中國三百多(duo)個劇(ju)(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)從大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)面來說,它(ta)們分屬五個不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)系統(tong),即:昆山腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、弋陽腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、柳(liu)子(zi)(zi)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、梆子(zi)(zi)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和(he)皮(pi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)調。宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)屬于(yu)皮(pi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)調一(yi)類(lei)。而(er)據考(kao)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)京劇(ju)(ju)、贛(gan)劇(ju)(ju)與(yu)徽、漢(han)、湘(xiang)等皮(pi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)系統(tong)中二(er)(er)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)或(huo)稱(cheng)南路腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前身(shen),宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發源地(di)(di),宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)以“宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”為主要唱腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),(宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)"宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)"發音(yin)(yin)與(yu)"二(er)(er)"方(fang)(fang)言古(gu)漢(han)語發音(yin)(yin)相同(tong)(tong))。“宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”因產(chan)于(yu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)縣而(er)得名。宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)又稱(cheng)“戲(xi)鄉”,早(zao)在明代中葉,就(jiu)成為江西(xi)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)戲(xi)曲(qu)(qu)中心。明末清初(chu)(chu),“宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”由在南方(fang)(fang)流(liu)傳(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甘肅“西(xi)秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)二(er)(er)犯”演變而(er)成。初(chu)(chu)期為笛子(zi)(zi)伴奏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“平板吹(chui)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”和(he)有(you)三種(zhong)(zhong)板式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“嗩吶二(er)(er)犯”。清乾(qian)隆(long)初(chu)(chu)年“宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”廢嗩吶、改由胡琴(qin)為主奏樂器,并將“吹(chui)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”、“二(er)(er)犯”兩種(zhong)(zhong)曲(qu)(qu)調統(tong)一(yi),“二(er)(er)犯”分作四種(zhong)(zhong)扳(ban)式,吹(chui)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)變成了二(er)(er)凡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平扳(ban),形(xing)成了廣(guang)為流(liu)傳(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“胡琴(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”。“宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”產(chan)生(sheng)之后(hou),在江西(xi)各(ge)地(di)(di)流(liu)傳(chuan),并為尚存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江西(xi)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)大(da)戲(xi)劇(ju)(ju)種(zhong)(zhong),如豫劇(ju)(ju)、東(dong)河戲(xi)、盱(xu)河戲(xi),寧河戲(xi)等所(suo)吸收,并保留 “二(er)(er)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)”這(zhe)(zhe)個稱(cheng)呼。老藝人稱(cheng)為“宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)調”,因其(qi)基(ji)本曲(qu)(qu)調與(yu)各(ge)地(di)(di)皮(pi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)劇(ju)(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)類(lei)似,故當(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)人后(hou)來也稱(cheng)“宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”為“老二(er)(er)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)”。“宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”興起之后(hou),向外省流(liu)傳(chuan),浙江紹興、北京、廣(guang)州都有(you)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記載,影響很深。這(zhe)(zhe)正如清乾(qian)隆(long)四十九年李調元所(suo)著《雨村(cun)劇(ju)(ju)話》云(yun):“胡琴(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)起于(yu)江右,今(jin)世(shi)盛傳(chuan)其(qi)音(yin)(yin)……”。清初(chu)(chu)江西(xi)新建人熊(xiong)文(wen)舉詩“凄(qi)涼羽(yu)調咽霓裳,欲譜風流(liu)筆都荒,知是(shi)(shi)(shi)清源留袒曲(qu)(qu),湯詞端臺唱宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)。”這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)說:湯氏所(suo)有(you)劇(ju)(ju)本,都由宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)子(zi)(zi)弟(di)來演,故有(you)“臨川才子(zi)(zi),宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)弟(di)子(zi)(zi)”之說。不過,當(dang)(dang)時唱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),是(shi)(shi)(shi)由海鹽腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)與(yu)當(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)流(liu)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弋陽土調相結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變調,不是(shi)(shi)(shi)如今(jin)所(suo)唱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。這(zhe)(zhe)充分說明宜(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)曲(qu)(qu)活動活躍,人才輩出(chu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)個“戲(xi)窩子(zi)(zi)”。它(ta)有(you)著產(chan)生(sheng)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)戲(xi)曲(qu)(qu)新腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎和(he)條件。
宜黃(huang)戲(xi)是(shi)如(ru)今尚存的(de)江西地方贛語(yu)大戲(xi)劇(ju)種,江西省(sheng)古老的(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)贛語(yu)戲(xi)曲之(zhi)一。發源(yuan)于(yu)江西宜黃(huang)縣,起始于(yu)明(ming)末清初
(1644),迄今(jin)已(yi)有近四百(bai)年歷史。形成發展于清(qing)乾隆初期(1786),興(xing)盛流傳于清(qing)嘉慶至光緒時期(1880前后),衰(shuai)落于清(qing)末至民國戰亂時期(1920-1948)。
舊稱宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)班,明(ming)末(mo)清初(chu)開始專(zhuan)唱“宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)腔(qiang)”。清末(mo)以后,吸收了其它亂彈的(de)聲腔(qiang)和劇目(如西皮(pi)、浙調、吹(chui)腔(qiang)、撥子、南北(bei)詞等(deng))而成(cheng)為(wei)由(you)多種聲腔(qiang)綜合(he)而成(cheng)的(de)宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)戲劇種。主要流行地區為(wei)江西的(de)宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)、南城、南豐、廣昌(chang)等(deng)縣,遠及贛東北(bei),贛南和福(fu)建閩西一帶。
宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)戲班(ban)在明朝(chao)就(jiu)很(hen)出(chu)名,中(zhong)國杰出(chu)戲劇(ju)家湯顯(xian)祖的劇(ju)作《臨川四夢》,最初就(jiu)由宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)班(ban)演(yan)出(chu),并因此有“宜(yi)伶”、“宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)子弟(di)”之說。但那(nei)時的宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)班(ban)先(xian)唱弋陽腔。“弋陽之調絕”,相(xiang)繼興起的便是徽州、青(qing)陽兩腔的流行。不久,引(yin)進了海鹽腔,隨后(hou)占據了江西劇(ju)壇,盛極一時。
民國(guo)期間,宜黃(huang)已無專業班社(she)存(cun)在。新中國(guo)成立后(hou),宜黃(huang)縣(xian)為恢復這個(ge)古老劇種,于1956年定名為“宜黃(huang)戲”并(bing)正式成立專業國(guo)營“宜黃(huang)戲劇團”(1989年撤消)。
“文革”時期(qi)(1966-1976年)遭(zao)扼殺,演職人員被批斗,服裝頭飾(shi)被付之(zhi)一(yi)炬。
1978年后開始搶救、保護(hu)工作。
2006年(nian)6月被正式列(lie)為首批國家級非物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)項目(mu)。列(lie)入江西(xi)省第一批省級非物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)名錄。
