)一百(bai)(bai)四》）并(bing)賜帛(bo)五百(bai)(bai)匹。

慕容垂東走

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂逃出樊籠，如(ru)魚(yu)得水。而權翼(yi)則秘密(mi)派兵在慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂經過的(de)(de)橋下埋伏，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂已起疑心，自涼馬臺扎草(cao)筏渡(du)河(he)而去(qu)。十二月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂至安陽，派參軍田山拿信去(qu)見鎮守鄴城的(de)(de)長樂公(gong)苻丕(pi)。苻丕(pi)聞慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂北(bei)來，雖懷疑其欲(yu)叛秦，但仍然(ran)前去(qu)迎接。趙秋勸(quan)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂乘機(ji)殺(sha)死(si)苻丕(pi)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂認為(wei)自己羽翼(yi)未(wei)豐，沒(mei)有(you)同意(yi)。而苻丕(pi)也(ye)想殺(sha)死(si)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂，后侍郎天水姜讓勸(quan)阻說：“垂反形未(wei)著，而明公(gong)擅殺(sha)之(zhi)，非臣子之(zhi)義(yi)；不(bu)如(ru)待以上賓之(zhi)禮，嚴(yan)兵衛之(zhi)，密(mi)表情(qing)狀(zhuang)，聽敕(chi)而后圖之(zhi)。”苻丕(pi)認為(wei)姜讓之(zhi)言有(you)理。

苻(fu)丕(pi)讓慕(mu)容(rong)垂住在(zai)鄴西，并與(yu)其(qi)相見，慕(mu)容(rong)垂將(jiang)兵(bing)(bing)敗之(zhi)事詳(xiang)細告訴了(le)苻(fu)丕(pi)。苻(fu)丕(pi)走(zou)后(hou)，慕(mu)容(rong)垂與(yu)前(qian)燕舊臣暗中(zhong)聯(lian)系，準備(bei)重建(jian)燕國。時洛(luo)陽(yang)附近的(de)丁(ding)零人(ren)翟斌起兵(bing)(bing)叛秦，準備(bei)攻豫州(zhou)牧、平(ping)原公苻(fu)暉(hui)于洛(luo)陽(yang)，翟斌部(bu)中(zhong)有(you)大批的(de)前(qian)燕人(ren)，苻(fu)堅便派慕(mu)容(rong)垂前(qian)去平(ping)叛。

慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)想入鄴城參(can)拜宗廟，苻丕(pi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)許，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)著(zhu)便服入城，但被(bei)亭吏(li)阻攔。慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)大怒，殺(sha)吏(li)燒亭而(er)去。石越(yue)(yue)對(dui)苻丕(pi)說：“垂(chui)(chui)之(zhi)在燕，破國亂(luan)家(jia)，及(ji)投(tou)命圣(sheng)朝，蒙超常之(zhi)遇，忽敢輕侮方鎮，殺(sha)吏(li)焚(fen)亭，反形已露，終(zhong)為(wei)(wei)亂(luan)階。將老兵疲，可襲而(er)取之(zhi)矣。”苻丕(pi)優(you)柔寡斷，說：“淮南(nan)之(zhi)敗，眾散親離，而(er)垂(chui)(chui)侍衛圣(sheng)躬，誠(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可忘。”石越(yue)(yue)又說：“垂(chui)(chui)既不(bu)(bu)(bu)忠于燕，其(qi)肯(ken)盡忠于我乎！且其(qi)亡虜(lu)也(ye)，主上寵同功舊，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能銘澤誓忠，而(er)首謀為(wei)(wei)亂(luan)，今(jin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)擊之(zhi)，必為(wei)(wei)后(hou)害。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）苻丕(pi)未(wei)從。石越(yue)(yue)出來后(hou)對(dui)別人(ren)說：“公父子(zi)好存小仁，不(bu)(bu)(bu)顧天下大計，吾屬終(zhong)當為(wei)(wei)鮮卑虜(lu)矣。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）

慕容(rong)垂(chui)留慕容(rong)農、慕容(rong)楷、慕容(rong)紹于鄴(ye)城，行至安陽湯(tang)池，閔亮(liang)、李毘自鄴(ye)城趕來，將苻(fu)丕與苻(fu)飛(fei)龍(long)之(zhi)言(yan)告訴了慕容(rong)垂(chui)。慕容(rong)垂(chui)乘機以此(ci)激怒其眾(zhong)，說(shuo)：“吾(wu)盡忠于苻(fu)氏，而(er)彼專欲圖吾(wu)父子，吾(wu)雖欲已(yi)，得乎？”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第(di)一百(bai)五》）于是(shi)便以兵少為由，于河內募兵，幾天時間便達至8000人。

平(ping)原(yuan)公苻(fu)暉(hui)遣使責備慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)，讓其趕緊進兵，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)便對(dui)苻(fu)飛龍(long)說：“今寇賊不(bu)遠，當晝止夜行(xing)，襲其不(bu)意。”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百五》）苻(fu)飛龍(long)覺得(de)有理，便同意了。一(yi)日夜，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)派慕(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)率(lv)兵居前，慕(mu)容(rong)隆率(lv)兵跟隨自己，并(bing)把氐(di)兵分散編入隊伍，并(bing)與慕(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)擊(ji)(ji)鼓為(wei)號，一(yi)起動手。半夜，鼓聲響，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)部前后合(he)擊(ji)(ji)，全(quan)殲擊(ji)(ji)苻(fu)飛龍(long)與氐(di)兵。并(bing)給苻(fu)堅(jian)寫信，告訴(su)其殺苻(fu)飛龍(long)的(de)原(yuan)因。

當(dang)(dang)(dang)初，其子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)曾告發(fa)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂投秦(qin)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂一怒之(zhi)(zhi)下殺其母，但未忍心殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)。時(shi)殺苻飛龍，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)屢(lv)獻計謀(mou)，啟發(fa)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂非常高興，遂待(dai)其諸(zhu)子(zi)一樣。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳及前(qian)燕舊臣之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)燕郡王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)騰、遼西段延等聞(wen)翟(zhai)(zhai)斌起兵(bing)(bing)，各帥其部前(qian)去(qu)歸附。平原公苻暉使(shi)武平武侯毛當(dang)(dang)(dang)去(qu)討伐(fa)翟(zhai)(zhai)斌。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳說：“鳳今將雪(xue)先(xian)王之(zhi)(zhi)恥(chi)，請為斬此氐奴。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百(bai)五》）遂出兵(bing)(bing)擊(ji)毛當(dang)(dang)(dang)，大敗秦(qin)兵(bing)(bing)，斬毛當(dang)(dang)(dang)。 癸(gui)未，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂渡河焚橋，已有(you)兵(bing)(bing)3萬人，下令說：“吾(wu)本外假(jia)秦(qin)聲，內(nei)規興復。亂(luan)法者軍有(you)常刑，奉命者賞不逾日，天(tian)下既(ji)定(ding)，封爵(jue)有(you)差，不相(xiang)負(fu)也。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂載記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂留遼東(dong)鮮卑可(ke)足(zu)渾潭(tan)集兵(bing)(bing)于(yu)(yu)河內(nei)的沙(sha)城(cheng)，派田(tian)山至鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)，將起兵(bing)(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)事告之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農等，讓其起兵(bing)(bing)相(xiang)應。時(shi)天(tian)色已晚，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷留宿鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹(shao)先(xian)出城(cheng)至蒲池，盜符(fu)丕駿(jun)馬數(shu)百(bai)匹(pi)，等候慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷。月末，二(er)人率數(shu)十(shi)騎(qi)微服出鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹(shao)會(hui)合，逃往(wang)列人（今河北邯鄲市東(dong)）。

太(tai)元九(jiu)年(nian)（384年(nian)）正月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳、王騰(teng)、段延皆勸(quan)翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)奉(feng)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)為(wei)(wei)盟主(zhu)，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)從之(zhi)。時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)欲襲洛陽(yang)，不(bu)知翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)來(lai)降是(shi)(shi)真是(shi)(shi)假，便(bian)(bian)拒之(zhi)，說：“吾(wu)父子寄命秦朝，危而獲濟(ji)，荷主(zhu)上不(bu)世之(zhi)恩，蒙更生之(zhi)惠(hui)，雖(sui)曰君(jun)(jun)臣，義深(shen)父子，豈(qi)可(ke)因其小(xiao)隙(xi)，便(bian)(bian)懷(huai)二(er)三。吾(wu)本救豫州，不(bu)赴君(jun)(jun)等，何為(wei)(wei)斯議而及于我？”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記(ji)》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)至洛陽(yang)，平(ping)(ping)原公符暉聞其殺苻飛龍，閉門拒守。翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)見慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)對自己不(bu)來(lai)歸(gui)有懷(huai)疑，便(bian)(bian)派長(chang)史郭(guo)通(tong)前(qian)去勸(quan)說慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)還是(shi)(shi)不(bu)信，后郭(guo)通(tong)說：“將軍所以(yi)拒通(tong)者，豈(qi)非以(yi)翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)兄弟山野異類，無奇才遠(yuan)略，必(bi)無所成故邪(xie)？獨不(bu)念將軍現(xian)今(jin)憑之(zhi)，可(ke)以(yi)濟(ji)大(da)業乎？”（《資治通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第一百五》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)這才相信，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)歸(gui)附后，便(bian)(bian)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)稱王，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)沒同意，說：“新興侯，國之(zhi)正統(tong)，孤(gu)之(zhi)君(jun)(jun)也。若以(yi)諸(zhu)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)力，得平(ping)(ping)關東(dong)，當以(yi)大(da)義喻秦，奉(feng)迎反(fan)正。無上自尊(zun)，非孤(gu)心(xin)也。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記(ji)》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)認為(wei)(wei)：“洛陽(yang)四面受敵，北(bei)阻大(da)河(he)，至于控馭燕、趙，非形勝之(zhi)便(bian)(bian)，不(bu)如北(bei)取鄴都(dou)，據之(zhi)而制天(tian)下。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記(ji)》）眾人同意，遂回(hui)師向東(dong)。