江西“宜(yi)黃戲(xi)(xi)”正式被入選(xuan)國(guo)家(jia)級非(fei)物(wu)質(zhi)文化遺產(chan)名(ming)錄,宜(yi)黃戲(xi)(xi)和宜(yi)黃腔(qiang)在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)戲(xi)(xi)曲史(shi)上(shang)(shang)依然(ran)顯示出耀眼光(guang)芒和四射(she)魅力。事實上(shang)(shang),幾百年來(lai)宜(yi)黃戲(xi)(xi)就以其鮮明的表演(yan)風格、優美(mei)的聲腔(qiang)和人(ren)人(ren)愛(ai)聽能懂(dong)的語(yu)言及不斷更(geng)新的劇目活躍在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)各地的舞臺(tai),宜(yi)黃戲(xi)(xi)由于(yu)它在(zai)劇本(ben)、表演(yan)、音(yin)樂、舞美(mei)(包括臉譜服飾)等諸方面的鮮明地方色彩贏(ying)得(de)了其在(zai)戲(xi)(xi)曲上(shang)(shang)的歷(li)史(shi)地位,也贏(ying)得(de)了廣(guang)大觀眾(zhong)和戲(xi)(xi)迷的喜愛(ai)。
江西(xi)古老贛語劇種之一。發源于宜(yi)黃縣,迄今(jin)已(yi)有近(jin)四百年歷史,中心流傳地區(qu)為江西(xi)的宜(yi)黃、南(nan)城、南(nan)豐、廣昌等(deng)縣,遠及贛東北(bei)、贛南(nan)、閩西(xi)一帶。
現(xian)今流行的(de)(de)(de)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)戲,是清初(chu)在宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)縣發展起來的(de)(de)(de)(因江浙音“宜(yi)(yi)(yi)”、“二(er)”不分,故后(hou)來有人稱(cheng)“宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)”是“二(er)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)”)。究其根源(yuan),可以(yi)直(zhi)溯(su)明朝的(de)(de)(de)西秦腔(qiang)。這種西秦腔(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)曲調(diao)(diao)包括(kuo)以(yi)嗩吶(na)伴奏的(de)(de)(de)[二(er)犯(fan)]及以(yi)笛子伴奏的(de)(de)(de)[吹腔(qiang)]。其中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)[二(er)犯(fan)]因較之西秦腔(qiang)之“二(er)犯(fan)”有很大發展,便成了(le)獨樹(shu)一幟的(de)(de)(de)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)。乾(qian)隆初(chu),宜(yi)(yi)(yi)伶又以(yi)原配奏樂(le)器大筒胡琴(qin)改(gai)為主奏樂(le)器,從此嗩吶(na)[二(er)犯(fan)]及平板[吹腔(qiang)]一變為胡琴(qin)腔(qiang)。清代戲曲家李調(diao)(diao)元在《雨村劇(ju)話》中(zhong)曾寫道(dao)胡琴(qin)腔(qiang)起于(yu)江右(即江西),又名二(er)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)。胡琴(qin)腔(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)誕生(sheng),標志(zhi)著(zhu)板腔(qiang)音樂(le)在南(nan)方增加了(le)一路(lu)。宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)崛起后(hou),流行很廣(guang),現(xian)贛劇(ju)、徽(hui)劇(ju)、祁(qi)劇(ju)中(zhong)所(suo)(suo)唱的(de)(de)(de)“二(er)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)”(或稱(cheng)南(nan)路(lu)),是直(zhi)接由宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)傳(chuan)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)對(dui)中(zhong)國許多劇(ju)種中(zhong)“二(er)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)”的(de)(de)(de)形成有著(zhu)直(zhi)接影(ying)響。
宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)舊稱宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)班(ban)、宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)調(diao),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)流行(xing)于江西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)、南(nan)城、南(nan)豐、廣昌(chang)等(deng)縣。它以明(ming)末(mo)西秦腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)演(yan)(yan)變成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang) 宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)唱腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),清(qing)末(mo)吸收其(qi)(qi)他亂彈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目而(er)形成(cheng)一個多種(zhong)(zhong)聲腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)綜合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)。宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目約有(you)五(wu)百余種(zhong)(zhong),但絕大多數已經失傳(chuan)。 《雌雄(xiong)鞭(bian)》 、 《慶陽圖(tu)》 、 《雙龍(long)會》 、 《上(shang)天臺(tai)》 、 《老(lao)(lao)君堂(tang)》 、《清(qing)官冊》 、 《藥茶記》 、 《三官堂(tang)》 、《奇(qi)雙配(pei)》 、 《四國齊》 、《飛龍(long)傳(chuan)》 、 《月明(ming)樓》 、 《江東橋》 、 《春秋配(pei)》 、 《龍(long)鳳閣(ge)》 、 《拷打春桃》 、 《八仙(xian)飄海》 、 《賣梨(li)招(zhao)親》等(deng)皆是其(qi)(qi)代表(biao)性(xing)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目。宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)些(xie)演(yan)(yan)出(chu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目還(huan)(huan)保留了早期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關目和排(pai)場(chang),顯(xian)得十分古樸。宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曲調(diao)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、反(fan)調(diao)、嗩(suo)吶(na)二凡、西皮浙調(diao)、南(nan)北詞等(deng),同(tong)時(shi)還(huan)(huan)保留西秦腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吹(chui)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),俗名“平(ping)板吹(chui)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”。宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)唱腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)較為(wei)原始、平(ping)直,拖腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)少而(er)短,老(lao)(lao)生(sheng)、老(lao)(lao)旦(dan)(dan)用本嗓(sang),小(xiao)生(sheng)大小(xiao)嗓(sang)結合(he)而(er)尾(wei)音(yin)常(chang)翻高八度,男(nan)女(nv)同(tong)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)同(tong)調(diao)。宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腳(jiao)色發展(zhan)到近代可以分為(wei)正生(sheng)、小(xiao)生(sheng)、老(lao)(lao)生(sheng)、副生(sheng)、正旦(dan)(dan)、小(xiao)旦(dan)(dan)、二旦(dan)(dan)、老(lao)(lao)旦(dan)(dan)、大花(hua)、二花(hua)、三花(hua)、四 宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)花(hua)十二行(xing)。其(qi)(qi)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)粗(cu)獷古樸,嚴(yan)謹工穩。有(you)些(xie)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)中表(biao)現人物騎(qi)馬(ma),不用馬(ma)鞭(bian)代替馬(ma)身(shen),而(er)采用元明(ming)雜劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi),將馬(ma)形扎(zha)于身(shen)上(shang),隨著鑼鼓打出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)蹄聲應節而(er)舞,作(zuo)出(chu)跑馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)段。這種(zhong)(zhong)古老(lao)(lao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)在其(qi)(qi)他劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)中早已絕跡(ji),而(er)惟(wei)獨(du)在宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)中保存下來(lai)了。宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)(xi),地方(fang)(fang)大戲(xi)(xi)(xi)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)。舊稱宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)班(ban)、明(ming)末(mo)清(qing)初開始專唱“宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”。
江西宜(yi)黃戲原先專唱(chang)宜(yi)黃腔(qiang),到(dao)了清(qing)朝(chao)同治年(nian)間,又從贛劇中吸收(shou)了西皮調,最后也變為皮黃戲劇種(zhong)。但其傳統劇目,仍是宜(yi)黃戲多(duo)于西皮戲。
宜黃戲的曲調主要有(you)宜黃腔(二(er)凡)、反調(凡字(zi))、嗩吶二(er)凡、西皮(pi)浙(zhe)調、南北(bei)詞等。還(huan)有(you)其它一(yi)些腔調及民間(jian)小(xiao)調。
宜(yi)黃戲的(de)唱腔(qiang)較原始,平直,拖腔(qiang)少而短,老生老旦用本嗓,小生大小嗓結合而尾音常(chang)翻高八度,男女同腔(qiang)同調(diao)。現(xian)宜(yi)黃戲以二犯、凡字、西皮(pi)垛子等幾種聲腔(qiang)旋律為骨,以當地(di)民(min)歌、地(di)方小調(diao)為肉,對一些傳(chuan)統戲和(he)現(xian)代(dai)戲的(de)唱腔(qiang)作(zuo)革新(xin),念白采用“宜(yi)黃官話(hua)”上(shang)韻。
在宜(yi)黃(huang)戲歷史(shi)考(kao)(kao)查(cha)方面,專家們作(zuo)了大量的資料考(kao)(kao)證(zheng),“二黃(huang)”源(yuan)于“宜(yi)黃(huang)腔”的見解,已(yi)引起學(xue)術界的高度重視。
宜黃戲著(zhu)名老藝人有(you)李伍仂、李宗保,著(zhu)名演員(yuan)有(you)應(ying)用賢、熊碧云等。
宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)戲的(de)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)音(yin)樂(le)包(bao)括宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(二(er)凡)、反調(diao)(diao)(凡字)、嗩(suo)吶二(er)凡、西(xi)皮、浙調(diao)(diao)、南(nan)北詞(ci)等,并且還(huan)保留西(xi)秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)時(shi)代的(de)吹(chui)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),俗名“平板吹(chui)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”。宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)戲唱(chang)(chang)(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)音(yin)樂(le)的(de)板式(shi)結構為上下(xia)對(dui)偶(ou)格式(shi),由一對(dui)或多(duo)對(dui)上下(xia)句(ju)的(de)反復(fu)形(xing)成唱(chang)(chang)(chang)段(duan)。每句(ju)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)詞(ci)為比(bi)較正(zheng)規的(de)七字句(ju)和十(shi)字句(ju)。旋律特征為簡(jian)單質(zhi)樸、起唱(chang)(chang)(chang)與(yu)落(luo)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)音(yin)少而聲短(duan),以(yi)字就腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),近似口語,曲調(diao)(diao)音(yin)域不寬,多(duo)在六(liu)度范(fan)圍之內(nei)回旋。宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)主要以(yi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)官話上韻(yun),演唱(chang)(chang)(chang)時(shi)男女(nv)同調(diao)(diao)不同腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。男腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)用(yong)本嗓,包(bao)括正(zheng)生、老(lao)生、花臉、老(lao)旦(dan);女(nv)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)用(yong)小嗓,包(bao)括小旦(dan)、小生、正(zheng)旦(dan)。
二凡──亦作“二犯(fan)”,是(shi)(shi)宜(yi)黃戲的(de)(de)主要曲調(diao)。其板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)有:[正(zheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)],又(you)(you)叫[慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)],一板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)一眼(yan)(yan)(yan),相(xiang)當于京(jing)劇(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)二黃原板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban);[ 簡板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)],又(you)(you)叫[快板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)],一板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)一眼(yan)(yan)(yan),速度略快于正(zheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban);[倒板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]、[散唱(chang)(chang)],無(wu)(wu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)無(wu)(wu)眼(yan)(yan)(yan),自(zi)由節(jie)奏,為唱(chang)(chang)段的(de)(de)第一句,下接[十八(ba)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]或(huo)(huo)[正(zheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)];[十八(ba)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]帶有垛句子,最后有一拖腔;[緊中(zhong)緩(huan)],又(you)(you)名[緊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)],緊拉慢唱(chang)(chang),節(jie)奏自(zi)由,伴(ban)奏時(shi)有上(shang)(shang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、不(bu)上(shang)(shang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)兩種(zhong),上(shang)(shang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)節(jie)奏感強一些,叫[搖(yao)(yao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)],不(bu)上(shang)(shang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)叫[散板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)];[平(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)],一板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)一眼(yan)(yan)(yan),有快、慢兩種(zhong),[平(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]無(wu)(wu)過(guo)門(men)(men),[頂(ding)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]開口,后借用(yong)了[正(zheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]的(de)(de)過(guo)門(men)(men)。