故扶余(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)余(yu)蔚為(wei)滎陽(yang)太守，率眾投降慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂軍(jun)(jun)(jun)至滎陽(yang)，稱燕(yan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)，封(feng)官拜爵，以其弟慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)為(wei)車(che)騎(qi)大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)，封(feng)范陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)；其侄慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)為(wei)征西大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)，封(feng)太原(yuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)；翟斌為(wei)建(jian)義大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)，封(feng)河南(nan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)；余(yu)蔚為(wei)征東將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)，統府左(zuo)司馬，封(feng)扶余(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)；衛駒為(wei)鷹揚(yang)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)鳳為(wei)建(jian)策將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。親率20余(yu)萬軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)，從(cong)石(shi)門（今河南(nan)滎陽(yang)石(shi)門）渡黃(huang)河，長驅攻(gong)前秦鄴城。

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農到(dao)河北列(lie)人(ren)后，召(zhao)集(ji)鮮卑、烏(wu)桓等部眾，舉兵(bing)(bing)反叛(pan)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農號令(ling)嚴整(zheng)，沿途招兵(bing)(bing)買馬，攻(gong)城掠地，兵(bing)(bing)至數萬。苻(fu)丕派(pai)(pai)石(shi)(shi)越(yue)率(lv)步騎(qi)兵(bing)(bing)萬余討伐慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農，石(shi)(shi)越(yue)率(lv)軍到(dao)達列(lie)人(ren)西(xi)面，被燕將趙(zhao)秋及參(can)軍綦母滕擊敗(bai)，石(shi)(shi)越(yue)設圍自守(shou)。諸將勸慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農乘勝快速進擊。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農認為秦(qin)軍裝備(bei)精良，如(ru)果白天與之交(jiao)戰(zhan)，燕軍易生懼(ju)，不如(ru)待(dai)(dai)天黑以(yi)(yi)后進攻(gong)，遂命(ming)令(ling)部隊嚴陣(zhen)以(yi)(yi)待(dai)(dai)。待(dai)(dai)到(dao)天黑，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農率(lv)軍在城西(xi)列(lie)陣(zhen)，先(xian)派(pai)(pai)400名壯士突破敵陣(zhen)，大軍隨后沖擊，秦(qin)兵(bing)(bing)大敗(bai)，石(shi)(shi)越(yue)被斬，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農將其首級送給慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂。石(shi)(shi)越(yue)與毛當(dang)都是前秦(qin)驍將，所以(yi)(yi)苻(fu)堅派(pai)(pai)二人(ren)幫助二子鎮(zhen)守(shou)要地，如(ru)今相繼被殺(sha)，前秦(qin)上下人(ren)心浮(fu)動。

康臺略馬

后(hou)燕(yan)燕(yan)元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)（東晉孝武帝太元(yuan)九年(nian)，384年(nian)）正月，前(qian)秦(qin)大(da)將慕容(rong)垂叛(pan)秦(qin)復燕(yan)。遣三子慕容(rong)農(nong)在康(kang)臺澤（今邱縣邱城東南五里）略(lve)取前(qian)秦(qin)牧馬數千匹(pi)。自此步騎(qi)云集，奠定后(hou)燕(yan)立國(guo)基礎。

中興后燕

不(bu)久，慕容(rong)垂到達鄴(ye)城附近，改前秦建元(yuan)二十年(nian)為燕元(yuan)年(nian)。以前岷(min)山(shan)公(gong)庫傉官偉為左長(chang)史(shi)，前尚書段崇(chong)為右(you)長(chang)史(shi)，滎陽鄭豁(huo)等為從事中(zhong)郎，并(bing)立慕容(rong)寶為太子。慕容(rong)農也(ye)率軍與之會(hui)合。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遂招集(ji)前燕舊將與各(ge)路大(da)(da)軍(jun)會攻(gong)(gong)鄴城。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)指揮大(da)(da)軍(jun)攻(gong)(gong)城，克外城。苻丕退守(shou)中城。二(er)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)又(you)率(lv)領包括丁(ding)零、烏(wu)桓等各(ge)少數民族(zu)部眾共20多萬人用云梯(ti)、挖地(di)道攻(gong)(gong)城，均未攻(gong)(gong)下(xia)(xia)。遂修筑(zhu)(zhu)長圍，與秦(qin)軍(jun)相持，并把老弱(ruo)轉(zhuan)移到肥鄉(xiang)（今河(he)北肥鄉(xiang)西南），又(you)修筑(zhu)(zhu)新興(xing)城，用來(lai)放置輜重。四月，燕軍(jun)久攻(gong)(gong)鄴城不下(xia)(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)召集(ji)群(qun)臣(chen)商議(yi)對策，右司馬封(feng)衡建議(yi)引漳水(shui)灌城，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)贊同。時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)打獵，于華林園飲酒，前秦(qin)知道后，派兵偷襲，矢下(xia)(xia)如雨，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)幾(ji)乎不得(de)而出，多虧(kui)冠軍(jun)大(da)(da)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆(long)率(lv)騎兵打退秦(qin)軍(jun)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)才得(de)以幸(xing)免。七月，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌恃(shi)功(gong)驕(jiao)縱(zong)，索求無厭。時(shi)鄴城久功(gong)不下(xia)(xia)，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌漸(jian)有(you)叛心。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶請求將其殺掉，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說：“河(he)南之(zhi)盟，不可負也(ye)。若其為(wei)難，罪由(you)于斌。今事未有(you)形而殺之(zhi)，人必(bi)謂我忌(ji)憚其功(gong)能(neng)；吾(wu)方收攬豪杰以隆(long)大(da)(da)業，不可示(shi)人以狹，失天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)望也(ye)。藉(jie)彼(bi)有(you)謀，吾(wu)以智防(fang)之(zhi)，無能(neng)為(wei)也(ye)。”范陽(yang)王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德、陳留王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)紹、驃騎大(da)(da)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農都說：“翟(zhai)(zhai)斌兄弟(di)恃(shi)功(gong)而驕(jiao)，必(bi)為(wei)國患(huan)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說：“驕(jiao)則速敗，焉能(neng)為(wei)患(huan)？彼(bi)有(you)大(da)(da)功(gong)，當聽其自(zi)斃耳。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百五》）對其禮(li)遇更重。

翟斌還想當尚書令，慕容垂說：“翟王之功，宜居上輔；但臺既未建，此官(guan)不(bu)可遽置耳。”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百五》）翟(zhai)斌(bin)大(da)怒，遂(sui)反，暗中與鄴(ye)城內苻丕聯絡，又派(pai)丁零兵(bing)決堤(di)放水，解除鄴(ye)城被淹的危險。事泄，慕(mu)(mu)容垂殺(sha)翟(zhai)斌(bin)兄弟，余(yu)者皆免。翟(zhai)斌(bin)侄(zhi)翟(zhai)真(zhen)乘夜逃往(wang)邯鄲（今屬河(he)北(bei)）。太(tai)原(yuan)(yuan)王慕(mu)(mu)容楷(kai)和陳留王慕(mu)(mu)容紹對慕(mu)(mu)容垂說(shuo)：“丁零非有大(da)志(zhi)，但寵過為(wei)亂耳。今急之(zhi)則屯聚為(wei)寇，緩(huan)之(zhi)則自散。散而(er)擊之(zhi)，無不(bu)克矣。”慕(mu)(mu)容垂從之(zhi)。八月，翟(zhai)真(zhen)率部從邯鄲逃走。慕(mu)(mu)容垂派(pai)太(tai)原(yuan)(yuan)王慕(mu)(mu)容楷(kai)和驃騎大(da)將軍慕(mu)(mu)容農(nong)率騎兵(bing)追擊。追至下(xia)邑，慕(mu)(mu)容楷(kai)見(jian)敵陣不(bu)整，欲出(chu)戰，慕(mu)(mu)容農(nong)認為(wei)，翟(zhai)真(zhen)營陣只見(jian)老弱，不(bu)見(jian)壯士，必有埋伏，慕(mu)(mu)容楷(kai)不(bu)納(na)，下(xia)令(ling)攻擊，燕(yan)軍大(da)敗。翟(zhai)真(zhen)繼續(xu)北(bei)進，直趨中山（今河(he)北(bei)定州(zhou)）。后翟(zhai)真(zhen)為(wei)其司馬(ma)鮮于乞所(suo)殺(sha)。

時前秦(qin)鄴(ye)城守(shou)軍長期被圍(wei)，糧(liang)草漸盡(jin)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂認為(wei)：“苻丕窮寇，必守(shou)死不降。丁零叛擾，乃我腹心之患(huan)。吾欲(yu)遷師新城，開其逸路，進以(yi)謝秦(qin)主疇昔(xi)之恩，退以(yi)嚴(yan)擊真之備。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂載記》）燕軍遂解圍(wei)退至新興城，另派慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)農到清河、平(ping)原一帶(dai)征收租(zu)賦，得到大批軍用物(wu)資。

十二月，前燕帝慕(mu)容暐欲殺苻堅，事泄被殺。群僚聞(wen)后(hou)，勸慕(mu)容垂(chui)稱帝，慕(mu)容垂(chui)以“慕(mu)容沖稱號(hao)關中”（《晉書·慕(mu)容垂(chui)載記》）為由(you)，未(wei)許。

苻丕(pi)(pi)仍然保據鄴(ye)城，沒(mei)有離開(kai)之意(yi)。慕容(rong)垂復率兵包圍鄴(ye)城，只留出(chu)苻丕(pi)(pi)西走之路。苻丕(pi)(pi)勢(shi)窮(qiong)糧竭，急忙向(xiang)東晉謝(xie)(xie)玄求援。謝(xie)(xie)玄派(pai)劉牢之、滕恬(tian)之等(deng)率領2萬人(ren)馬(ma)救援鄴(ye)城，并(bing)從水陸(lu)運米(mi)2000斛(hu)接濟苻丕(pi)(pi)。

太元(yuan)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)（385年(nian)）二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)進至(zhi)(zhi)枋頭（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)浚縣(xian)(xian)西南(nan)(nan)）。苻(fu)丕(pi)發覺部(bu)將(jiang)楊膺(ying)、姜(jiang)讓(rang)(rang)曾上表晉廷，許諾若(ruo)晉軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來援，當稱臣(chen)于(yu)晉，遂殺(sha)(sha)膺(ying)、讓(rang)(rang)。劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)獲悉，徘(pai)徊不(bu)進。三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)下(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)將(jiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)去(qu)冀州，命(ming)令撫(fu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟屯駐信都(dou)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)冀縣(xian)(xian)），樂浪(lang)王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)溫(wen)屯中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)定州），召(zhao)驃騎(qi)大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)回鄴(ye)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)溫(wen)派遣萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)名士兵(bing)為(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)遠送(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)，并(bing)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)營(ying)造宮室。就在(zai)同月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)進攻駐守孫就柵(zha)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)浚縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)內(nei)）的后(hou)燕(yan)黎(li)陽(yang)(yang)太守劉(liu)撫(fu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)親自(zi)率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)救援。苻(fu)丕(pi)聞后(hou)，乘(cheng)機(ji)偷襲(xi)，但被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)擊(ji)(ji)敗。劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)進軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)交(jiao)戰(zhan)，也(ye)被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)擊(ji)(ji)退(tui)(tui)(tui)，于(yu)是退(tui)(tui)(tui)屯黎(li)陽(yang)(yang)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)浚縣(xian)(xian)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）。四月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)于(yu)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)擊(ji)(ji)敗慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)退(tui)(tui)(tui)至(zhi)(zhi)新城(cheng)(cheng)。不(bu)久(jiu)(jiu)，又(you)從新城(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)退(tui)(tui)(tui)。劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)不(bu)予苻(fu)丕(pi)打(da)招(zhao)呼，便率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)追擊(ji)(ji)，苻(fu)丕(pi)得知此事(shi)，也(ye)發兵(bing)跟進。時(shi)(shi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)情緊急，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)連(lian)戰(zhan)不(bu)勝，士氣低落，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)認為(wei)(wei)：“秦、晉瓦合，相待為(wei)(wei)強。一(yi)勝則俱豪，一(yi)失則俱潰，非(fei)同心也(ye)。今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兩(liang)(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相繼，勢既(ji)未合，宜急擊(ji)(ji)之(zhi)。”劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)急行軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)200里，在(zai)五(wu)橋(qiao)澤(ze)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)廣宗北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）急奪后(hou)燕(yan)戰(zhan)備(bei)物資(zi)時(shi)(shi)，被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)打(da)得大敗，死數千人(ren)。劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)單騎(qi)逃(tao)走，適(shi)逢苻(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)(lv)援軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來救，得以(yi)(yi)(yi)入鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)，收集散(san)兵(bing)，軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)勢稍振，旋(xuan)被(bei)召(zhao)回。時(shi)(shi)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)守軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)盡(jin)，無力堅(jian)持。苻(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)(lv)眾(zhong)西出(chu)尋找糧(liang)食。燕(yan)、秦兩(liang)(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相持經年(nian)，幽、冀兩(liang)(liang)州發生饑荒(huang)，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)多有餓死者，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)為(wei)(wei)了以(yi)(yi)(yi)桑(sang)椹充軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)，于(yu)是下(xia)令禁止農(nong)(nong)民(min)養蠶(can)。丁零(ling)翟真被(bei)鮮(xian)于(yu)乞所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)后(hou)，丁零(ling)人(ren)又(you)殺(sha)(sha)鮮(xian)于(yu)乞并(bing)立翟真的堂弟翟成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)首(shou)領(ling)。五(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)常山(shan)，將(jiang)翟成(cheng)(cheng)圍于(yu)行唐(tang)。并(bing)命(ming)帶方王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)佐鎮(zhen)守龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧朝陽(yang)(yang)）。六月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，高句(ju)(ju)麗(li)(li)進攻遼(liao)(liao)(liao)東(dong)（郡(jun)(jun)治(zhi)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)陽(yang)(yang)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)佐派司馬郝(hao)景率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)救援，被(bei)高句(ju)(ju)麗(li)(li)打(da)敗。高句(ju)(ju)麗(li)(li)乘(cheng)勝追擊(ji)(ji)，連(lian)克遼(liao)(liao)(liao)東(dong)、玄菟(tu)（郡(jun)(jun)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)沈陽(yang)(yang)東(dong)）。七月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)堅(jian)返回鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)。時(shi)(shi)余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)叛(pan)燕(yan)，自(zi)武邑(yi)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)攻幽州（治(zhi)薊(ji)，今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)西南(nan)(nan)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)派人(ren)至(zhi)(zhi)幽州告訴(su)守將(jiang)平(ping)(ping)規：“但固守勿戰(zhan)，比(bi)破丁零(ling)，吾當自(zi)討(tao)之(zhi)。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）平(ping)(ping)規未聽(ting)，出(chu)戰(zhan)，果為(wei)(wei)余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)所(suo)敗。余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)入薊(ji)，掠千余(yu)(yu)戶而(er)去(qu)，遂占據令支（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)遷(qian)安西）。不(bu)久(jiu)(jiu)，翟成(cheng)(cheng)長史鮮(xian)于(yu)得斬(zhan)成(cheng)(cheng)出(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)投(tou)降；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)屠行唐(tang)，盡(jin)坑翟成(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)眾(zhong)。八月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)堅(jian)為(wei)(wei)姚萇所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)。苻(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)(lv)領(ling)城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)男女共6萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)人(ren)撤出(chu)，西赴潞川（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)西濁(zhuo)漳河(he)），苻(fu)丕(pi)聞苻(fu)堅(jian)死，遂即(ji)皇帝位。燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)乘(cheng)機(ji)入鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)魯王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)為(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)中(zhong)(zhong)郎將(jiang)，鎮(zhen)守鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)，后(hou)燕(yan)攻鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)戰(zhan)結束(shu)。并(bing)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)率(lv)(lv)眾(zhong)穿過(guo)蠮螉塞（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)西北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)居庸關）北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)上，經凡城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)平(ping)(ping)泉南(nan)(nan)），直搗龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧朝陽(yang)(yang)），討(tao)伐(fa)余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)。十(shi)(shi)一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)至(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)，就地休整，十(shi)(shi)余(yu)(yu)日后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)率(lv)(lv)步騎(qi)3萬(wan)至(zhi)(zhi)令支，余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)眾(zhong)震駭(hai)，不(bu)少人(ren)相繼逾(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)投(tou)降，余(yu)(yu)巖(yan)計窮而(er)降，為(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)。隨即(ji)率(lv)(lv)步騎(qi)3萬(wan)反擊(ji)(ji)高句(ju)(ju)麗(li)(li)，大敗之(zhi)，收復遼(liao)(liao)(liao)東(dong)和(he)玄菟(tu)二郡(jun)(jun)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)為(wei)(wei)使(shi)持節、都(dou)督(du)幽、平(ping)(ping)二州、北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)狄諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)、幽州牧(mu)，鎮(zhen)守龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)。十(shi)(shi)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)，對諸將(jiang)曰：“樂浪(lang)王招(zhao)流散(san)，實倉廩，外給(gei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)，內(nei)營(ying)宮室，雖蕭(xiao)何何以(yi)(yi)(yi)加之(zhi)！”不(bu)久(jiu)(jiu)，定都(dou)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)。