另外(wai)有種(zhong)[平(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]轉[正(zheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]的(de)(de)唱(chang)(chang)腔,即(ji)前三句唱(chang)(chang)[平(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)],從第四(si)句開始轉唱(chang)(chang)[正(zheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]、[斬板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]或(huo)(huo)[滿(man)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)],相(xiang)當于京(jing)劇(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)[碰板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]或(huo)(huo)[頂(ding)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]。它不(bu)是(shi)(shi)獨(du)立的(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi),因劇(ju)(ju)情的(de)(de)需要而用(yong),開唱(chang)(chang)時(shi)省去過(guo)門(men)(men),如《三娘教(jiao)子》正(zheng)旦唱(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)“老(lao)薛(xue)保”一段起板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)即(ji)是(shi)(shi)。宜(yi)黃腔從散唱(chang)(chang)到(dao)上(shang)(shang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)以后,也只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)發展(zhan)為一板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)一眼(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)[正(zheng)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]、[簡板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)],而無(wu)(wu)一板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)三眼(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)[慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]和[中(zhong)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]。散唱(chang)(chang)形(xing)式(shi)也僅有[緊中(zhong)緩(huan)]而未分出[散板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]、[搖(yao)(yao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]、[滾板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]等(deng)。
凡(fan)字(zi)(zi)──又(you)名“還魂腔(qiang)”、“陰(yin)司調”。類似京(jing)劇中反(fan)二黃(huang)。其腔(qiang)來源于青陽腔(qiang)的曲牌[苦(ku)(ku)(ku)飛子],首先在湖北(bei)黃(huang)梅戲(xi)中加工、應(ying)用(yong),后來在宜黃(huang)戲(xi)中定型。其音(yin)調低沉(chen)傷感,如泣如訴,多(duo)用(yong)于哭靈、托夢(meng)時(shi)訴說(shuo)哀(ai)苦(ku)(ku)(ku)之情。胡(hu)琴定弦為(wei)(wei)“1- 5”,為(wei)(wei)二凡(fan)“5-2”的反(fan)線,故(gu)又(you)名“反(fan)字(zi)(zi)”。有(you)時(shi)以嗩(suo)吶伴奏, 配以大鑼大鼓,更增肅(su)穆、悲苦(ku)(ku)(ku)之情,其板式用(yong)于二凡(fan)。
嗩(suo)吶(na)二凡──以嗩(suo)吶(na)為主要樂器,其唱腔(qiang)宜于(yu)抒發高(gao)亢悲壯的情緒。這種腔(qiang)調早期的板式(shi)結構,分為[倒板]、[正板]和[ 流(liu)水板]。其中[倒板]為四句,第一(yi)句屬倒板腔(qiang),其余三句是散唱,第四句末尾(wei)三字,上板出(chu)現一(yi)小(xiao)拖(tuo)腔(qiang),下接一(yi)板一(yi)眼(yan)的正板,句數(shu)不等,再轉緊打慢唱的流(liu)水板。
西皮──系來自贛劇的貴溪班。有[倒板(ban)(ban)]、[正板(ban)(ban)]、[垛子(zi)]、[搖板(ban)(ban)]、[快(kuai)板(ban)(ban)]等板(ban)(ban)式,男女腔不同,較特(te)別的是,女腔正板(ban)(ban)上下句均為(wei)板(ban)(ban)上開口(kou)。
浙調、南北詞(ci)──外劇種(zhong)傳(chuan)入(ru)。浙調有(you)[倒板(ban)(ban)]、[平板(ban)(ban) ]、[疊板(ban)(ban)]、[流水]等(deng)(deng),用(yong)笛或小嗩吶伴(ban)奏,歡快(kuai)跳躍。南北詞(ci)原系民間坐(zuo)唱的一種(zhong)聲(sheng)腔(qiang),曲(qu)調優美、通俗,長于(yu)抒情。南詞(ci)板(ban)(ban)式(shi)有(you)[原板(ban)(ban)]、[快(kuai)板(ban)(ban)]、[尾聲(sheng)]等(deng)(deng);北詞(ci)有(you)[原板(ban)(ban)]、[快(kuai)板(ban)(ban)]、[疊板(ban)(ban)]等(deng)(deng)。演唱的劇目有(you)《牡(mu)丹對藥》、《拜月》、《白蛇(she)傳(chuan)》等(deng)(deng)。
宜黃(huang)戲的(de)(de)(de)表演粗獷、古(gu)樸。唱念做(zuo)打,程式嚴(yan)謹(jin);一招一式,循規蹈矩。平時練功要求甚(shen)嚴(yan),相傳有“腋下夾蛋,頸旁(pang)備(bei)針”之說。武將“起霸”做(zuo)出的(de)(de)(de)“雙手撐天”,要根據人物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)身(shen)份而分(fen)別(bie)采用(yong)(yong)“龍爪(zhua)”或(huo)“虎爪(zhua)”等不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)姿態。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)鞭也根據人物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)身(shen)份而區別(bie)使用(yong)(yong),有“龍頭”、“鳳尾(wei)”數種(zhong)(zhong),或(huo)木(mu)刻,或(huo)絲編,帝王則(ze)用(yong)(yong)“龍頭”鞭,稱為乘(cheng)龍駒。