太元(yuan)十一年（386年）正月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)自(zi)立(li)為(wei)(wei)帝，改元(yuan)建(jian)興，史稱后(hou)燕（？）。“立(li)寶為(wei)(wei)太子。以(yi)其(qi)左長史庫(ku)辱官偉、右長史段崇、龍驤張崇，中(zhong)山尹封衡為(wei)(wei)吏部(bu)尚(shang)書(shu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德為(wei)(wei)侍中(zhong)、都督中(zhong)外諸(zhu)軍事、領司隸校尉，撫軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)(wei)衛大將(jiang)軍，其(qi)余拜授(shou)有差。追尊母(mu)蘭氏為(wei)(wei)文昭皇后(hou)，遷(qian)皝后(hou)段氏，以(yi)蘭氏配饗。博士(shi)劉詳、董謐議以(yi)堯(yao)母(mu)妃位第三(san)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)貴陵姜嫄，明圣王(wang)之(zhi)道以(yi)至(zhi)公(gong)為(wei)(wei)先。垂(chui)(chui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)從。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）六月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遣太原(yuan)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷、趙王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟、陳(chen)留(liu)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹、章武王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)宙等(deng)(deng)攻秦苻(fu)定(ding)、苻(fu)紹、苻(fu)謨、苻(fu)亮(liang)等(deng)(deng)部(bu)；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷先先寫信給眾人，陳(chen)述(shu)利害，苻(fu)定(ding)等(deng)(deng)遂降(jiang)。八月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)留(liu)太子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶守中(zhong)山，以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)右仆射(she)，錄留(liu)臺。自(zi)己率(lv)領范(fan)陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德等(deng)(deng)向(xiang)南(nan)略(lve)取土地。十月，后(hou)燕宦官吳深(shen)(shen)在清(qing)河（郡治清(qing)陽，今屬河北）反叛(pan)后(hou)燕，后(hou)燕主慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)發兵攻打(da)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)克。十二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)攻吳深(shen)(shen)壘，拔之(zhi)，吳深(shen)(shen)單騎而逃。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)進屯聊城之(zhi)逢關陂。

太元十(shi)二年（387年）正月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂舉行閱兵式。高陽王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆向(xiang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂建議：“溫(wen)(wen)詳(xiang)之徒(tu)(tu)，皆白面儒生，烏合為(wei)群(qun)，徒(tu)(tu)恃長河以(yi)(yi)(yi)自固，若(ruo)大軍(jun)(jun)濟河，必(bi)望旗震壞，不待(dai)戰(zhan)也(ye)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂從之。溫(wen)(wen)詳(xiang)原為(wei)燕(yan)臣，后(hou)降(jiang)于東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)，晉(jin)任為(wei)濟北(bei)太守，屯(tun)東(dong)(dong)阿(a)（今山東(dong)(dong)陽谷東(dong)(dong)北(bei)阿(a)城鎮）。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂命鎮北(bei)將軍(jun)(jun)蘭汗和護軍(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)平幼率軍(jun)(jun)進(jin)攻溫(wen)(wen)詳(xiang)。后(hou)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)于碻磝（古津渡，今山東(dong)(dong)茌平西(xi)南(nan)古黃(huang)河南(nan)岸）西(xi)40里處渡過黃(huang)河，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆率大軍(jun)(jun)于北(bei)岸列陣以(yi)(yi)(yi)待(dai)。溫(wen)(wen)詳(xiang)部將溫(wen)(wen)攀(pan)、溫(wen)(wen)楷(kai)見之即逃往東(dong)(dong)阿(a)，平幼部追擊，大破之。溫(wen)(wen)詳(xiang)攜家人夜逃彭城（今江蘇徐州），其部眾3萬余戶向(xiang)后(hou)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)投降(jiang)。此(ci)后(hou)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂以(yi)(yi)(yi)太原王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)為(wei)兗州刺史(shi)，鎮守東(dong)(dong)阿(a)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)加強該地統治。

太(tai)元十三年（388年）二(er)月(yue)(yue)，丁(ding)零翟真之(zhi)子翟遼(liao)遣(qian)司馬(ma)眭(sui)(sui)瓊向后燕(yan)(yan)謝罪(zui)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)認為其(qi)反復(fu)無常，斬(zhan)(zhan)司馬(ma)眭(sui)(sui)瓊。翟遼(liao)索性自(zi)稱魏天(tian)(tian)王(wang)(wang)，改元建光，并置百官(guan)。三月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)以太(tai)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)錄尚書事，政(zheng)事都讓其(qi)處理，自(zi)己(ji)則總(zong)大綱而(er)已(yi)。四月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)立夫人段氏為皇(huang)后，以太(tai)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)領大單(dan)于(yu)。追(zhui)謚前妃段氏為成昭皇(huang)后。八月(yue)(yue)，燕(yan)(yan)護(hu)軍將軍平(ping)幼與章武王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)宙(zhou)共同(tong)發兵攻(gong)打吳深(shen)(shen)，吳深(shen)(shen)敗(bai)走。九月(yue)(yue)，張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)(shen)攻(gong)廣平(ping)（今(jin)河北(bei)雞澤東(dong)(dong)南）、王(wang)(wang)祖攻(gong)樂陵（今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)樂陵南），燕(yan)(yan)高陽王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆發兵攻(gong)討。至(zhi)十二(er)月(yue)(yue)，太(tai)原王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、趙王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆三路(lu)大軍會師于(yu)合口（今(jin)河北(bei)滄(cang)州市(shi)西南），攻(gong)張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)(shen)。王(wang)(wang)祖為救援(yuan)夜襲燕(yan)(yan)軍，遭燕(yan)(yan)軍反擊大敗(bai)而(er)逃。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷和慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟繼續圍攻(gong)張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)(shen)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆與部將平(ping)幼兵分兩路(lu)乘夜追(zhui)擊，及至(zhi)天(tian)(tian)明，后燕(yan)(yan)軍大獲全勝，將所斬(zhan)(zhan)首(shou)級(ji)懸掛于(yu)張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)(shen)陣前。張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)(shen)見(jian)大勢已(yi)去，遂繳械投降，王(wang)(wang)祖亦歸降。次年五月(yue)(yue)，清河民孔金斬(zhan)(zhan)吳深(shen)(shen)，將其(qi)首(shou)級(ji)送中(zhong)山(shan)（今(jin)河北(bei)定州）。

太(tai)元十四年（389年）正(zheng)月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂召慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)農(nong)為侍中、司隸校(xiao)尉。以高(gao)陽王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆(long)為都督(du)幽、平(ping)二州(zhou)諸軍事(shi)、征北大將(jiang)軍、幽州(zhou)牧，建(jian)留臺于龍城，以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆(long)錄留臺尚書事(shi)。又以護軍將(jiang)軍平(ping)幼為征北長史，散騎常侍封孚為司馬(ma)，并(bing)兼(jian)留臺尚書。

鮮卑賀(he)(he)(he)蘭部(bu)(bu)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)、賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)兄弟為爭奪(duo)本部(bu)(bu)統(tong)治權而發生(sheng)內(nei)亂，而后燕(yan)及鐵弗劉衛辰也(ye)極(ji)力(li)與(yu)魏(wei)爭奪(duo)對(dui)賀(he)(he)(he)蘭部(bu)(bu)的控(kong)制權。太元(yuan)十五年（390年），劉衛辰派(pai)軍(jun)攻(gong)賀(he)(he)(he)蘭部(bu)(bu)，拓跋珪出兵擊(ji)(ji)退之(zhi)(zhi)，遷賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)部(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)于(yu)(yu)魏(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)境，與(yu)后燕(yan)毗鄰。慕(mu)容(rong)垂乘機對(dui)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)軟硬兼施，誘逼其叛魏(wei)降(jiang)燕(yan)，封為歸善王。賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)聞訊，頗(po)嫉其兄賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)飛(fei)黃騰達，謀(mou)攻(gong)殺而代之(zhi)(zhi)。太元(yuan)十六(liu)年（391年）正月(yue)，賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)與(yu)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)舉兵相攻(gong)。拓跋珪請(qing)后燕(yan)討伐(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)。四月(yue)，后燕(yan)鎮(zhen)北將軍(jun)蘭汗率(lv)兵大破賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)于(yu)(yu)牛都（其地(di)在牛川，放牧聚會(hui)謂之(zhi)(zhi)都）。六(liu)月(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)垂遣趙王慕(mu)容(rong)麟率(lv)軍(jun)擊(ji)(ji)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)，生(sheng)擒賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)于(yu)(yu)赤城（今內(nei)蒙古托克托縣東(dong)(dong)南黃河西岸），降(jiang)其部(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)數萬(wan)。后燕(yan)主慕(mu)容(rong)垂命釋放賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)，并(bing)還其部(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)于(yu)(yu)原地(di)，而徙賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)及其部(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)于(yu)(yu)中山(shan)（今河北定州），企圖(tu)完全控(kong)制賀(he)(he)(he)蘭部(bu)(bu)，并(bing)用以牽制北魏(wei)。

傲視關東

前秦被消滅的(de)(de)時候，慕容垂已經(jing)將(jiang)關(guan)東(dong)七(qi)州緊緊地(di)握(wo)于手(shou)中。按理說，和胡(hu)戎眾生的(de)(de)關(guan)中隴西地(di)區比起(qi)來，關(guan)東(dong)的(de)(de)形勢(shi)應該要簡明很多。但由于西燕(yan)慕容永這慕容家旁支的(de)(de)徙入，加上在河(he)南一帶不停叛亂的(de)(de)丁零翟氏、悄(qiao)然崛起(qi)的(de)(de)鮮卑別(bie)部拓跋氏，慕容垂統一關(guan)東(dong)的(de)(de)步(bu)伐邁得并不輕松。