《四(si)圖齊(qi)》“花園點馬(ma)(ma)(ma)”一折,齊(qi)景公(gong)點馬(ma)(ma)(ma)時,鐘離春和四(si)個女兵(bing)不(bu)用(yong)(yong)鞭代(dai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma),卻采用(yong)(yong)元明雜劇(ju)的(de)(de)(de)騎車馬(ma)(ma)(ma),即以馬(ma)(ma)(ma)形扎于身(shen)上,隨著鑼鼓打出的(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)蹄聲(sheng),應(ying)節(jie)而舞,作(zuo)出某種(zhong)(zhong)跑馬(ma)(ma)(ma)身(shen)段,滿臺來(lai)往(wang)穿梭,效果強烈(lie),別(bie)具一格。這種(zhong)(zhong)古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)表演方式在(zai)其他劇(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)早已絕見,而唯獨(du)在(zai)宜黃(huang)戲中保存下來(lai)了。
宜黃戲凈角(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)表演(yan)大多豪放、爽直;生角(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)表演(yan)大多儒雅(ya)、大方(fang)。生、凈常用的(de)(de)身段表演(yan)有:修(xiu)書、閱信(奏折(zhe))、上(下)馬、點(dian)(吹(chui))燈、舞(wu)劍、飲酒、升堂(tang)、坐帳等(deng)(deng);必備基(ji)(ji)本功有“搶(qiang)背(bei)”、“撲虎”、“旋子”、“克子”、“僵尸”以(yi)及(ji)甩發動等(deng)(deng);基(ji)(ji)本步法有“方(fang)步”、“蹉步”、“墊步”、“跪(gui)步”等(deng)(deng)。旦(dan)角(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)表演(yan)大多端莊、嫻靜。常用的(de)(de)身段表演(yan)有:開(關)門、灑掃、撫琴、卷簾、妝扮等(deng)(deng);必備基(ji)(ji)本功有“臥(wo)云”、“鷂子翻身”、“烏(wu)龍絞柱(zhu)”以(yi)及(ji)水袖功等(deng)(deng)。
宜黃(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)統劇(ju)目(mu)頗為豐富,大、小約有五(wu)百余種(zhong),但絕(jue)大多數已經失(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan),多是以(yi)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)定本(ben)。其內容以(yi)演歷史故事為主,其曲(qu)調以(yi)唱(chang)宜黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)居多。據已知的(de)(de)宜黃(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)早(zao)期劇(ju)目(mu)中,專唱(chang)宜黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)有五(wu)十(shi)八種(zhong),這是現今全國皮黃(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)劇(ju)目(mu)保留(liu)二(er)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)最多的(de)(de)一(yi)個古老(lao)劇(ju)種(zhong)。由于宜黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)發源于西秦腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),同時,又因(yin)受秦腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)影響(xiang),所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)宜黃(huang)(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)基本(ben)劇(ju)目(mu)里,傳(chuan)(chuan)自(zi)西秦腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)種(zhong)之多,即《清官冊》、《五(wu)雷陣》、《鬧(nao)沙河(he)》、《藥茶記》、《三(san)官堂(tang)(tang)》、《肉龍(long)(long)(long)頭》、《松蓬會(hui)》、《寶蓮(lian)燈》、《萬里侯》、《下河(he)東》、《奇雙(shuang)(shuang)配》、《雙(shuang)(shuang)救駕》、《雙(shuang)(shuang)貴(gui)圖(tu)》、《雙(shuang)(shuang)釘案》、《四國齊》、《打金(jin)冠》、《打登州》、《雌雄鞭》、《孟津會(hui)》、《慶(qing)陽圖(tu)》等(deng)。移植于秦腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)有十(shi)三(san)種(zhong),即《雙(shuang)(shuang)龍(long)(long)(long)會(hui)》、《上天(tian)臺(tai)》、《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)金(jin)塔》、《定中原》、《鎖五(wu)龍(long)(long)(long)》、《老(lao)君堂(tang)(tang)》、《五(wu)龍(long)(long)(long)會(hui)》、《紫(zi)金(jin)鏢》、《蘆(lu)花河(he)》、《飛龍(long)(long)(long)傳(chuan)(chuan)》、《下南唐(tang)》、《五(wu)雄陣》、《錦羅(luo)帳》等(deng)。西皮戲(xi)(xi)不(bu)多,直至清末,也(ye)只有《月明樓》、《江(jiang)東橋(qiao)》、《春秋配》等(deng)十(shi)余出。
宜(yi)黃戲的(de)藝術古樸,表演嚴謹。有(you)些演出劇(ju)目還保留(liu)了早期的(de)關目和排場,如《龍鳳閣》一劇(ju),較京劇(ju)多出《趙飛(fei)搬(ban)兵(bing)》、《抱龍登基(ji)》等場次。