后(hou)燕建(jian)興元年（386年）八(ba)月，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)在(zai)剛(gang)剛(gang)稱帝不久便親自率(lv)軍南下，其前鋒直指(zhi)青、兗、徐(xu)等在(zai)淝水(shui)之戰后(hou)剛(gang)剛(gang)被東晉收復的州郡。這些地方可以說(shuo)是(shi)南北(bei)對峙時期的緩沖地帶，后(hou)燕大軍一(yi)到，紛紛投(tou)降。慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)重新(xin)將勢力推進至淮北(bei)。

后(hou)燕的北方(fang)這時出了亂子。劉顯跟拓跋(ba)珪翻了臉，想方(fang)設法要消滅拓跋(ba)珪的力量。為了籠絡人心(xin)，他派(pai)弟弟劉亢埿(ni)把什翼犍小兒子拓跋(ba)窟(ku)咄迎接來(lai)。

慕(mu)容麟(lin)很有心計（慕(mu)容麟(lin)很會(hui)耍小聰明，即(ji)使曾經在(zai)慕(mu)容垂(chui)出(chu)逃時出(chu)賣(mai)過父兄(xiong)，也沒(mei)有失去慕(mu)容垂(chui)對他(ta)(ta)的(de)喜愛，后燕(yan)的(de)新都中山就(jiu)是由他(ta)(ta)統(tong)軍攻下(xia)來的(de)。慕(mu)容垂(chui)建(jian)立后燕(yan)后常常把(ba)帶兵(bing)打(da)仗(zhang)的(de)重任交給(gei)他(ta)(ta)），他(ta)(ta)讓安同趕緊(jin)跑到(dao)拓跋珪那里(li)報告燕(yan)軍的(de)消(xiao)息。北魏的(de)將(jiang)士們得知(zhi)援(yuan)軍將(jiang)至，果然恢(hui)復了不少士氣，抵擋住了拓跋窟咄的(de)進逼(bi)。慕(mu)容麟(lin)與拓跋珪會(hui)合，一仗(zhang)就(jiu)把(ba)拓跋窟咄殺得大敗，拓跋窟咄逃到(dao)鐵(tie)弗劉衛辰那里(li)，劉衛辰豈會(hui)忘記當初兩部之仇，也不顧他(ta)(ta)與拓跋珪為敵(di)，將(jiang)拓跋窟咄殺死了。

拓跋(ba)珪(gui)在這一仗中感(gan)受(shou)到了(le)燕(yan)軍的(de)(de)厲害。一年(nian)之(zhi)后，他(ta)乘著劉(liu)顯(xian)(xian)部(bu)兄弟相(xiang)爭，再次向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂借兵(bing)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂又讓慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)出兵(bing)相(xiang)助。劉(liu)顯(xian)(xian)把劉(liu)衛辰上貢后燕(yan)的(de)(de)馬匹給(gei)搶了(le)下來，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂對此大(da)怒(nu)，派侄子太(tai)原王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷增援慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)。楷、麟(lin)與(yu)拓跋(ba)珪(gui)會戰劉(liu)顯(xian)(xian)，大(da)獲全勝，劉(liu)顯(xian)(xian)逃到西燕(yan)。后燕(yan)奪(duo)得了(le)劉(liu)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)部(bu)眾和牲畜，拓跋(ba)珪(gui)則基本收復了(le)什翼犍時(shi)期的(de)(de)代國地盤。

慕容(rong)垂(chui)接(jie)下來花了五年時間經(jing)營自己的(de)北(bei)(bei)方領土，這期間他消滅(mie)河(he)北(bei)(bei)一帶的(de)叛軍，收(shou)復清河(he)、渤(bo)海等地，征(zheng)服了北(bei)(bei)方比較強大(da)的(de)賀蘭部，加上(shang)這之(zhi)前慕容(rong)農已(yi)經(jing)率軍擊敗高句麗(li)，占據(ju)遼東，后燕(yan)鞏固(gu)了自身統治(zhi)，成(cheng)為北(bei)(bei)方強國。

攻滅翟魏

轉眼到(dao)了(le)建興七(qi)年（392年），他也(ye)年近古稀(xi)。鑒于河(he)(he)南一帶丁(ding)零(ling)翟(zhai)(zhai)氏的(de)朝三暮四(si)、一再叛獨，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)親自帶兵征討丁(ding)零(ling)翟(zhai)(zhai)釗（翟(zhai)(zhai)魏天(tian)王翟(zhai)(zhai)遼之子）。翟(zhai)(zhai)釗向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永(yong)求(qiu)援(yuan)，但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永(yong)聽(ting)從尚書(shu)郎(lang)鮑(bao)遵的(de)話，坐山觀虎斗，未曾向翟(zhai)(zhai)釗發(fa)兵相救。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)先(xian)把營(ying)寨(zhai)遷(qian)到(dao)黃(huang)河(he)(he)上游(you)(you)四(si)十里處的(de)西津，造了(le)數百艘(sou)牛皮(pi)船，載上一些兵士(shi)車仗(zhang)，開始(shi)渡河(he)(he)。丁(ding)零(ling)翟(zhai)(zhai)釗在(zai)(zai)下游(you)(you)聽(ting)說這一消息(xi)，果然(ran)帶了(le)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)前(qian)往西津抵抗。這時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)才派留(liu)在(zai)(zai)黎陽(yang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鎮的(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)連夜渡過黃(huang)河(he)(he)，在(zai)(zai)河(he)(he)南扎營(ying)。第二天(tian)早上，后燕的(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)已(yi)經在(zai)(zai)河(he)(he)南駐了(le)不少人的(de)大營(ying)了(le)。翟(zhai)(zhai)釗得知(zhi)此事(shi)又趕到(dao)下游(you)(you)打慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鎮，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鎮堅守一段(duan)時間后，上游(you)(you)的(de)后燕大軍(jun)(jun)也(ye)已(yi)乘機渡過了(le)黃(huang)河(he)(he)，燕軍(jun)(jun)兩路夾擊，翟(zhai)(zhai)釗全軍(jun)(jun)潰敗而(er)走，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)追擊，翟(zhai)(zhai)釗只身逃到(dao)西燕，后又被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永(yong)殺死。

消滅西燕

建興八年(nian)（393年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)開始(shi)籌備攻打西燕(yan)。后(hou)燕(yan)將領(ling)又顯得(de)顧慮重(zhong)重(zhong)，認(ren)為后(hou)燕(yan)士兵連年(nian)征討，十分疲憊，有待休整。只有范(fan)陽王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德同意伐西燕(yan)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)很高(gao)興地(di)說：“吾計決矣。且吾投(tou)老，扣囊底智，足以克之(zhi)，不復(fu)留逆賊以累子孫也(ye)！”以確立(li)后(hou)燕(yan)的正統性與后(hou)世安(an)定。

建興九年（394年），慕容垂大軍在鄴城西南集結，卻一個多月不向西(xi)燕境內進發。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永開(kai)始疑(yi)神疑(yi)鬼，懷疑(yi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)會(hui)(hui)從(cong)(cong)太行山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)道突入(ru)其境，趕緊分兵(bing)去封鎖太行山(shan)(shan)口，在正面防御點臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)只留下(xia)一(yi)(yi)支軍隊。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)等見此情景(jing)，遣(qian)部(bu)從(cong)(cong)臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)進攻，兩軍一(yi)(yi)交手(shou)，西(xi)燕潰敗，臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)遭圍。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永只得又(you)從(cong)(cong)太行山(shan)(shan)召回(hui)守軍五萬(wan)多人(ren)，然而刁云、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)鐘軍無斗志，投降了后(hou)燕。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)在臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)以南擺(bai)下(xia)陣勢(shi)，與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永會(hui)(hui)戰，事先還安排了驍(xiao)騎將(jiang)軍慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)國(guo)的(de)(de)精銳(rui)騎兵(bing)做埋伏。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)假裝敗退，將(jiang)西(xi)燕軍引入(ru)包圍圈，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)國(guo)從(cong)(cong)其背(bei)后(hou)殺出，一(yi)(yi)場(chang)大戰，西(xi)燕軍光被斬首的(de)(de)人(ren)數就達八千，重(zhong)鎮晉陽也跟著丟失。?

慕(mu)容永退(tui)守國都長子，向(xiang)東晉和北魏求(qiu)救(jiu)。兩方的援(yuan)軍尚未趕(gan)到(dao)，西燕別部(bu)的大(da)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸手下的將領(ling)便(bian)打開城(cheng)門迎入慕(mu)容垂(chui)。慕(mu)容垂(chui)將慕(mu)容永和西燕的公卿大(da)臣悉數斬(zhan)首，西燕滅(mie)亡。

燕魏交兵

主詞目(mu)：參(can)合陂之戰

后(hou)燕(yan)在滅翟(zhai)魏吞西燕(yan)后(hou)，慕容(rong)垂建立的后(hou)燕(yan)也隨之轉盛而(er)衰。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)在(zai)(zai)南征北戰(zhan)的(de)過程中(zhong)留下了(le)(le)一(yi)內一(yi)外(wai)兩(liang)大(da)(da)隱患(huan)(huan)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)內部(bu)(bu)的(de)隱患(huan)(huan)，便是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)家好內斗。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鮮卑在(zai)(zai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)子侄這兩(liang)代(dai)可(ke)謂(wei)人才(cai)濟濟，如慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)異母弟范陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德，兒(er)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)、趙(zhao)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟、遼西(xi)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)、高陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆，侄子太(tai)原王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)、陳留王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹(shao)。這些人在(zai)(zai)后(hou)(hou)燕平定北方時各自(zi)叱咤一(yi)方。后(hou)(hou)燕國土占(zhan)據著半個北中(zhong)國，其(qi)(qi)(qi)東北是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)，東南是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德，西(xi)北是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟，又慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹(shao)、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)分別居于東、南、西(xi)，中(zhong)央需要較大(da)(da)的(de)向(xiang)心力。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)年(nian)紀已大(da)(da)，把國事大(da)(da)事交(jiao)給太(tai)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)才(cai)大(da)(da)智粗，不堪其(qi)(qi)(qi)任。后(hou)(hou)燕外(wai)部(bu)(bu)的(de)隱患(huan)(huan)源(yuan)自(zi)與(yu)北魏(wei)的(de)外(wai)交(jiao)。后(hou)(hou)燕消滅(mie)丁零翟氏(shi)的(de)前一(yi)年(nian)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)為了(le)(le)平定北方，再次出兵幫助了(le)(le)臣服于后(hou)(hou)燕的(de)拓跋珪(gui)。拓跋珪(gui)憑借后(hou)(hou)燕的(de)援兵，與(yu)劉衛(wei)辰展開決戰(zhan)，一(yi)舉將其(qi)(qi)(qi)擊(ji)潰，并乘勝占(zhan)據了(le)(le)鐵弗部(bu)(bu)的(de)領地。劉衛(wei)辰在(zai)(zai)亂軍中(zhong)被殺，五千多(duo)劉氏(shi)宗族被拓跋珪(gui)全部(bu)(bu)斬(zhan)首，扔進黃河。

拓跋(ba)珪(gui)驅走鐵弗，掠奪(duo)百萬(wan)計的(de)(de)(de)牛羊馬，勢(shi)力大(da)增(zeng)，逐漸萌生問鼎中(zhong)原的(de)(de)(de)野心(xin)。388年(nian)八月，拓跋(ba)珪(gui)專門(men)派自己的(de)(de)(de)堂(tang)兄拓跋(ba)儀(yi)前往中(zhong)山探聽虛(xu)實。慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)接見了(le)(le)拓跋(ba)儀(yi)，詰問他(ta)：“魏(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)怎(zen)么不(bu)自己來(lai)？”拓跋(ba)儀(yi)答道：“我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)拓跋(ba)氏自先(xian)人以(yi)(yi)來(lai)，居住在北方，現今(jin)仍是如此(ci)。當年(nian)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)拓跋(ba)猗(yi)盧被晉朝(chao)皇(huang)帝封為代(dai)王(wang)(wang)(wang)，與(yu)你們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)共事(shi)一(yi)朝(chao)，彼此(ci)都是兄弟。如今(jin)我(wo)(wo)奉命出(chu)使，并無失(shi)禮之處。”慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)又問：“朕兵(bing)強(qiang)馬壯，威加四海，你們(men)(men)主公竟敢不(bu)來(lai)見朕，怎(zen)么可以(yi)(yi)說沒有失(shi)禮之處呢？”拓跋(ba)儀(yi)搖(yao)頭道：“燕國如若不(bu)修文德，以(yi)(yi)為靠著強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)軍力就(jiu)(jiu)能夠稱霸天下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)話(hua)，那(nei)就(jiu)(jiu)得問問我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)將帥，輪不(bu)到我(wo)(wo)這個(ge)使臣(chen)來(lai)說話(hua)了(le)(le)。”拓跋(ba)儀(yi)一(yi)席話(hua)說得有理有節，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)就(jiu)(jiu)放了(le)(le)他(ta)。拓跋(ba)儀(yi)回來(lai)對拓跋(ba)珪(gui)說：“燕國皇(huang)帝年(nian)老(lao)，太(tai)子(zi)暗(an)弱，范陽王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)德又很自負，恐怕不(bu)會(hui)安心(xin)做少(shao)主的(de)(de)(de)臣(chen)子(zi)。只(zhi)要慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)一(yi)死，燕國必(bi)有內(nei)亂，到時(shi)候(hou)天下(xia)自然是我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)，現今(jin)還不(bu)是動(dong)手(shou)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)。”拓跋(ba)珪(gui)很是高興(xing)，便暗(an)中(zhong)積蓄(xu)力量(liang)，以(yi)(yi)待天時(shi)。

事件導(dao)火(huo)線始于慕(mu)容子弟強行(xing)扣留拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)觚(gu)。建興七年（391）七月(yue)，拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)觚(gu)出使燕國，當時慕(mu)容垂(chui)年已衰老，慕(mu)容氏子弟主持著一些政務(wu)，為了要求北魏(wei)進獻良馬，強行(xing)扣留了拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)觚(gu)。拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪不(bu)給，與后燕斷絕了外交(jiao)。

兩年(nian)(nian)后(hou)，后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍攻打(da)西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)，拓跋珪不念燕(yan)(yan)(yan)、魏從前同盟(meng)多年(nian)(nian)，積極出(chu)兵(bing)援助(zhu)慕容永，此事令慕容垂很惱火。

滅西燕后，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)本已身染(ran)重病，不(bu)想(xiang)用(yong)兵(bing)，但在(zai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)等人(ren)的(de)慫恿下，于建興十年（395）五月派慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟率(lv)(lv)領大軍八(ba)萬(wan)伐(fa)魏，又讓慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹另率(lv)(lv)步(bu)騎兵(bing)一萬(wan)八(ba)千(qian)人(ren)做后繼。散騎常侍高湖苦諫，惹得慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)大怒，免了他的(de)官(guan)。

慕(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍隊開到五原（今內(nei)蒙古包頭(tou)西北）的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃河北岸(an)，南(nan)岸(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拓跋珪(gui)先派人在中山到五原的(de)(de)(de)(de)路上截獲(huo)后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)傳(chuan)送消息的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)者，使(shi)得連續幾個月慕(mu)容(rong)垂的(de)(de)(de)(de)消息都(dou)無法傳(chuan)到后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)大軍營中。拓跋珪(gui)又(you)(you)拉上抓來的(de)(de)(de)(de)后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)使(shi)者到黃河岸(an)邊喊話(hua)：“你老爹已(yi)死(si)，還不早早回去(qu)！”慕(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)等人此時又(you)(you)擔心又(you)(you)害怕，后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)士兵們(men)更是(shi)軍心動搖。?

后燕的軍(jun)隊(dui)處境艱(jian)難，這(zhe)邊拓跋(ba)珪則(ze)安排(pai)停(ting)當，他派拓跋(ba)虔、拓跋(ba)儀各領數萬騎兵(bing)駐扎在河東(dong)、河北，又讓(rang)拓跋(ba)遵領了七(qi)萬騎兵(bing)悄悄地繞到了燕軍(jun)的東(dong)南(nan)面，也就是燕軍(jun)的退路上(shang)。

從九月開始，燕(yan)軍(jun)和(he)魏軍(jun)在五(wu)原一帶相持近一個月，慕(mu)容(rong)寶的軍(jun)隊(dui)從一支驕兵(bing)變成了(le)羸兵(bing)，慕(mu)容(rong)寶雖然心中(zhong)發虛，卻沒(mei)有撤(che)退的意思。慕(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)手(shou)下(xia)有個叫做慕(mu)輿嵩(song)的部(bu)(bu)將覺得慕(mu)容(rong)垂是(shi)真的死了(le)，糾合部(bu)(bu)將作亂，擁立(li)慕(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)做皇帝。事(shi)情敗露，慕(mu)容(rong)寶把(ba)慕(mu)輿嵩(song)等人給殺(sha)了(le)，寶、麟(lin)兩人由此(ci)互相猜忌(ji)。

燕(yan)軍(jun)就在這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)狀況下支撐到了十月底，此時的(de)(de)(de)五原地區已是寒風(feng)凜冽，冬日來(lai)臨，慕(mu)容寶下令燒掉渡船撤(che)軍(jun)。當時的(de)(de)(de)黃河(he)水(shui)(shui)還(huan)未(wei)結冰，慕(mu)容寶認定魏軍(jun)沒有(you)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)船只，不可能(neng)渡河(he)追擊，無(wu)須采取任何(he)防備措施，燕(yan)軍(jun)一路向東撤(che)去。拓跋珪(gui)在南(nan)岸并未(wei)馬上行(xing)動(dong)，燕(yan)軍(jun)撤(che)退(tui)后的(de)(de)(de)第八天(tian)，天(tian)氣突變，刮起暴風(feng)，河(he)水(shui)(shui)迅速凍合。拓跋珪(gui)大(da)喜過望，留下所有(you)輜重，連夜點起二(er)萬精銳騎兵，全速沖過黃河(he)，朝著燕(yan)軍(jun)撤(che)退(tui)的(de)(de)(de)方向追去。