1957年(nian),在宜(yi)(yi)黃縣成(cheng)立了(le)(le)宜(yi)(yi)黃戲專業劇團后(hou),進行了(le)(le)大(da)量(liang)的挖(wa)掘、整理傳統(tong)劇目(mu)(mu)工作(zuo),使能夠經常上(shang)演(yan)的傳統(tong)劇目(mu)(mu)達七(qi)十多個。同年(nian),宜(yi)(yi)黃戲赴省匯報演(yan)出了(le)(le)《龍(long)鳳閣》、《奇雙配(pei)》、《朱(zhu)砂印(yin)(yin)》、《攔江救主(zhu)》、《拷打(da)春桃(tao)》等劇目(mu)(mu)。1958年(nian),中(zhong)(zhong)國唱(chang)片公司(si)將《奇雙配(pei)》中(zhong)(zhong)李奇“哭監(jian)”和《孫氏祭江》中(zhong)(zhong)孫尚香“祭江”唱(chang)段錄(lu)制成(cheng)唱(chang)片。整理改(gai)編(bian)的傳統(tong)劇目(mu)(mu)《八仙飄(piao)海(hai)》、《賣(mai)梨招(zhao)親》、《陳琳拷寇》、《齊王哭殿》、《思春》等,在省、市(shi)匯演(yan)時都(dou)受到(dao)獎勵(li)。同時,還移植(zhi)了(le)(le)《蘆蕩火種》、《奪印(yin)(yin)》,自編(bian)了(le)(le)《第一(yi)爐銅(tong)》、《焦(jiao)裕祿》、《革命(ming)女兒》、《送郎當紅(hong)軍》、《表》、《兩(liang)篇作(zuo)文》、《山城春曉》、《兄弟(di),開槍吧》等現代宜(yi)(yi)黃戲。
宜(yi)黃戲傳統劇目豐富,特(te)色(se)鮮明,旋律簡(jian)(jian)單平直,尤以平板有特(te)殊的(de)地(di)位(wei)和用法,以至(zhi)許多(duo)人把(ba)它(ta)看成是(shi)二凡的(de)一種板式(shi);整本戲多(duo),故事(shi)性(xing)強;角色(se)分工細致,唱腔簡(jian)(jian)煉樸(pu)實(shi),唱腔口語化,易(yi)學(xue)易(yi)懂;表(biao)演粗獷(guang)大方(fang),唱做念打(da)形成一套既(ji)嚴謹而(er)又靈活的(de)程式(shi),用胡(hu)琴伴(ban)奏,地(di)方(fang)色(se)彩(cai)很濃,與京劇、贛(gan)劇很不(bu)相同;是(shi)能適應表(biao)現各種不(bu)同性(xing)格的(de)人物和不(bu)同時(shi)代、內(nei)容的(de)劇目。
具體說,宜黃(huang)戲(xi)的鮮明(ming)特點主要體現在聲(sheng)腔(qiang)方面。宜黃(huang)戲(xi)聲(sheng)腔(qiang)眾多(duo),屬亂彈系統板腔(qiang)體。其包括有(you):宜黃(huang)腔(qiang)(二凡、平板、反二凡),西皮、浙(zhe)調、吹腔(qiang)、撥子、南(nan)北詞和昆曲、小調等近十種,均(jun)各具特色。
宜黃戲的(de)演唱特點是旦行用(yong)(yong)小嗓(sang)(sang)、小生真(zhen)假嗓(sang)(sang)結合,其它行當用(yong)(yong)大嗓(sang)(sang)。演唱時講究吐字(zi)清晰、音隨字(zi)走(zou)。傳統唱腔(qiang)中(zhong),襯字(zi)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)很多,幾乎每(mei)句均有。行腔(qiang)中(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)倚音、波音和(he)下滑音等潤腔(qiang)手法。語言用(yong)(yong)的(de)是中(zhong)州韻,只是丑角多用(yong)(yong)宜黃方言。
椐統計(ji),在整本戲中(zhong),專唱宜黃(huang)腔(qiang)的有(you)81出。其中(zhong),繼(ji)承西秦(qin)腔(qiang)的劇(ju)目有(you)《清(qing)官(guan)冊》、《王雪(xue)陳》、《鬧沙河》……等(deng)20出;移植秦(qin)腔(qiang)的劇(ju)目有(you)《雙龍(long)會》、《上天臺》、《黃(huang)金塔》……等(deng)12出;依腔(qiang)定本、編創新的劇(ju)目有(you)《滿門賢》、《天緣配》、《錦羅帳》、《九炎山》、《三代榮》……等(deng)39出。
宜黃戲(xi),宜黃腔(qiang)在中國戲(xi)曲史(shi)上顯示出耀(yao)眼光芒和四(si)射魅力,它的繼(ji)續(xu)存(cun)在仍(reng)有不可替代(dai)的作用和重要價值。歸納主要有三(san):
一、學術研究(jiu)價(jia)值。“宜黃腔”、宜黃戲(xi)的(de)形成、發(fa)展、演變和興衰過程已(yi)成為中(zhong)國戲(xi)曲史的(de)一個縮影(ying)。對于探索研究(jiu),戲(xi)曲演變規律是理想的(de)標本。
二、獨特的(de)(de)藝(yi)術價值(zhi)。古老(lao)的(de)(de)宜黃戲經幾(ji)百年歷史長河(he)沖涮和錘(chui)煉精(jing)華積增(zeng),藝(yi)技雙高、獨特的(de)(de)“宜黃腔”永葆當年的(de)(de)美(mei)妙,更顯古色古香楚楚動(dong)人。積存的(de)(de)三百多(duo)個優秀劇目(mu),已成中國戲曲(qu)寶(bao)庫中的(de)(de)珍品、上品。
三、演出欣賞價值。幾(ji)百(bai)年來宜黃戲以其鮮明的(de)(de)表演風格、優美(mei)的(de)(de)聲(sheng)腔和人人愛聽能懂(dong)的(de)(de)語言及不斷更(geng)新(xin)的(de)(de)劇目活躍在省(sheng)內(nei)外(wai)各地的(de)(de)舞(wu)臺,受到廣大觀(guan)(guan)眾和戲迷(mi)的(de)(de)喜愛。時至今日,仍(reng)然(ran)魅力不減、隨著旅游文化的(de)(de)發展,越來越多的(de)(de)新(xin)觀(guan)(guan)眾加入(ru)進(jin)來,他(ta)(她)們翹(qiao)首以待,宜黃戲在更(geng)多的(de)(de)舞(wu)臺上再放光彩(cai)。
經(jing)專家(jia)研究,二(er)簧實源于宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)腔,宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)由此在中國戲(xi)(xi)曲史上(shang)占(zhan)有了突出的(de)地(di)位,它的(de)形(xing)成(cheng)、發展(zhan)、衰落過程已成(cheng)為(wei)戲(xi)(xi)曲史的(de)一個(ge)縮(suo)影,因此宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)正是探索研究戲(xi)(xi)曲衍變規律的(de)理想標本。已知的(de)宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)早(zao)期劇目中專唱(chang)宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)腔的(de)有58種(zhong),這使(shi)得(de)宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)成(cheng)為(wei)全國保(bao)留(liu)二(er)簧腔最多的(de)一個(ge)劇種(zhong)。在當今社(she)會,宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)戲(xi)(xi)的(de)生存(cun)、發展(zhan)面臨著重重危機,有必要從(cong)調撥資金、加(jia)強宣傳、培(pei)養后繼(ji)力(li)量等方(fang)面入(ru)手,使(shi)這個(ge)古老的(de)劇種(zhong)獲得(de)一個(ge)合適的(de)生存(cun)環境,長留(liu)于世。