疲憊不堪、士氣低(di)落的后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)軍(jun)隊走到(dao)參合陂(po)（今內蒙古涼城岱海），已(yi)近傍晚時(shi)分。“天有不測風(feng)云”，這個時(shi)候(hou)一陣大風(feng)平地而起，只見一道(dao)黑氣如長(chang)堤一般，自燕(yan)軍(jun)身(shen)后(hou)(hou)鋪卷而來(lai)，最(zui)后(hou)(hou)完全罩住了(le)整個軍(jun)隊。士兵們本(ben)已(yi)十分脆弱的心靈又(you)蒙上(shang)一層陰影，一個名叫支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)的和尚(shang)頓覺不安，向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)進言：“狂風(feng)暴虐，乃是魏兵將要來(lai)到(dao)的征兆，我軍(jun)應當作好(hao)抵御準備。”滿以(yi)為(wei)魏軍(jun)早(zao)被拋下(xia)很遠的慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)只笑不答。支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)再(zai)三(san)請求，在(zai)旁邊聽得不耐(nai)煩的慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟氣呼呼地說：“以(yi)殿下(xia)的神(shen)武，我軍(jun)的強盛，足以(yi)橫行沙漠，小小的索虜(lu)（燕(yan)人鄙視同宗(zong)的北魏，罵(ma)其為(wei)索虜(lu)）豈敢遠道(dao)追來(lai)？應該(gai)(gai)把這該(gai)(gai)死的和尚(shang)斬首示眾以(yi)消顧慮！”支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)痛哭流(liu)涕：“苻堅擁百萬雄師(shi)，卻大敗于淮南，正是由于恃眾輕(qing)敵，不相(xiang)信天道(dao)的緣(yuan)故啊！”司徒慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)見此情景，支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)也算一片忠心，于是也勸慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)聽從支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)的話，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)這才讓慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟帶(dai)上(shang)三(san)萬騎(qi)兵殿后(hou)(hou)以(yi)防萬一。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟根本(ben)不信支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)猛(meng)的胡話，在(zai)大軍(jun)后(hou)(hou)面放縱(zong)士兵四處游獵，不做好(hao)設(she)防準備。

魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)晝(zhou)夜兼(jian)程、連日急行(xing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)追(zhui)趕。乙酉，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)暮色里終于趕到參(can)合陂西(xi)面。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)又(you)走了(le)一(yi)(yi)段路，就(jiu)停(ting)下腳步，在(zai)參(can)合陂東邊的(de)蟠羊山(shan)南面依水扎(zha)營(ying)。拓(tuo)跋珪(gui)發現(xian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)近(jin)在(zai)咫尺，連夜部(bu)署進軍(jun)(jun)(jun)計(ji)劃，各(ge)將領分別帶(dai)兵(bing)，士(shi)兵(bing)銜枚(mei)，戰馬(ma)(ma)束口，暗暗向燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)靠(kao)近(jin)。第二(er)(er)天(tian)日出(chu)時(shi)(shi)分，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)全部(bu)登上山(shan)頂，腳下便是(shi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)大營(ying)。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo)的(de)士(shi)兵(bing)們正伸著懶(lan)腰，緩步走出(chu)營(ying)寨(zhai)，準備(bei)向東進發，猛一(yi)(yi)回頭(tou)，眼(yan)前竟是(shi)嚴陣(zhen)以待的(de)北(bei)魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)頓(dun)時(shi)(shi)慌作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)團。拓(tuo)跋珪(gui)手(shou)一(yi)(yi)抬，二(er)(er)萬(wan)精騎(qi)兵(bing)以排山(shan)倒海之勢沖殺(sha)過來。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)紛紛逃入水中(zhong)，人(ren)馬(ma)(ma)相互踐(jian)踏(ta)，踩(cai)死的(de)、淹死的(de)數(shu)(shu)以萬(wan)計(ji)。拓(tuo)跋遵(zun)率部(bu)轉到燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)前方進行(xing)阻截，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)最后一(yi)(yi)道心理防線(xian)終于崩潰，四五萬(wan)人(ren)全部(bu)乖(guai)乖(guai)地放下武器，舉手(shou)投(tou)降(jiang)。從亂軍(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)逃出(chu)的(de)不(bu)足數(shu)(shu)千(qian)，慕(mu)容寶、慕(mu)容農、慕(mu)容麟、慕(mu)容德(de)等人(ren)憑著馬(ma)(ma)快，才撿了(le)性命。慕(mu)容垂的(de)侄子(zi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)右(you)仆陳留悼王慕(mu)容紹也不(bu)幸戰死，其余被生俘的(de)慕(mu)容氏(shi)等文武將吏(li)數(shu)(shu)千(qian)人(ren)。魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)獲得燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)數(shu)(shu)以萬(wan)計(ji)的(de)兵(bing)甲糧貨。

拓跋(ba)珪大獲(huo)全勝，他從燕(yan)軍(jun)的(de)俘虜中挑了(le)些可用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)留(liu)在(zai)北魏，其余的(de)人(ren)準備悉(xi)數(shu)發還衣物糧食，遣送回國(guo)，也是(shi)借機招(zhao)攬(lan)中原人(ren)心。他的(de)中部大人(ren)王建說(shuo)：“燕(yan)國(guo)強盛，這次傾(qing)全國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)力前來(lai)，我軍(jun)僥幸取(qu)勝，不如殺掉(diao)降卒，將(jiang)來(lai)它們再無可用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)，打敗他們就易(yi)如反(fan)掌了(le)！”拓跋(ba)珪嘆道：“若聽從你的(de)話，只怕我將(jiang)陷于不仁不義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)地。”然(ran)而魏國(guo)的(de)將(jiang)領對后燕(yan)尚心有(you)余悸(ji)，都認為王建說(shuo)得有(you)理(li)，拓跋(ba)珪便下一道命令，將(jiang)四五萬后燕(yan)士(shi)兵(bing)全部活埋！

慕容寶回(hui)到中山，向父親陳述失敗(bai)的(de)慘狀，竭力請(qing)求再次伐(fa)魏。旁邊(bian)慕容德又(you)說：“索虜碰巧打(da)了(le)這場勝仗，打(da)心眼瞧不上太子了(le)，如果(guo)不以陛下(xia)的(de)神武把他(ta)們制服(fu)，恐怕(pa)后(hou)患無窮。”七十歲的(de)慕容垂聽了(le)這話，決(jue)定親自出征，為身后(hou)的(de)燕國謀取生(sheng)存的(de)空(kong)間。他(ta)讓慕容隆和慕容盛調集(ji)舊都龍城(cheng)的(de)精兵來到中山，約定次年（396）大舉西征，攻(gong)打(da)北魏。

軍(jun)(jun)容(rong)精整的(de)龍城(cheng)精騎進入中(zhong)山，后燕(yan)的(de)士氣(qi)重新振作。三月，慕容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)親率(lv)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)秘密(mi)出發(fa)，鑿開太行山道，出其不(bu)意(yi)地直逼(bi)北魏占(zhan)據(ju)的(de)平(ping)城(cheng)（今(jin)山西大同）。拓(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)的(de)三萬軍(jun)(jun)馬駐守此地。慕容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)派慕容(rong)農和慕容(rong)隆率(lv)領(ling)龍城(cheng)精兵充(chong)當(dang)前鋒，突襲平(ping)城(cheng)。拓(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)一向不(bu)設防備，看到燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)來攻，才倉促出戰(zhan)，龍城(cheng)兵是燕(yan)國戰(zhan)斗力最強的(de)鮮(xian)卑舊(jiu)部，一個(ge)個(ge)奮勇爭先，如(ru)下山猛虎，魏軍(jun)(jun)招(zhao)架不(bu)住，拓(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)戰(zhan)死(si)(si)，殘部全(quan)部被后燕(yan)收編。拓(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)是拓(tuo)跋珪的(de)弟弟，在北魏威(wei)望不(bu)小，他的(de)死(si)(si)訊(xun)傳來，拓(tuo)跋珪大驚失色，就(jiu)想逃走，北魏各(ge)部都(dou)開始心懷二意(yi)，拓(tuo)跋珪竟不(bu)知往哪里逃。

病重身亡

燕軍一(yi)路前行，慕容垂來到(dao)了昔日戰場參合(he)陂(po)。萬人坑上的(de)(de)泥土猶新，曾(ceng)經還是生(sheng)龍活虎(hu)的(de)(de)數(shu)萬士(shi)卒已成堆積如(ru)山(shan)的(de)(de)尸骨，無數(shu)冤魂仿佛還在山(shan)間飄(piao)蕩(dang)。燕軍設下祭(ji)壇(tan)，死難將士(shi)的(de)(de)父兄一(yi)起放(fang)聲痛哭，聲音響徹山(shan)谷。白發蒼蒼的(de)(de)慕容垂面對(dui)此情此景(jing)，心(xin)中又(you)慚(can)又(you)恨，那最(zui)后(hou)一(yi)點戰斗的(de)(de)氣神(shen)再(zai)也(ye)無法堅持下去(qu)，哇的(de)(de)一(yi)口鮮(xian)血(xue)吐了出來，舊疾發作(zuo)，乘著(zhu)馬輿(yu)前進，在平(ping)城(cheng)西北三十里休(xiu)整(zheng)。慕容寶等(deng)人的(de)(de)前軍也(ye)只好(hao)全部撤退(tui)。拓跋珪得到(dao)后(hou)燕叛(pan)卒的(de)(de)消息，本想乘隙(xi)追趕，聽說平(ping)城(cheng)淪陷，便引兵退(tui)回陰山(shan)。

慕容(rong)垂(chui)在平城(cheng)停留(liu)了十天，修了座(zuo)燕(yan)昌城(cheng)（欲昌則不昌），便匆(cong)匆(cong)返回，他(ta)在歸途中病逝于上谷郡(jun)的沮陽（今河北懷來東南），終年七(qi)十一(yi)歲(sui)。

主要成就

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂13歲(sui)即隨父征戰(zhan)，才兼(jian)文武(wu)，勇猛多謀。前燕(yan)(yan)(yan)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)（344），慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂任(ren)前鋒都(dou)督，建鋒將(jiang)軍。次年(nian)(nian)，率兵(bing)2萬自東道出徒河(he)（今錦(jin)州(zhou)(zhou)）南(nan)(nan)下，與燕(yan)(yan)(yan)王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁等(deng)會(hui)師(shi)，攻(gong)(gong)取后趙幽州(zhou)(zhou)（治今北京城(cheng)西南(nan)(nan)）等(deng)地，并勸燕(yan)(yan)(yan)王(wang)勿殺降(jiang)卒，以(yi)服人心。元璽三年(nian)(nian)（354），受封為(wei)吳(wu)王(wang)。光(guang)壽(shou)元年(nian)(nian)（357），參與攻(gong)(gong)討敕(chi)勒(le)，俘斬十(shi)余萬人。建熙六年(nian)(nian)（365），與太宰慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪合力攻(gong)(gong)占(zhan)東晉(jin)洛(luo)陽（今河(he)南(nan)(nan)洛(luo)陽東北）后，任(ren)征南(nan)(nan)大將(jiang)軍、荊州(zhou)(zhou)牧等(deng)職，領兵(bing)萬人，鎮魯陽（今魯山）。十(shi)年(nian)(nian)，在桓溫(wen)攻(gong)(gong)前燕(yan)(yan)(yan)之戰(zhan)中，大敗晉(jin)軍，威名大振。

是年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)月，因前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)內訌(hong)，西投前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)，為秦(qin)主(zhu)苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)所(suo)賞(shang)識，任(ren)冠軍將(jiang)軍。十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)滅前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)，慕容垂(chui)至鄴(ye)（今(jin)(jin)河北臨(lin)漳西南），密(mi)圖興(xing)復。后轉京兆尹，參(can)加征伐，皆(jie)有大功，但為前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)權貴猜忌、壓(ya)抑(yi)。前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)建元(yuan)十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（382），不顧多數朝臣(chen)的反(fan)對(dui)，力勸苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)進攻(gong)東晉(jin)。十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)七月，東晉(jin)車(che)騎將(jiang)軍桓(huan)沖攻(gong)襄陽（今(jin)(jin)屬湖北襄樊(fan)），征南將(jiang)軍苻(fu)(fu)叡率步騎5萬(wan)援救(jiu)，慕容垂(chui)為前(qian)(qian)鋒。垂(chui)命士卒多燃火炬，光照數十(shi)(shi)里，嚇(xia)退晉(jin)軍。是年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，淝水之(zhi)戰(zhan)，秦(qin)兵(bing)(bing)慘敗，唯慕容垂(chui)軍3萬(wan)屯據(ju)鄖城（今(jin)(jin)安陸）無損。苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)率所(suo)剩(sheng)千余騎往(wang)赴，慕容垂(chui)悉以兵(bing)(bing)歸堅(jian)。旋丁零族翟斌起兵(bing)(bing)反(fan)秦(qin)，謀攻(gong)洛陽，慕容垂(chui)受命進討。二十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，至滎(ying)陽（今(jin)(jin)河南滎(ying)陽東北），起兵(bing)(bing)反(fan)秦(qin)，稱燕(yan)(yan)王（史稱后燕(yan)(yan)），率眾攻(gong)鄴(ye)，拔外城。苻(fu)(fu)丕求援于東晉(jin)。后燕(yan)(yan)燕(yan)(yan)元(yuan)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（385）四月，兵(bing)(bing)敗后伺機反(fan)擊，大破援鄴(ye)之(zhi)晉(jin)軍。十(shi)(shi)二月，定都中(zhong)山(shan)（今(jin)(jin)河北定州(zhou)）。

建興(xing)二年(nian)（387），發(fa)兵(bing)討溫詳等叛(pan)軍，迫叛(pan)眾(zhong)3萬(wan)余戶歸后燕。又(you)遣(qian)兵(bing)南(nan)(nan)下(xia)，進占(zhan)歷城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今濟南(nan)(nan)），迫使(shi)青、兗(yan)、徐三(san)州郡(jun)縣多(duo)數壁壘出降。七(qi)年(nian)六月，攻(gong)討丁零族(zu)翟釗(zhao)(zhao)于(yu)黎陽(yang)（今河(he)南(nan)(nan)浚縣東北(bei)(bei)），以牛皮船百余艘，偽列兵(bing)仗(zhang)，溯流西(xi)上，而潛(qian)軍于(yu)東夜(ye)渡，營于(yu)河(he)南(nan)(nan)，堅壁不戰(zhan)，使(shi)翟釗(zhao)(zhao)兵(bing)往來疲憊，再行(xing)夾(jia)擊，盡獲其眾(zhong)。九年(nian)，攻(gong)西(xi)燕主慕容永(yong)(yong)，先分(fen)處置疑兵(bing)以誘敵，自率(lv)大(da)(da)軍屯鄴城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)，月余不進；待慕容永(yong)(yong)發(fa)兵(bing)分(fen)道拒守，即乘(cheng)虛直(zhi)入，連破(po)(po)西(xi)燕軍，進圍臺壁（今山西(xi)襄垣東北(bei)(bei)）。繼又(you)佯退，誘其追入設伏地(di)帶(dai)，實行(xing)圍擊，大(da)(da)破(po)(po)慕容永(yong)(yong)，滅(mie)亡西(xi)燕。十(shi)年(nian)，遣(qian)子(zi)慕容寶率(lv)軍9.8萬(wan)攻(gong)北(bei)(bei)魏，在參合陂(po)之(zhi)戰(zhan)遭慘敗。次年(nian)三(san)月，親自率(lv)軍攻(gong)北(bei)(bei)魏。閏三(san)月，襲取平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今山西(xi)大(da)(da)同(tong)東北(bei)(bei)），大(da)(da)敗魏軍，收(shou)其部(bu)落(luo)3萬(wan)余家。

歷史評價

崔浩：“垂藉父兄之(zhi)資，修復舊業，國(guo)人歸之(zhi)，若夜(ye)蟲(chong)之(zhi)就火，少加倚仗，易以立功。”

房玄(xuan)齡等《晉(jin)(jin)書》：“慕容垂天資英杰(jie)，威(wei)震本朝，以雄略見猜而(er)(er)庇(bi)身寬政，永固受(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)以禮，道明事之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)畢(bi)力。然而(er)(er)隼(sun)質(zhi)難羈(ji)，狼心自野。淮南失律(lv)，三甥之(zhi)(zhi)謀已構；河(he)朔分麾，五(wu)木之(zhi)(zhi)祥云啟。斬(zhan)飛(fei)龍而(er)(er)遐舉，逾(yu)石(shi)門而(er)(er)長邁(mai)，遂(sui)使翟氏景(jing)從，鄴師宵逸(yi)，收羅趙、魏，驅(qu)駕英雄。叩囊余(yu)奇，摧五(wu)萬于河(he)曲；浮船(chuan)秘策，招七郡于黎陽(yang)。返遼陰(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)舊物，創中山之(zhi)(zhi)新(xin)社，類帝禋宗，僭擬斯(si)備。夫以重(zhong)耳歸晉(jin)(jin)，賴五(wu)臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)功；句踐紿吳，資五(wu)千(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)卒。惡有(you)業殊二霸，眾微一旅，掎拔而(er)(er)傾(qing)山岳，騰(teng)嘯而(er)(er)御風云！雖衛人忘亡復傳(chuan)于東國，任好余(yu)裕伊愧于西鄰，信(xin)苻氏之(zhi)(zhi)奸回，非晉(jin)(jin)室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)鯨鯢矣。”

蔡東藩《兩晉演義》：“慕(mu)容垂才略(lve)過人(ren)，卒(zu)能恢復燕祚，不可謂非一世雄(xiong)，其獨擇(ze)子不明，失之(zhi)于(yu)太(tai)子寶，反(fan)以段后所言為營私。”

趣聞軼事

墜馬傷齒

慕容霸小時候很愛出游打獵。有一回，慕容霸在騎馬射獵時不小心從馬背上栽落倒地，竟然還磕掉了牙齒。慕容霸盡管庶出，自小卻很受父親嘉獎與寵愛，他異母嫡兄慕容儁便對他忌恨不已。慕容儁即位燕王后，為報復奚落慕容霸，抖落他早年磕牙的糗事，便讓他改名“